Computationally Guided Enzymatic Studies on Schizochytrium-Sourced Malonyl-CoA:ACP Transacylase

Effects of the oleic acid-rich glycerolipids and thermal-mechanical treatment on the functionality of wheat gluten: Multi-spectroscopy and molecular simulation analysis

Lipids have been used to regulate dough's processing characteristics; however, how they affect gluten properties remains unclear. In this study, the effects of different acid-based glycerolipids and thermomechanical treatments on gluten functionalities were investigated. The results demonstrated that exogenous oleic acid-based lipids regulate gluten secondary structure. Oleic acid increased the α-helix content and improved the viscoelasticity of gluten, whereas triolein and rapeseed oil reduced the viscoelasticity and enhanced its tensile properties. Thermomechanical treatment promoted the aggregation and formation of more disulfide bonds in gluten, whereas clear fluorescence quenching was observed in gluten-containing exogenous lipids. Moreover, molecular simulation analysis indicated that hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions are key non-covalent forces that promoted the interaction of exogenous lipids and gluten. Compared with other oleic acid-based glycerolipids, monoolein-gliadin systems exhibited the highest binding energies (-20.6 kJ/mol). Our results deepen the understanding of why oils and fats regulate the processing characteristics of wheat-based foods.

Preparation and functional characteristics of starch-lipid complexes with different oleic acid-rich glycerolipids

Starch-lipid complexes with functional properties have gained extensive attention; however, little attention has been paid to how oleic acid-based lipid types and thermomechanical treatment affect the functional characteristics of starch. This study investigated the effects of five oleic acid-based lipids (oleic acid, monoolein, diolein, triolein, and rapeseed oil) and thermomechanical treatment on the structural and physicochemical properties of wheat starch. The crystal patterns and complexing indices showed that thermomechanical treatment promoted the formation of oleic acid, monoolein, and diolein V-type starch-lipid complexes with an intact granular structure, whereas triolein and rapeseed oil formed complexes with starch. Moreover, oleic acid, monoolein, and diolein significantly altered starch gelatinisation, retrogradation behaviour, more resistant starch formed in their complexes and thus decreased its digestibility. Rheological analyses indicated that the formation of lipid complexes increased the viscoelastic modulus of starch. Our results deepen understanding of the key role of oleic acid-rich lipids in starch-based foods.

Engineering PUFA Synthase for Enhanced Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Insights and Applications

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential for maintaining human health, playing a critical role in preventing cardiovascular diseases and promoting brain development. PUFAs can be synthesized through two independent biosynthetic pathways: the desaturase/elongase pathway and the PUFA synthase pathway. Among these, PUFA synthase is a crucial enzyme analogous to fatty acid synthase (FAS) and iterative polyketide synthase (PKS). Its high synthetic efficiency presents significant potential for enhancing fatty acid biosynthesis and expanding its applications. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have progressively clarified the catalytic mechanisms of PUFA synthase, enabling the more precise engineering of this enzyme. This Review provides a comprehensive analysis of PUFA synthase, emphasizing its catalytic potential, engineering prospects, and expanding applications in fatty acid biosynthesis, offering novel insights for advancing its role in industrial and pharmaceutical innovation.

Substrate specificities of two ketosynthases in eukaryotic microalgal and prokaryotic marine bacterial DHA synthases

Highly reducing iterative polyketide synthases (HR-iPKSs) are huge enzyme complexes with multiple catalytic domains that biosynthesize polyketides by intrinsically programmed iterative carbon chain extensions and reductions. Unlike most HR-iPKSs, which possess a single ketosynthase (KS) domain for all carbon chain elongations, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthases contain two KS domains. We previously examined the substrate specificities of two KS domains of prokaryotic marine PUFA synthases with several acyl-ACP intermediates and showed that the two KS domains are utilized differentially depending on the carbon chain length. In this study, we investigated two KS domains in a eukaryotic microalgal DHA synthase, KSA and KSB, which show low similarities to those of prokaryotic marine enzymes, together with almost all the acyl-ACP intermediates. C6-, C12-, and C18-ACPs were exclusively accepted by KSA while KSB utilized C-8. C14- and C20-ACPs. In contrast, both KSA and KSB showed activities against C2-, C4-, and C10-ACPs. A general tendency was observed in which both the prokaryotic KS and the eukaryotic KS recognized the acyl structures in the vicinity of the thioester in ACP substrates except for short-chain substrates.

