Efficient conversion of cane molasses into Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides with enhanced bioactivity through repeated batch culture

Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFPS) is a natural mushroom mucopolysaccharide widely used in health foods, medical care, cosmetic and surgical materials. In this study, we developed an efficient strategy for the repeated batch production of highly bioactive TFPS from the agro-industrial residue cane molasses. Cane molasses contained 39.92 % sucrose (w/w), 6.36 % fructose and 3.53 % glucose, all of which could be utilized by T. fuciformis spores, whereas, the TFPS production efficiency only reached 0.74 g/L/d. Corn cobs proved to be the best immobilized carrier that could tightly absorb spores and significantly shorten the fermentation lag period. The average yield of TFPS in eight repeated batch culture was 5.52 g/L with a production efficiency of 2.04 g/L/d. The average fermentation cycle after optimization was reduced by 61.61 % compared with the initial conditions. Compared to glucose as a carbon source, cane molasses significantly increased the proportion of low-molecular-weight TFPS (TFPS-2) in total polysaccharides from 3.54 % to 17.25 % (w/w). Moreover, TFPS-2 exhibited potent antioxidant capacity against four free radicals (O2-, ABTS+, OH, and DPPH). In conclusion, this study lays the foundation for the efficient conversion of cane molasses and production of TFPS with high bioactivity.

Improving Walking Path Generation Through Biped Constraint in Indoor Navigation System for Visually Impaired Individuals

This paper introduces a walking path generation method specifically developed for the Smart Cane, which is a RNA (Robotic Navigation Assistance Device) aimed at enhancing indoor navigation for visually impaired individuals. The proposed approach combines the utilization of a LIPM (Linear Inverse Pendulum Model) and LFPC (Linear Foot Placement Controller) motion primitives to generate walking paths specifically designed for visually impaired individuals. The primary objective is to generate paths that conform to human motion constraints, thereby guaranteeing an efficient and natural navigation experience. Integrating autonomous navigation framework, the Smart Cane facilitates safe and effective guidance for visually impaired participants in the indoor environments. Furthermore, comparative experiments have been conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, providing evidence of its capability to generate walking paths that conform to human motion constraints. The experiment results indicate that the proposed walking path generation method is a promising solution to enhance the navigation experience of visually impaired individuals.

Plant-based hydrocolloids for efficient clarification of cane juices: rheological analysis and solidification studies

The present study is designed to study the efficiency of plant-based hydrocolloids for the efficient clarification of sugarcane juice and subsequent production of non-centrifugal sugars (NCSs). NCSs are generally produced with lime or other inorganic solids as a clarification agent, often leading to products with a bland taste and dark color. This work is a first of its kind, where plant-based hydrocolloids such as starch, xanthan gum, and guar gum are used for clarification studies. Clarification efficiency was evaluated in terms of separation efficiency, turbidity removal, sucrose content, color transmittance, and rheology studies. Preliminary studies revealed that starch showed a better separation efficiency of 78% compared to other hydrocolloids, and further rheology studies of starch-clarified juice showed a favourable shear-thickening (dilatant, n = 1.382) behaviour, whereas the other two hydrocolloids showed an unfavourable shear-thinning (pseudo plastic, n < 0.9) behaviour. Eventually, starch was found to be a better clarification agent and is proposed as an alternative to lime-based clarification. Solidification studies were performed with starch at various concentrations (0.02-0.04%), pH (6.8-7.2), and temperature (80 °C-100 °C), and it was found that NCSs produced via starch clarification showed superior properties compared with traditional lime-based clarification processes.

Access to eye care and support services among adults from minority ethnic communities living with visual impairment in the United Kingdom

Background

Despite an increased risk of certain eye conditions which can lead to visual impairment (V.I.), there is evidence of a greater delay to treatment-seeking among adults from minority ethnic communities (MEC). MEC adults may also be underrepresented on V.I. registers, within early intervention services, and among the beneficiaries of national V.I. charities. However, much of this evidence is outdated or anecdotal.

Methods

This secondary analysis of V.I. Lives survey data explored use of eye health and support services and mobility aids among a matched control sample of 77 MEC and 77 adults aged 18 and over from white communities (WC). Participants were matched on age, gender, UK region and urban/rural setting. Additional subgroup analysis was conducted for Asian (n = 46) and black participants (n = 22).

Results

There were no significant group differences in areas such as eye health service use, registration status, contact with charities, and level of practical support received. But MEC participants were significantly more likely than WC participants to have received direct payments from social services to cover their care needs, Χ2 (1, 154) = 8.27, p = 0.004, and to use apps on their mobile for mobility, Χ2 (1, 154) = 5.75, p = 0.017. In contrast, WC participants were significantly more likely to agree that they were getting the level of emotional support to get on with their life, U = 3,638, p = 0.010, to feel confident to ask their friends for support, U = 2,416, p = 0.040, and to have a guide dog for mobility, Χ2 (1, 154) = 3.62, p = 0.057, although the latter did not reach statistical significance. Within the MEC group, Asian participants were significantly more likely than black participants to use a long cane, Χ2 (1, 68) = 7.24, p = 0.007, but they were significantly less likely to agree that they had received the right level of support when they started to experience V.I., U = 236.5, p = 0.040.

Conclusion

The preliminary findings suggests that there is scope to increase support provided by V.I. charities and the V.I. register, although, contrary to existing evidence, there were no statistically significant differences in eye health service use, registration status and use of wider support services. Further research is required to confirm these findings and explore reasons for differences.

Microscopic anatomy of the subcommissural organ in the brain of the adult greater cane rat (Rodentia: Thryonomyidae)

The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a well-developed gland present in the brain of vertebrates. The SCO secretes glycoproteins into the circulating cerebrospinal fluid and these assemble to form Reissner's fibre. It also plays an important function in neurogenesis and axonal guidance during embryogenesis. This study delves into the microscopic anatomy of the SCO in the adult greater cane rat (GCR), shedding light on its histoarchitectural characteristics. By utilizing histological techniques and microscopic analysis, we investigated the SCO's location and cellular composition within the brain of adult GCR. Our findings showed that the SCO in this species is located ventrally to the posterior commissure (PC) and dorsally to the third ventricle. The SCO consists of specialized ependymal or nuclear cell layer and apical processes lining the third ventricle. Moreover, the SCO's proximity to the PC and the third ventricle highlights its strategic position within the brain's ventricular system. With immunohistochemical analyses, the SCO cells expressed glial fibrillary protein when immunolabelled with Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) antibody, a marker for astrocytes/astrocytic-like cells. Few microglia-like cells were immuno-positive for Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) antibody, that are existing within the SCO. However, the SCO in the GCR showed a negative immunostaining to NeuN antibody. This study contributes to our understanding of the microscopic anatomy of the SCO in a lesser-studied mammalian species. Further research into the SCO's functional significance especially during development in the GCR, may hold promise for more insights into neurological health and pathology.

Turning waste into treasure: Biosynthesis of value-added 2-O-α-glucosyl glycerol and d-allulose from waste cane molasses through an in vitro synthetic biology platform

The efficient and economical conversion of agricultural waste into glycosides and rare sugars is challenging. Herein, an in vitro synthetic bienzyme system consisting of sucrose phosphorylase and d-allulose 3-epimerase was constructed to produce 2-O-α-glucosyl glycerol and d-allulose from cane molasses. Lactic acid in the cane molasses significantly induced sucrose phosphorylase to hydrolyze sucrose instead of glycosylation. Notably, lactic acid significantly inhibited the catalytic performance of d-allulose 3-epimerase only in the presence of Na+ and K+, with an inhibition rate of 75%. After removing lactic acid and metal ions, 116 g/L 2-O-α-glucosyl glycerol and 51 g/L d-allulose were synthesized from 500 mM sucrose in the treated cane molasses with a sucrose consumption rate of 97%. Our findings offer an economically efficient and environmentally friendly pathway for the industrial production of glycosides and rare sugars from food industry waste.

Seroprevalence of Hantavirus among Manual Cane Cutters and Epidemiological Aspects of HPS in Central Brazil

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rodent-borne zoonotic disease that is endemic throughout the Americas. Agricultural activities increase exposure to wild rodents, especially for sugarcane cutters. We carried out a survey of the epidemiological aspects of HPS and investigated the prevalence of hantavirus infection in the sugarcane cutter population from different localities in the Brazilian Midwest region. We conducted a retrospective study of all confirmed HPS cases in the state of Goiás reported to the National HPS surveillance system between 2007 and 2017, along with a seroepidemiological study in a population of sugarcane cutters working in Goiás state in 2016, using the anti-hantavirus (Andes) ELISA IgG. A total of 634 serum samples from cane cutters were tested for hantavirus antibodies, with 44 (6.9%) being IgG-reactive according to ELISA. The destination of garbage was the only statistically significant variable (p = 0.03) related to the detection of hantavirus IgG (p < 0.05). We described the epidemiological profile of reported hantavirus cases in Goiás-a highly endemic area for HPS, and where the seroepidemiological study was conducted. Our results increase our knowledge about hantavirus infections in Brazil and highlight the vulnerability of sugarcane cutters to a highly lethal disease that, to date, has no specific treatment or vaccination.

High cell density continuous fermentation for L-lactic acid production from cane molasses

Commercial production of lactic acid (LA) utilizes mostly glucose or lactose coupled with yeast extract (YE) as a supplement. With sugars, nitrogen, and vitamin supplementation being most of the LA production costs, the use of inexpensive molasses, a by-product of the sugar industry, can provide considerable cost savings. There are just a few publications on the production of LA from molasses; consequently, the present investigation was conducted using molasses supplemented with yeast extract. The research was done in a continuous-flow, high-cell-density (HCD) bioreactor with an external membrane microfiltration device for cell recycling. The system, run at 1 L with Lactobacillus delbrueckii NCIM 2025, produced a LA yield of 0.95-0.98 g/g from ∼100 g sugars/L when supplemented with 1 g/L YE. Dilution rates in the range of 0.04-0.36 h-1 resulted in volumetric lactic acid productivities in the range of 4.3-27.6 g/L h, which compares favorably with the highest values recorded in literature, for glucose in the presence of YE, which was as high as 30 g/L. The utilization of cane molasses has a significant impact on the economics of lactic acid production, as measured by a comparison of costs with commercial glucose.

Additive and synergistic antifungal effects of copper and phenolic extracts from grape cane and apples

BACKGROUND

Organic viticulture seeks sustainable alternatives for eco-toxic copper fungicides to control downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola. (Poly)phenol-rich extracts of agricultural byproducts are known to possess antifungal activity, but high production costs often limit their actual implementation.

RESULTS

We developed and produced novel ligninsulfonate-based grape cane extract (GCE) formulations and an apple extract on a pilot plant scale, including a detailed (poly)phenol characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-MS). Our GCE formulations alone reduced downy mildew disease severity in greenhouse trials by 29%-69% in a dose-dependent manner, whereas a standard application of the copper-based agent alone reached ~56%. When applied together, disease severity was diminished by 78%-92%, revealing a synergistic effect that depended on the mixture ratio. Combining GCE formulations with the apple extract, additive effects were found (80% disease severity reduction).

CONCLUSION

The studied plant extracts are proposed to both substitute for and synergistically reinforce copper fungicides in grapevine downy mildew control. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Development and validation of a white cane use perceived advantages and disadvantages (WCPAD) questionnaire

BACKGROUND

The white cane is globally an important tool in orientation and mobility for blind and visually impaired people, but it is not often used. The goal of this study was to develop and validate the white cane use perceived advantages and disadvantages (WCPAD) questionnaire for detecting effective factors in the use or non-use of canes.

METHOD

The initial questionnaire items were extracted through semi-structured interviews with 21 blind or severely impaired vision individuals under two main themes, the perceived advantages, and disadvantages of using a white cane. Linguistic validity and writing evaluation with seven experts, face validity with 23 blind persons, content validity ratio (CVR), and content validity index (CVI) were used for assessment of validity. Internal and external reliability assessment was done using Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Explanatory factor analysis was conducted to identify the factors of the questionnaire; then, corrected item-total correlations, convergent and discriminant validity, and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were done, and model fit indices were reported. A total of 320 blind and severe visual impaired individuals (138 males and 182 females) participated in the study. The final questionnaire contained 12 questions in perceived advantages and 21 in perceived disadvantages.

RESULTS

Three factors (social participation, mobility, and culture) extracted for perceived advantages which explained 67.95% of the total variance, Cronbach-α for the three extracted factors was between 0.75 and 0.91. Four factors (social, safety, ergonomics, and family) for perceived disadvantages were extracted which explained 50.98% of the total variance. Cronbach-α for the four extracted factors was from 0.75 to 0.88. CFA confirmed the final models for perceived advantages and disadvantages.

CONCLUSION

WCPAD questionnaire has good reliability and validity, and the factors obtained from factor analysis can measure the reasons for using or otherwise of white canes.

Development of a Strategy for L-Lactic Acid Production by Rhizopus oryzae Using Zizania latifolia Waste and Cane Molasses as Carbon Sources

As a biodegradable and renewable material, polylactic acid is considered a major environmentally friendly alternative to petrochemical plastics. Microbial fermentation is the traditional method for lactic acid production, but it is still too expensive to compete with the petrochemical industry. Agro-industrial wastes are generated from the food and agricultural industries and agricultural practices. The utilization of agro-industrial wastes is an important way to reduce costs, save energy and achieve sustainable development. The present study aimed to develop a method for the valorization of Zizania latifolia waste and cane molasses as carbon sources for L-lactic acid fermentation using Rhizopus oryzae LA-UN-1. The results showed that xylose derived from the acid hydrolysis of Z. latifolia waste was beneficial for cell growth, while glucose from the acid hydrolysis of Z. latifolia waste and mixed sugars (glucose and fructose) from the acid hydrolysis of cane molasses were suitable for the accumulation of lactic acid. Thus, a three-stage carbon source utilization strategy was developed, which markedly improved lactic acid production and productivity, respectively reaching 129.47 g/L and 1.51 g/L·h after 86 h of fermentation. This work demonstrates that inexpensive Z. latifolia waste and cane molasses can be suitable carbon sources for lactic acid production, offering an efficient utilization strategy for agro-industrial wastes.