The discovery of a novel single-function intermolecular Diels-Alder enzyme for the biosynthesis of hetero-dimer lithocarpins

The deep-sea fungus Phomopsis lithocarpus FS508 produces tenellone-macrolide conjugated hetero-dimer lithocarpins A-G with anti-tumor activities. The deficiency of new intermolecular Diels-Alder (DA) enzymes hindered the development of new bioactive hetero-dimers. A novel single-function intermolecular DA enzyme, g7882, was initially discovered in this study. The deletion of g7882 led to the disappearance of lithocarpin A and an increase in precursor level . the overexpression of g7882 significantly improved lithocarpin A yield. The in vitro function of g7882DA was also confirmed by biochemical reaction using tenellone B as a substrate. Additionally, the knockout of KS modules of PKS in cluster 41 and cluster 81 (lit cluster) eliminated the production of lithocarpins, which firstly explains the biosynthetic process of hetero-dimer lithocarpins mediated by DA enzyme in FS508. Furthermore, the removal of a novel acetyltransferase GPAT in cluster 41 and the oxidoreductase, prenyltransferase in cluster81 resulted in the reduction of lithocarpin A in P. lithocarpus. The overexpression of gpat in P. lithocarpus FS508 improved the yield of lithocarpin A significantly and produced a new tenellone derivative lithocarol G. This study offers a new DA enzyme tool for the biosynthesis of novel hetero-dimer and biochemical clues for the biosynthetic logic elucidation of lithocarpins.

Enhancing the accumulation of lipid and docosahexaenoic acid in Schizochytrium sp. by co-overexpression of phosphopantetheinyl transferase and ω-3 fatty acid desaturase

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as one of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), plays a key role in brain development, and is widely used in food additives and the pharmaceutical industry. Schizochytrium sp. is often considered as a satisfactory strain for DHA industrialization. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) and ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD) for regulating DHA content in Schizochytrium sp. PPTase is essential to activate the polyketide-like synthase (PKS) pathway, which can transfer apo-acyl-carrier protein (apo-ACP) into holo-ACP, and plays a key role in DHA synthesis. Moreover, DHA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are synthesized by the PKS pathway simultaneously, so high DPA synthesis limits the increase of DHA content. In addition, the detailed mechanisms of PKS pathway have not been fully elucidated, so it is difficult to improve DHA content by modifying PKS. However, ω-3 FAD can convert DPA into DHA, and it is the most direct and effective way to increase DHA content and reduce DPA content. Based on this, PPTase was overexpressed to enhance the synthesis of DHA by the PKS pathway, overexpressed ω-3 FAD to convert the co-product of the PKS pathway into DHA, and co-overexpressed PPTase and ω-3 FAD. With these strategies, compared with wild type, the final lipid, and DHA titer were 92.5 and 51.5 g L-1 , which increased by 46.4% and 78.1%, respectively. This study established an efficient DHA production strain, and provided some feasible strategies for industrial DHA production in Schizochytrium sp.

Mechanism of melanogenesis inhibition by Keggin-type polyoxometalates

Abnormal melanin overproduction can result in hyperpigmentation syndrome in human skin diseases and enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables. Recently, our group found that Keggin-type polyoxometalates (POMs) can efficiently inhibit tyrosinase activity. However, it remains unclear whether Keggin-type POMs exhibit optimal effects in vivo. Additionally, the inhibitory effect and mechanism of action of POMs on cellular tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis have been rarely reported. Here we demonstrate that our screened and synthesised PMo11Zn and GaMo12 show superior inhibitory effects on melanin formation as well as inhibition of cellular tyrosinase activity compared to other Keggin-type POMs. Intriguingly, we reveal that Keggin-type POMs competitively bind to tyrosinase mainly through more interactions with Cu2+ ions and the amino acid residue is capable of forming van der Waals, cation-π and hydrogen bonds, resulting in a reversible non-covalent complex formation. Our findings provide valuable insights into the design, synthesis and screening of polyoxometalates as multifunctional metallodrugs and food preservatives against hyperpigmentation.

Enhancing the biomass and docosahexaenoic acid-rich lipid accumulation of Schizochytrium sp. in propionate wastewater

In order to find a more effective way to obtain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) rich lipid from Schizochytrium sp., a widespread propionate wastewater (PW) is used. PW is a common industrial and domestic wastewater, and transforming it into valuable products is a potential treatment method. Schizochytrium sp. is a rapidly growing oleaginous organism, which has been used commercially for DHA production. Herein, PW is completely used for DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. by genetic engineering and fermentation optimization, which can alleviate the increasingly tense demand for water resources and environmental pollution caused by industrial wastewater. Firstly, the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) was overexpressed in Schizochytrium sp. to enhance the metabolism of propionate, then the engineered strain of overexpressed MCM (OMCM) can effectively use propionate. Then, the effects of PW with different concentration of propionate were investigated, and results showed that OMCM can completely replace clean water with PW containing 5 g L-1 propionate. Furthermore, in the fed-batch fermentation, the OMCM obtained the highest biomass of 113.4 g L-1 and lipid yield of 64.4 g L-1 in PW condition, which is 26.8% and 51.7% higher than that of wild type (WT) in PW condition. Moreover, to verify why overexpression of MCM can promote DHA and lipid accumulation, the comparative metabolomics, ATP production level, the antioxidant system, and the transcription of key genes were investigated. Results showed that ATP induced by PW condition could drive the synthesis of DHA, and remarkably improve the antioxidant capacity of cells by enhancing the carotenoids production. Therefore, PW can be used as an effective and economical substrate and water source for Schizochytrium sp. to accumulate biomass and DHA.

Transesterification of phosphatidylcholine with DHA-rich algal oil using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B to produce DHA-phosphatidylcholine

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) enriched with phospholipids (PLs) (DHA-PLs) is a type of structured PL with good physicochemical and nutritional properties. Compared to PLs and DHA, DHA-PLs has higher bioavailability and structural stability and many nutritional benefits. To improve the enzymatic synthesis of DHA-PLs, this study investigated the preparation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) enriched with DHA (DHA-PC) via enzymatic transesterification of algal oil, which is rich in DHA-triglycerides, using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB). The optimized reaction system incorporated 31.2% DHA into the acyl chain of PC and converted 43.6% PC to DHA-PC within 72 h at 50 °C, 1:8 PC: algal oil mass ratio, 25% enzyme load (based on total substrate mass), and 0.02 g/mL molecular sieve concentration. Consequently, the side reactions of PC hydrolysis were effectively suppressed and products with high PC content (74.8%) were produced. Molecular structure analysis showed that exogenous DHA was specifically incorporated into the sn-1 site of the PC by immobilized CALB. Furthermore, the evaluation of reusability with eight cycles showed that the immobilized CALB had good operational stability in the present reaction system. Collectively, this study demonstrated the applicability of immobilized CALB as a biocatalyst for synthesizing DHA-PC and provided an improved enzyme-catalyzed method for future DHA-PL synthesis.

Enhanced docosahexaenoic acid production from cane molasses by engineered and adaptively evolved Schizochytrium sp

Cane molasses (CM) is a sugar-rich agro-industrial byproduct. The purpose of this study is to synthesize docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Schizochytrium sp. by using CM. The single factor analysis showed that sucrose utilization was the main factor limiting the utilization of CM. Therefore, the endogenous sucrose hydrolase (SH) was overexpressed in Schizochytrium sp., which enhanced the sucrose utilization rate 2.57-fold compared to the wild type. Furthermore, adaptive laboratory evolution was used to further improve sucrose utilization from CM. Comparative proteomics and RT-qPCR were used out to analyze the metabolic differences of evolved strain grown on CM and glucose, respectively. Finally, a constant flow rate CM feeding strategy was implemented, whereby the DHA titer and lipid yield of the final strain OSH-end reached 25.26 g/L and 0.229 g/g sugar, respectively. This study demonstrated the CM is a cost-effective carbon source for industrial DHA fermentation.

Integrated Analysis of lncRNA–mRNA Regulatory Networks Related to Lipid Metabolism in High-Oleic-Acid Rapeseed

A high oleic acid content is considered an essential characteristic in the breeding of high-quality rapeseed in China. Long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) molecules play an important role in the plant’s growth and its response to stress. To better understand the role of lncRNAs in regulating plant reproductive development, we analyzed whole-transcriptome and physiological data to characterize the dynamic changes in lncRNA expression during the four representative times of seed development of high- and low-oleic-acid rapeseed in three regions. We identified 21 and 14 lncRNA and mRNA modules, respectively. These modules were divided into three types related to region, development stages, and material. Next, we analyzed the key modules related to the oil content and the oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid contents with physiological data and constructed the key functional network analysis on this basis. Genes related to lipid metabolism, such as 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 16 (KCS16) and acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), were present in the co-expression network, suggesting that the effect of these genes on lipid metabolism might be embodied by the expression of these lncRNAs. Our results provide a fresh insight into region-, development-stage-, and material-biased changes in lncRNA expression in the seeds of Brassica napus. Some of these lncRNAs may participate in the regulatory network of lipid accumulation and metabolism, together with regulated genes. These results may help elucidate the regulatory system of lncRNAs in the lipid metabolism of high-oleic-acid rapeseed seeds.

Function of the Polyketide Synthase Domains of Schizochytrium sp. on Fatty Acid Synthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica

It is well known that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in Schizochytrium sp. are mainly synthesized via the polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. However, the specific mechanism of PKS in fatty acid synthesis is still unclear. In this work, the functions of ORFA, ORFB, ORFC, and their individual functional domain genes on fatty acid synthesis were investigated through heterologous expression in Yarrowia lipolytica. The results showed that the expression of ORFA, ORFB, ORFC, and their individual functional domains all led to the increase of the very long-chain PUFA content (mainly eicosapentaenoic acid). Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis showed that except for the 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KS) domain of ORFB, the expression of an individual functional domain, including malonyl-CoA: ACP acyltransferase, 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase (DH), 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, and KS domains of ORFA, acyltransferase domains of ORFB, and two DH domains of ORFC resulted in upregulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway, downregulation of the triacylglycerol biosynthesis, fatty acid synthesis pathway, and β-oxidation in Yarrowia lipolytica. These results provide a theoretical basis for revealing the function of PKS in fatty acid synthesis in Y. lipolytica and elucidate the possible mechanism for PUFA biosynthesis.