Can endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots be shaped by different propagation methods

In practical production, cane stems with buds are generally used as seed for propagation. However, long-terms cane stems only easily lead to some problems such as disease sensitivity, quality loss, etc. Recently, cane seedings, which are produced by tissue culture were used in sugarcane production, but few studies on cane health related to tissue culture seedings. Therefore, to evaluate the immunity and health of sugarcanes growing from different reproduction modes, the endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots between stem and tissue culture seedlings were analyzed using high-throughput techniques. The results showed that the endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots were significant differences between stem and tissue culture seedlings. At the genus level, Pantoea, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Lechevalieria, Pseudomonas, Nocardioides, unclassified_f__Comamonadaceae enriched as the dominant endophytic bacterial genera, and Rhizoctonia, Sarocladium, Scytalidium, Wongia, Fusarium, unclassified_f__Phaeosphaer, unclassified_c__Sordariom, unclassified_f__Stachybot, Poaceascoma, Microdochium, Arnium, Echria, Mycena and Exophiala enriched as the dominant endophytic fungal genera in cane roots growing from the tissue culture seedlings. In contrast, Mycobacterium, Massilia, Ralstonia, unclassified_f__Pseudonocardiacea, norank_f__Micropepsaceae, Leptothrix and Bryobacter were the dominant endophytic bacterial genera, and unclassified_k__Fungi, unclassified_f__Marasmiaceae, Talaromyces, unclassified_c__Sordariomycetes and Trichocladium were the dominant endophytic fungal genera in cane roots growing from stem seedlings. Additionally, the numbers of bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in cane roots growing from tissue culture seedlings were significantly higher than those of stem seedlings. It indicates that not only the endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots can be shaped by different propagation methods, but also the stress resistance of sugarcanes can be improved by the tissue culture propagation method.

Enhanced docosahexaenoic acid production from cane molasses by engineered and adaptively evolved Schizochytrium sp

Cane molasses (CM) is a sugar-rich agro-industrial byproduct. The purpose of this study is to synthesize docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Schizochytrium sp. by using CM. The single factor analysis showed that sucrose utilization was the main factor limiting the utilization of CM. Therefore, the endogenous sucrose hydrolase (SH) was overexpressed in Schizochytrium sp., which enhanced the sucrose utilization rate 2.57-fold compared to the wild type. Furthermore, adaptive laboratory evolution was used to further improve sucrose utilization from CM. Comparative proteomics and RT-qPCR were used out to analyze the metabolic differences of evolved strain grown on CM and glucose, respectively. Finally, a constant flow rate CM feeding strategy was implemented, whereby the DHA titer and lipid yield of the final strain OSH-end reached 25.26 g/L and 0.229 g/g sugar, respectively. This study demonstrated the CM is a cost-effective carbon source for industrial DHA fermentation.

Exploring the acceptability of the 'smart cane' to support mobility in older cancer survivors and older adults: A mixed methods study

INTRODUCTION

Approximately 25% of older cancer survivors (i.e., ≥ 65 years, with cancer history) use ≥1 mobility device, surpassing usage by other older adults. Few tools exist for older "survivors" to regain function or follow lifestyle recommendations. Our goal was to explore opportunities to leverage technology-enabled mobility devices, such as the "smart cane," to support mobility goals in these survivors. The research objective was to assess perceptions related to acceptability, usability and preferences of participants regarding technology-enabled mobility devices in everyday life.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We used a convergent mixed-methods design, analyzing quantitative data followed by qualitative focus groups. A pre-survey derived from the Senior Technology Acceptance Model assessed the acceptability of technology-enabled devices among participants, who also participated in one of three focus groups delivered via Zoom. The Zoom sessions included facilitated 90-min discussions and video demonstration of the smart cane. Focus group sessions were recorded and transcribed verbatim and thematic content analysis was conducted.

RESULTS

We recruited 12 older US survivors. Participants were 58% female, aged 68-86, and 16% non-White. From a pre-survey of participants, 83% said that they liked the idea of technology-enhanced mobility device and 100% said they thought they could be skillful at using a technology-enabled device if training was provided. Though participants were enthusiastic about the smart cane overall and felt the smart cane supported independence for older adults, the themes revealed concerns about safety, accessibility and technology support, as well as the concern for negative impact on self-image due to use of a mobility device. There was a strong preference for working with clinical professionals as the most trusted sources for referrals, if a smart cane was suggested.

DISCUSSION

Older survivors in our sample found the smart cane very acceptable, and supportive of independence for older adults with cancer and other conditions. Participants also provided many insights that revealed additional research needed to support access, safety and usability for older adults, older survivors and caregivers, especially by partnering with clinical professionals.

Cane Molasses Derived N-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots: Dynamic Quenching Synergistically Photoinduced Electron Transfer for the Instant Detection of Nitrofuran Antibiotics

The development of a highly selective, simple, and rapid detection method for nitrofuran antibiotics (NFs) is of great significance for food safety, environmental protection, and human health. To meet these needs, in this work, cyan-color highly fluorescent N-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) were synthesized using cane molasses as the carbon source and ethylenediamine as the nitrogen source. The synthesized N-GQDs have an average particle size of 6 nm, a high fluorescence intensity with 9 times that of undoped GQDs, and a high quantum yield (24.4%) which is more than 6 times that of GQDs (3.9%). A fluorescence sensor based on N-GQDs for the detection of NFs was established. The sensor shows advantages of fast detection, high selectivity, and sensitivity. The limit of detection for furazolidone (FRZ) was 0.29 μM, the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.97 μM, and the detection range was 5-130 μM. The fluorescence quenching mechanism of the sensor was explored by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, Stern-Volmer quenching constant, Zeta potential, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. A fluorescence quenching mechanism of dynamic quenching synergized with photoinduced electron transfer was revealed. The developed sensor was also successfully applied for detecting FRZ in various real samples, and the results were satisfactory.

Production of Tetramethylpyrazine from Cane Molasses by Bacillus sp. TTMP20

2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TTMP) is an active ingredient of Ligusticum wallichii Franch. It can be used in medicine and food fields. In this study, Bacillus sp. TTMP20 was applied to produce TTMP using cane molasses as a carbon source. After pretreatment with phosphoric acid, 170 mL/L treated molasses, combined with 10 g/L yeast powder, 30 g/L tryptone and 30 g/L (NH4)2HPO4 were used for fermentation. After 36 h, TTMP output reached the highest value of 208.8 mg/L. The yield of TTMP using phosphoric acid-treated molasses as carbon source was 145.59% higher than control. Under the sulfuric acid treatment process of molasses (150 g), the maximum yield of TTMP was 895.13 mg/L, which was 183.18% higher than that of untreated molasses (316.1 mg/L). This study demonstrated that molasses is a high-quality and inexpensive carbon source for the manufacture of TTMP, laying the groundwork for the future industrial production of TTMP.

Laser Sensing and Vision Sensing Smart Blind Cane: A Review

Laser sensing and vision sensing smart canes can improve the convenience of travel for the visually impaired, but for the present, most of the system functions of laser sensing and vision sensing smart canes are still defective. Guide equipment and smart blind canes are introduced and classified first, and the smart blind canes based on vision sensing, laser sensing and laser vision sensing are investigated, respectively, and the research status of laser vision sensing smart blind canes is sorted out. The advantages and disadvantages of various laser vision sensing smart blind canes are summarized, especially the research development of laser vision fusion as the core of new smart canes. The future development prospects of laser vision sensing smart blind cane are overviewed, to boost the development of laser vision sensing smart blind cane, to provide safe and efficient travel guarantee for the visually impaired.

IoT Enabled Intelligent Stick for Visually Impaired People for Obstacle Recognition

This paper presents the design, development, and testing of an IoT-enabled smart stick for visually impaired people to navigate the outside environment with the ability to detect and warn about obstacles. The proposed design employs ultrasonic sensors for obstacle detection, a water sensor for sensing the puddles and wet surfaces in the user's path, and a high-definition video camera integrated with object recognition. Furthermore, the user is signaled about various hindrances and objects using voice feedback through earphones after accurately detecting and identifying objects. The proposed smart stick has two modes; one uses ultrasonic sensors for detection and feedback through vibration motors to inform about the direction of the obstacle, and the second mode is the detection and recognition of obstacles and providing voice feedback. The proposed system allows for switching between the two modes depending on the environment and personal preference. Moreover, the latitude/longitude values of the user are captured and uploaded to the IoT platform for effective tracking via global positioning system (GPS)/global system for mobile communication (GSM) modules, which enable the live location of the user/stick to be monitored on the IoT dashboard. A panic button is also provided for emergency assistance by generating a request signal in the form of an SMS containing a Google maps link generated with latitude and longitude coordinates and sent through an IoT-enabled environment. The smart stick has been designed to be lightweight, waterproof, size adjustable, and has long battery life. The overall design ensures energy efficiency, portability, stability, ease of access, and robust features.

[Guidelines: leash or walking stick?]

Guidelines are undeniably of great value to practicing physicians, but there are also objections. Due to the multitude of guidelines, it is sometimes difficult to find the most appropriate and it is not always clear how well-founded recommendations are. In addition, guidelines can limit the freedom of action. Also, in individual patients - especially in the case of multimorbidity - recommendations from different guidelines can conflict with each other. Finally, drawing up guidelines takes a lot of time, which is at the expense of patient care, and conflicts of interest are difficult to avoid completely. It is therefore important to put the recommendations from guidelines into perspective: they are an aid to individual patient care, not a law. This perspective is also important in education, so that students are taught to use guidelines in a wise way. Finally, it is important to regularly evaluate recommendations and revise them if necessary.

Changes in cognitive-motor interference during rehabilitation of cane walking in patients with subacute stroke: A pilot study

No previous research has examined cognitive-motor interference (CMI) repeatedly in patients with subacute stroke. This pilot study aimed to report on the changes over time in CMI in patients with stroke who have recently learned to walk with a cane. The assessment started as soon as the participants could walk independently with a quad cane, and was repeated up to six sessions as long as the cane was still used. The dual-tasking paradigm required participants to walk and perform continuous subtractions by 3s. Data were analyzed for 9 participants 33-127 days post-stroke. All 9 participants showed CMI in walking velocity at baseline and 8 of these showed improvement over time (Z = -2.547; p = 0.011). The improvement in CMI was associated with baseline dual-tasking performance (ρ = 0.600; p = 0.044), motor control ability (ρ = -0.695; p = 0.019), walking velocity (ρ = -0.767; p = 0.008), and functional mobility (ρ = 0.817; p = 0.004). All participants showed decrements in both tasks (mutual interference) at baseline, 1 evolved to decrements in walking velocity (cognitive-related motor interference), and 3 finally evolved to decrements in cognitive performance but increments in walking velocity (motor-priority tradeoff). In conclusion, during rehabilitation with cane walking in patients with subacute stroke, the dual-tasking paradigm revealed CMI and its improvements in the majority of participants. Greater improvement in CMI was moderately to strongly associated with worse baseline performance of many variables. The evolution of the CMI pattern over time provides novel information relevant to neurological recovery.

Interaction of silicon and manganese in nutritional and physiological aspects of energy cane with high fiber content

BACKGROUND

Silicon (Si) is a multiple stress attenuator element in plants, however more research is needed to elucidate the actions in the plants defense system with low nutrition of manganese (Mn) for a prolonged period, and the attenuation mechanisms involved in the effects of Mn deficiency on energy cane with high fiber content. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether Si reduces the oxidative stress of the energy cane grown in low Mn in nutrient solution, to mitigate the effects of Mn deficiency, improving enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense, uptake of Mn the plant growth.

METHODS

An experiment was carried out with pre-sprouted seedlings of Saccharum spontaneum L. in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme in five replications in which the plants were grown under sufficiency (20.5 μmol L^-1) and deficiency (0.1 μmol L^-1) of Mn combined with the absence and presence of Si (2.0 mmol L^-1) for 160 days from the application of the treatments. The following parameters were evaluated: accumulation of Mn and Si, H₂O_2, MDA, activity of SOD and GPOX, total phenol content, pigments, and quantum efficiency of PSII.

RESULTS

Mn deficiency induced the oxidative stress for increase the H₂O₂ and MDA content in leaves of plants and reduce the activity of antioxidant enzymes and total phenols causing damage to quantum efficiency of photosystem II and pigment content. Si attenuated the effects of Mn deficiency even for a longer period of stress by reducing H₂O₂ (18%) and MDA (32%) content, and increased the Mn uptake efficiency (53%), SOD activity (23%), GPOX (76%), phenol contents, thus improving growth.

CONCLUSIONS

The supply of Si promoted great nutritional and physiological improvements in energy cane with high fiber content in Mn deficiency. The results of this study propose the supply of Si via fertirrigation as a new sustainable strategy for energy cane cultivation in low Mn environments.

Wearable Travel Aids for Blind and Partially Sighted People: A Review with a Focus on Design Issues

The ability to travel (independently) is very important for participation in education, work, leisure activities, and all other aspects of modern life. Blind and partially sighted people experience a number of barriers to travel, including inaccessible information and environments, and consequently require support from technology or other people to overcome them. Despite the potential of advanced technologies and the development of electronic travel aids, the long cane and guide dog remains the most commonly used solutions. Wearable technologies are becoming increasingly popular. They have the particular advantage of keeping the hands free, thereby facilitating the use of a long cane, guide dog or another device at the same time. They also have the potential to change the ways in which users interact with the environment. The main contributions of this paper are surveying the current state-of-the-art of travel aids from a design perspective and investigating the following issues: (1) The important design issues in wearable travel aids and the extent to which they are taken into account in different devices; (2) The relationship, if any, between where and how travel aids are worn and their design, features and functions; (3) Limitations of existing devices, gaps in provision and future research directions, particularly with regard to meeting potential users' needs.

An IoT Machine Learning-Based Mobile Sensors Unit for Visually Impaired People

Visually impaired people face many challenges that limit their ability to perform daily tasks and interact with the surrounding world. Navigating around places is one of the biggest challenges that face visually impaired people, especially those with complete loss of vision. As the Internet of Things (IoT) concept starts to play a major role in smart cities applications, visually impaired people can be one of the benefitted clients. In this paper, we propose a smart IoT-based mobile sensors unit that can be attached to an off-the-shelf cane, hereafter a smart cane, to facilitate independent movement for visually impaired people. The proposed mobile sensors unit consists of a six-axis accelerometer/gyro, ultrasonic sensors, GPS sensor, cameras, a digital motion processor and a single credit-card-sized single-board microcomputer. The unit is used to collect information about the cane user and the surrounding obstacles while on the move. An embedded machine learning algorithm is developed and stored in the microcomputer memory to identify the detected obstacles and alarm the user about their nature. In addition, in case of emergencies such as a cane fall, the unit alerts the cane user and their guardian. Moreover, a mobile application is developed to be used by the guardian to track the cane user via Google Maps using a mobile handset to ensure safety. To validate the system, a prototype was developed and tested.

Variability of Constitutive Stilbenoid Levels and Profiles in Grape Cane (Vitis vinifera L.) Depending upon Variety and Clone, Location in the Vineyard, Pruning Time, and Vintage

Stilbenoids in grape cane (Vitis vinifera L.) are bioactive compounds relevant for plant defense and the potential valorization of this byproduct. Our screening of grape cane from 102 varieties showed constitutive stilbenoid levels in a wide range (557-7748 mg/kg of dry weight). Analyses of genetically distinct clones of selected cultivars unraveled that intravarietal variability (e.g., cv. Riesling, 3236-6541 mg/kg) was higher than that across samples from a single clone but different vineyard positions (3017-3710 mg/kg). Furthermore, stilbenoid levels in samples obtained in October, December, and February (3 years, 2017-2019) showed pronounced quantitative and qualitative variability and the highest yields upon December pruning. For instance, vitisin B and ε-viniferin in cv. Pinot Noir and Accent were predominant in 2017 and 2019 (both >90% of total stilbenoids) but not in 2018 (both <55%) when temperatures were high and precipitation low. In brief, we report the variability of stilbenoid levels in grape cane depending upon genetic and environmental factors.

Contribution of Vibration, Tapping Sound, and Reaction Force to Hardness Perception During Indirect Tapping Using a White Cane

This study aimed to identify the physical factors contributing to the perception of the hardness of objects tapped using white canes, which are commonly used by the visually impaired for autonomous walking. First, physical factors such as vibration tapping sounds and reaction forces were measured during the indirect tapping of rubber sheets with different hardness using a white cane. Second, we determined the relationship between the subjective hardness perceived by the visually impaired individuals and the physical factors through multivariate analysis. In addition, we estimated the contribution of each factor. The result indicates that the white cane vibrated at similar frequencies during tapping even when the hardness of objects changed. In contrast, the tapping sound varied widely with the variation of the hardness of the rubber sheet. In addition, the peak values of the reaction forces significantly changed depending on the hardness. Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, the contributions of tapping sounds and reaction forces to hardness perception were remarkable. In contrast, the contributions of vibrations could not be found using our analytic method. These findings will help in the design and evaluation of support equipment for the visually impaired.

The Unfolding Space Glove: A Wearable Spatio-Visual to Haptic Sensory Substitution Device for Blind People

This paper documents the design, implementation and evaluation of the Unfolding Space Glove—an open source sensory substitution device. It transmits the relative position and distance of nearby objects as vibratory stimuli to the back of the hand and thus enables blind people to haptically explore the depth of their surrounding space, assisting with navigation tasks such as object recognition and wayfinding. The prototype requires no external hardware, is highly portable, operates in all lighting conditions, and provides continuous and immediate feedback—all while being visually unobtrusive. Both blind (n = 8) and blindfolded sighted participants (n = 6) completed structured training and obstacle courses with both the prototype and a white long cane to allow performance comparisons to be drawn between them. The subjects quickly learned how to use the glove and successfully completed all of the trials, though still being slower with it than with the cane. Qualitative interviews revealed a high level of usability and user experience. Overall, the results indicate the general processability of spatial information through sensory substitution using haptic, vibrotactile interfaces. Further research would be required to evaluate the prototype’s capabilities after extensive training and to derive a fully functional navigation aid from its features.

Training System for White Cane Technique using Illusory Pulling Cues Induced by Asymmetric Vibrations

A white cane is conventionally used by visually impaired persons to assist their mobility. To learn its proper operation, training by an orientation & mobility specialist is necessary. However, because the number of specialists is limited, visually impaired persons often do not receive sufficient training. To rectify this issue, a training environment in which the visually impaired can train independently is required. This paper proposes a training system that enables the visually impaired to learn white cane techniques using illusory pulling cues. Specifically, in the white cane touch technique, which is a basic white cane technique, a system that targets the swing width of the white cane is presented by illusory pulling cues. To verify the efficacy of the system, a prototype was implemented and evaluated via user tests. The results confirmed that the error of the swing width of the white cane decreased following use of the proposed system. The proposed system will contribute to the development of the mobility of the visually impaired by enabling them to train with the white cane independently and spontaneously, thereby reducing the workload of specialists.

Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Caregiving Walking Stick Powered by Ultra-Low-Frequency Human Motion

The increasing population of the elderly and motion-impaired people brings a huge challenge to our social system. However, the walking stick as their essential tool has rarely been investigated into its potential capabilities beyond basic physical support, such as activity monitoring, tracing, and accident alert. Here, we report a walking stick powered by ultra-low-frequency human motion and equipped with deep-learning-enabled advanced sensing features to provide a healthcare-monitoring platform for motion-impaired users. A linear-to-rotary structure is designed to achieve highly efficient energy harvesting from the linear motion of a walking stick with ultralow frequency. Besides, two kinds of self-powered triboelectric sensors are proposed and integrated to extract the motion features of the walking stick. Augmented sensing functionalities with high accuracies have been enabled by deep-learning-based data analysis, including identity recognition, disability evaluation, and motion status distinguishing. Furthermore, a self-sustainable Internet of Things (IoT) system with global positioning system tracing and environmental temperature and humidity amenity sensing functions is obtained. Combined with the aforementioned functionalities, this walking stick is demonstrated in various usage scenarios as a caregiver for real-time well-being status and activity monitoring. The caregiving walking stick shows the potential of being an intelligent aid for motion-impaired users to help them live life with adequate autonomy and safety.

Analysis of Light Grip Influence on Standing Posture

Upright posture control and gait are essential for achieving autonomous daily living activities. Postural control of upright posture relies, among others, on the integration of various sensory information. In this context, light touch (LT) and light grip (LG) of a stationary object provide an additional haptic sensory input that helps to reduce postural sway. When LG was studied through the grasp of a cane, the sensory role of this assistive tool was often limited to a mediation interface. Its role was restricted to transmit the interaction forces between its tip and the ground to the hand. While most studies involve participants standing in an unstable way, such as the tandem stance, in this paper we study LG from a different perspective. We attached a handle of a cane firmly to a stationary support. Thus, we can focus on the role of the hand receptors in the LG mechanism. LG condition was ensured through the tactile information gathered by FSR sensors placed on the handle surface. Moreover, participants involved in our study stood in a usual way. The study involved twelve participants in an experiment composed of two conditions: standing relaxed while lightly gripping an equipped handle attached to the ground, and standing in the same way without gripping the handle. Spatial and frequency analyses confirmed the results reported in the literature with other approaches.

Comparative Study on Overground Gait of Stroke Survivors With a Conventional Cane and a Haptic Cane

The conventional cane (single cane) is widely used to promote gait ability of stroke survivors as it provides postural stability by extending the base of support. However, its use can reduce muscle activity in the user's paretic side and cause upper limb neuropathies due to the intermittent and excessive loading of the upper limb. The provision of low magnitude support and speed regulation may result in collective improvement of gait parameters such as symmetry, balance and muscle activation. In this paper, we developed a robotic Haptic Cane (HC) that is composed of a tilted structure with motorized wheels and sensors to allow continuous haptic contact with the ground while moving at a regulated speed, and carried out gait experiments to compare the HC with an Instrumented conventional Cane (IC). The results show that use of the HC involved more continuous ground support force of a comparatively lesser magnitude than the IC, and resulted in greater improvements in the swing symmetry ratio and significant improvements in the step length symmetry ratio. Percentage of Non-Paretic Activity (%NPA) of paretic muscles (vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), semitendinosus (SMT), tibialis anterior (TBA) and gastrocnemius medialis (GCM)) in swing phase was significantly improved by the use of either device at fast speed. However, the use of HC improved %NPA of paretic VMO and SMT more than the use of IC at both preferred and fast speeds. It also significantly improved %NPA of paretic GCM in stance phase. Furthermore, comfortable speed with the HC was higher than with the IC and exhibited better RMS of anteroposterior (AP) tilt. Thus, the developed device with a simple and intuitive mechanism can provide efficient assistance for overground gait of stroke patients with a high possibility of widespread use.

Occurrence of pesticides and environmental contaminants in vineyards: Case study of Portuguese grapevine canes

Every year, after grape harvesting, high quantities of vine-canes are generated. Due to the high amount of bioactive compounds present in this woody material, several studies reported their potential to be used in different sustainable applications. However, before employing vine-canes in this kind of products, their safety needs to be assessed. A robust method for identification and quantification of 30 environmental contaminants (12 organochloride pesticides (OCPs), 6 organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), 5 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 7 brominated flame retardants (BFRs)) in vine-canes was developed. For that, the extraction and clean-up procedures were optimized, namely the vine-canes size, the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) composition and the amount of carbon used in the dispersive-solid phase extraction (d-SPE). Suitable analytical parameters were obtained: linearity (r²) >0.99 for all the studied compounds and for the solvent and matrix-matched standards; relative standard deviation (RSD) below 14%; and mean recoveries for two spiking levels (10 and 20 μg/kg) between 75 and 103%, excepting for the PCBs that ranged between 59 and 105%. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) ranged between 0.38 and 1.09 and 1.26 to 3.64 μg/kg, respectively. Regarding the analysis of 19 vine-cane samples, corresponding to four different varieties (Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz, Alvarinho, and Loureiro) collected in four different years in the North of Portugal, five contaminants (aldrin, 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), 2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB28), and 2,2',4,5,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB101)) were detected. However, only α-HCH (5.85 ± 0.32 to 5.99 ± 0.25 μg/kg) and aldrin (2.44 ± 0.15 μg/kg) were quantified above the LOQ. The screening of environmental contaminants in vine-canes is essential to waste valorization, especially if the goal is to apply them in products for human consumption.

Tom Pouce III, an Electronic White Cane for Blind People: Ability to Detect Obstacles and Mobility Performances

We present a protocol for evaluating the efficiency of an electronic white cane for improving the mobility of blind people. The electronic cane used during the test is the Tom Pouce III, made of LIDAR sensors (light detection and ranging) with tactile feedback. The protocol comprises two parts. The first part, the “detection test”, evaluates the efficiency of the sensors in the Tom Pouce III for detecting the obstacles found in everyday life (thin and large poles, apertures) under different environmental conditions (darkness, sun light, rain). The second part of the test, the “mobility test”, compares the ability of blind participants to cross a 25 m path by avoiding obstacles with the simple white cane and the electronic cane. The 12 blind participants had between 2 and 20 years of experience of everyday usage of Tom Pouce devices. The results show a significant improvement in the capacity to avoid obstacles with the electronic cane relative to the simple white cane, and there was no speed difference. There was no correlation between the results and the years of experience of the users.

Metabolite profiles of energy cane and sugarcane reveal different strategies during the axillary bud outgrowth

Commercial cultivation of sugarcane is usually carried out by planting culm segments (sett) carrying buds in their internodes. However, this is an inefficient practice due to high sprouting irregularity. In this work, we inspect the first stages of the physiological preparation of the culm for sprouting, trying to identify compounds that actively participate in this process. We compared, during the first 48 h, the metabolic profile of sugarcane against energy cane, a cultivar known to have higher sprouting speed and consistency. In fact, during this short period it was possible to observe that energy cane already had a higher physiological activity than sugarcane, with significant changes in the catabolism of amino acids, increased levels of reducing sugars, lipids and metabolic activity in the phenylpropanoid pathway. On the other hand, sugarcane samples had just begun their activity during this same period, with an increase in the level of glutamate as the most significant change, which may be linked to the strategy of these cultivars to develop their roots before leaves, opposite of what is seen for energy cane. These results contribute to the development of strategies for increasing the efficiency of sprouting in sugarcane.

Generation of Gait Events with a FSR Based Cane Handle

Gait analysis has many applications, and specifically can improve the control of prosthesis, exoskeletons, or Functional Electrical Stimulation systems. The use of canes is common to complement the assistance in these cases, and the synergy between upper and lower limbs can be exploited to obtain information about the gait. This is interesting especially in the case of unilateral assistance, for instance in the case of one side lower limb exoskeletons. If the cane is instrumented, it can hold sensors that otherwise should be attached to the body of the impaired user. This can ease the use of the assistive system in daily life as well as its acceptance. Moreover, Force Sensing Resistors (FSRs) are common in gait phase detection systems, and force sensors are also common in user intention detection. Therefore, a cane that incorporates FSRs on the handle can take advantage from the direct interface with the human and provide valuable information to implement real-time control. This is done in this paper, and the results confirm that many events are detected from variables derived from the readings of the FSRs that provide rich information about gait. However, a large inter-subject variability points to the need of tailored control systems.

Low-Cost Ultrasonic Range Improvements for an Assistive Device

To achieve optimal mobility, visually impaired people have to deal with obstacle detection and avoidance challenges. Aside from the broadly adopted white cane, electronic aids have been developed. However, available electronic devices are not extensively used due to their complexity and price. As an effort to improve the existing ones, this work presents the design of a low-cost aid for blind people. A standard low-cost HC-SRF04 ultrasonic range is modified by adding phase modulation in the ultrasonic pulses, allowing it to detect the origin of emission, thus discriminating if the echo pulses come from the same device and avoiding false echoes due to interference from other sources. This improves accuracy and security in areas where different ultrasonic sensors are working simultaneously. The final device, based on users and trainers feedback for the design, works with the user’s own mobile phone, easing utilization and lowering manufacturing costs. The device was tested with a set of twenty blind persons carrying out a travel experiment and satisfaction survey. The main results showed a change in total involuntary contacts with unknown obstacles and high user satisfaction. Hence, we conclude that the device can fill a gap in the mobility aids and reduce feelings of insecurity amongst the blind.

Freezing resistance and behavior of winter buds and canes of wine grapes cultivated in northern Japan

In high-latitude regions, the cold hardiness of buds and canes of grapevine is important for budburst time and yield in the next season. The freezing resistance of buds and canes sampled from six wine grapes currently cultivated in Hokkaido, Japan, all of them grown from autumn to winter, was investigated. A significant difference between the cultivars in their freezing resistance was detected in the buds harvested in winter. In addition, outstanding differences in the lower temperature exotherms (LTE) related to the supercooling ability of tissue cells happened in the winter buds, and there is a close relationship between freezing resistance and LTE detected in the winter buds. This suggests that the supercooling ability of tissue cells in winter buds is strongly related to the freezing resistance. However, detailed electron microscopy exposed that the differences in freezing resistance among cultivars appeared in freezing behavior of leaf primordium rather than apical meristem. This indicated that as the water mobility from the bud apical meristem to the spaces around the cane phloem progressed, the slightly dehydrated cells improved the supercooling ability and increased the freezing resistance.

Low-cost anaerobic digester to promote the circular bioeconomy in the non-centrifugal cane sugar sector: A life cycle assessment

This study aimed to assess the potential environmental benefits of implementing low-cost digesters to valorize agro-industrial waste in the non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) sector. Two scenarios were considered: i) the current scenario in which organic waste and wastewater were burned outdoor and discharged into a water body, respectively; ii) the anaerobic digestion (AD) scenario, in which low-cost biodigesters were used for organic waste and wastewater treatment on-site. Results showed that low-cost digesters were a sustainable alternative to mitigate environmental impacts, especially those associated with water source pollution. Indeed, in the AD scenario, the environmental impact categories of Freshwater Eutrophication and Marine Eutrophication showed a decrease of 87.6% and 99.4%, respectively, compared to the current scenario. Thus, by treating organic waste and wastewater on-site while producing bioproducts (i.e. biofuel and biofertilizer), low-cost digesters could contribute to boosting the circular bioeconomy in the NCS production sector.

Lipid and carotenoid production by the Rhodosporidium toruloides mutant in cane molasses

Cane molasses is beneficial for lipid and carotenoid production in microalgae. We made a survey for the lipid and carotenoid production profile of R. toruloides M18 (MT) with various concentrations of molasses under nitrogen-deficited conditions. The production of α-linolenate and torularhodin from MT were 1.22- and 14.68-fold higher than those of the wild-type strain. We observed that molasses at concentrations of 35 g/L and 70 g/L represented a cheap and environmentally friendly strategy for producing lipids and carotenoids. Transcriptome and WGCNA analysis demonstrated that the genes relevant to the lipid and carotenoid production, including MYB, bHLH, Δ-4 desaturase, Δ-12 desaturase and FA2H, were significantly highly expressed. The results indicated that molasses could represent an inexpensive means for achieving high lipids and carotenoids production in R. toruloides.

Management and valorization of waste from a non-centrifugal cane sugar mill via anaerobic co-digestion: Technical and economic potential

The main sugarcane wastes from the non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) agro-industry, agricultural crop residue (ACR) and sugarcane scum (SCS), were used to produce biogas in a bench-scale semi-continuous anaerobic tubular digester. A two-stage strategy was proposed to achieve the appropriate operability and stability of the digester. In the first stage, the operability of the digester was achieved with ACR mono-digestion. In the second stage, the digester feed was changed until it reached an ACR:SCS ratio (co-digestion) of 75:25, based on volatile solids, and until stability was achieved. The strategy was successful, and specific biogas production of 0.132 m³ kg^-1VS with a methane content of 50.4% was achieved, confirming the technical feasibility of the process. Economic viability was established through a case study at a typical NCS mill. Therefore, anaerobic co-digestion can be consolidated as a technological alternative for the treatment of ACR + SCS and the sustainable benefit of the NCS agro-industry.

Resourceful treatment of cane sugar industry wastewater by Tribonema minus towards the production of valuable biomass

Tribonema minus was cultivated in different concentrations of sugarcane wastewater (SW) diluted with mBG-11 medium to produce biomass for biodiesel, bioproduct, and biomaterial production. The results showed that T. minus grew mixotrophically in 50%SW, with the highest biomass accumulation (7.86 g/L) and nutrient removal efficiency (84.85% of nitrogen, 62.57% of phosphorus, and 44.72% of COD). Excluding 100%SW, the chrysolaminarin and cellulose contents increased with increasing SW concentration; the highest contents of 8.11% and 25.69% dry weight were reached in 75%SW, respectively. Although fewer lipids and palmitoleic acid accumulated at higher SW concentrations, their productivities were significantly higher than those in the control due to the higher contribution of biomass. Moreover, the fatty acid profiles produced at the tested concentrations showed superior biodiesel properties. These findings suggested that the addition of mBG-11 medium to SW might be an effective strategy for valuable biomass production in T. minus and SW bioremediation.

Navigation aid for blind persons by visual-to-auditory sensory substitution: A pilot study

PURPOSE

In this study, we investigate to what degree augmented reality technology can be used to create and evaluate a visual-to-auditory sensory substitution device to improve the performance of blind persons in navigation and recognition tasks.

METHODS

A sensory substitution algorithm that translates 3D visual information into audio feedback was designed. This algorithm was integrated in an augmented reality based mobile phone application. Using the mobile device as sensory substitution device, a study with blind participants (n = 7) was performed. The participants navigated through pseudo-randomized obstacle courses using either the sensory substitution device, a white cane or a combination of both. In a second task, virtual 3D objects and structures had to be identified by the participants using the same sensory substitution device.

RESULTS

The realized application for mobile devices enabled participants to complete the navigation and object recognition tasks in an experimental environment already within the first trials without previous training. This demonstrates the general feasibility and low entry barrier of the designed sensory substitution algorithm. In direct comparison to the white cane, within the study duration of ten hours the sensory substitution device did not offer a statistically significant improvement in navigation.

Kinematic comparison of the use of walking sticks versus a rolling walker during gait in adult degenerative scoliosis patients

STUDY DESIGN

A repeated-measurement, single-center, prospective study.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the spatiotemporal and kinematic data using gait analysis in adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS) patients using walking sticks (WS) versus rolling walkers (RW). ADS patients undergo compensatory changes that can result in an altered gait pattern. RW are frequently prescribed, but result in a forward flexed kyphotic posture during ambulation. Gait using WS allows for more upright alignment in ADS patients.

METHODS

Fifty-three ADS patients with symptomatic degenerative scoliosis performed over-ground walking at self-selected speed with WS and with a RW. Trunk and lower extremity angles along with spatiotemporal parameters were measured and compared.

RESULTS

When using WS, patients exhibited less flexion at the head (WS: - 4.8° vs. RW: 11.0°, p = 0.001), and lumbar spine (WS: - 0.9° vs. RW: 4.2°, p = 0.001); while there was significantly more extension, of the cervical spine (WS: - 1.6° vs. RW: - 7.4°, p = 0.002) when using the RW. At the initial contact phase of gait, patients using WS showed decreased flexion at the ankle (WS 0.7° vs. RW: 3.8°, p = 0.018), knee (WS: 0.3° vs. RW: 4.8°, p = 0.001), hip (WS: 22.6° vs. RW: 27.3°, p = 0.001), and pelvis (WS: 10.2° vs. RW: 14.8°, p = 0.001). In contrast, the use of WS resulted in slower ambulation (WS: 0.6 m/s vs. RW: 0.7 m/s, p = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In ADS patients who have not undergone surgical correction, the use of WS resulted in a more upright posture, which may be more beneficial to the compensatory changes that lead to gait disturbance in ADS patients. Ambulation using WS resulted in slower gait versus a RW, due to the momentum induced by the forward flexed posture when using a RW. We recommend the use of WS for patients with ADS as it improves gait kinematics and may be a safer option.

Efficient repeated batch production of androstenedione using untreated cane molasses by Mycobacterium neoaurum driven by ATP futile cycle

The biotransformation of phytosterol to androstenedione (AD) by mycobacteria is a unique process accompanied by energy-producing. However, high intracellular ATP content can severely inhibit the efficient production of AD. In this study, a novel citrate-based ATP futile cycle (AFC) and pyruvate-based AFC were constructed for the first time. Application of AFCs reduced intracellular ATP and propionyl-CoA levels and increased NAD⁺/NADH ratios and cell viability. The forced consumption of ATP promotes the transcription of critical genes in propionyl-CoA metabolism. The synergistic effect of enhanced propionyl-CoA metabolism and AFC increased AD conversion yield from 60.6% to 97.3%. The AD productivity was further improved by repeated batch fermentation using untreated cane molasses. The maximum productivity was 181% higher than that of the original strain. Therefore, the strategy of combining AFC and repeated batch fermentation is a valuable tool for the efficient and low-cost production of AD and other steroidal pharmaceutical precursors.

Comparison of Feedback Approaches to Improve Training in Partial Weight-Bearing

Assistive devices, including canes or crutches, are used in partial weight-bearing (PWB) to offload weight from limbs weakened by disease or injury, promote recovery, and prevent reinjury. While weight must be offloaded accurately to target loads prescribed by healthcare providers for maximum benefit, current training methods result in poor adherence. It is, however, currently unknown how best to provide feedback during training so that users can build an accurate internal model for PWB. In this work, we investigate seven feedback schemes using an instrumented cane, which vary the modality, timing, and the level of detail provided. We find that auditory schemes and a retrospective visual scheme outperform current clinical practices for PWB training. These findings provide results that can be applied directly to improve current clinical practices and provide valuable new insight into the design of feedback for training internal models in force-based motor control tasks. Clinically, this work presents a simple modification to clinical PWB training practices that can improve compliance by up to 75%, positively influencing rehabilitation outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

Synergistic effect of sugarcane scum as an accelerant co-substrate on anaerobic co-digestion with agricultural crop residues from non-centrifugal cane sugar agribusiness sector

Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of the main residues from the non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) making process, agricultural crop residues (ACR) and sugarcane scum (SCS), was evaluated using biochemical methane potential tests. Substrates were pretreated: ACR through particle size reduction, and SCS with dilution. The maximum methane yield of 0.276 Nm³ CH₄ kg^-1 VS_added occurred at an ACR of 2 mm and at 12.5% dilution of SCS, at a ratio of 75:25 based on volatile solids, which was 30.2% and 5.9% higher compared to SCS and ACR in mono-digestion, respectively. ACR was a substrate of adequate buffer capacity for the AcoD stability, while the SCS, in addition to helping accelerate the process, also helped improve the inoculum's methanogenic and hydrolytic activity. The first-order kinetic and dual-pool two-step models were suitable to describe methane yield. AcoD of ACR with SCS is a good option for the treatment of streams in the NCS agribusiness sector.

Desire of Use: A Hierarchical Decomposition of Activities and its Application on Mobility of Blind and Low-Vision Individuals

OBJECTIVE

Blind and low-vision individuals often have severely reduced mobility, affecting their quality of life and associated socioeconomic cost. Despite numerous efforts and great technological progress, the only used primary mobility aids are still white canes and seeing-eye dogs. Furthermore, there is a permeating tendency in the field to ignore knowledge of both mobility and the target group, as well as constantly design new metrics and tests that makes comparisons between solutions markedly more difficult.

METHOD

The Desire of Use model is introduced in an effort to promote a more holistic approach; it should be generalizable for any activity by any user, but is here applied on mobility of blind and low-vision individuals by a proposal and integration of parameters.

RESULTS

An embodiment of the model is presented and with it we show why popular mobility metrics of today are insufficient to guide design; what tasks and metrics that should provide better understanding; as well as which fundamental properties determine them and are critical to discuss.

CONCLUSION

Desire of Use has been introduced as a tool and a theoretical framework, and a realization has been proposed.

SIGNIFICANCE

Desire of Use offers both a structured perspective of pertinent design challenges facing a given solution, as well as a platform from which to compare test results and properties of existing solutions; in for example the field of electronic travel aids it should prove valuable for designing and evaluating new tests and devices.