Childhood-Onset Lupus Nephritis in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry: Short-Term Kidney Status and Variation in Care

OBJECTIVE

The goal was to characterize short-term kidney status and describe variation in early care utilization in a multicenter cohort of patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) and nephritis.

METHODS

We analyzed previously collected prospective data from North American patients with cSLE with kidney biopsy-proven nephritis enrolled in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry from March 2017 through December 2019. We determined the proportion of patients with abnormal kidney status at the most recent registry visit and applied generalized linear mixed models to identify associated factors. We also calculated frequency of medication use, both during induction and ever recorded.

RESULTS

We identified 222 patients with kidney biopsy-proven nephritis, with 64% class III/IV nephritis on initial biopsy. At the most recent registry visit at median (interquartile range) of 17 (8-29) months from initial kidney biopsy, 58 of 106 patients (55%) with available data had abnormal kidney status. This finding was associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR] 3.88, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.21-12.46) and age at cSLE diagnosis (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01-1.49). Patients with class IV nephritis were more likely than class III to receive cyclophosphamide and rituximab during induction. There was substantial variation in mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab ever use patterns across rheumatology centers.

CONCLUSION

In this cohort with predominately class III/IV nephritis, male sex and older age at cSLE diagnosis were associated with abnormal short-term kidney status. We also observed substantial variation in contemporary medication use for pediatric lupus nephritis between pediatric rheumatology centers. Additional studies are needed to better understand the impact of this variation on long-term kidney outcomes.

Wind speed, sun exposure and water status alter sunburn susceptibility of grape berries

In the context of climate change, yield and quality losses from sunburn necrosis are challenging grape growers around the world. In a previous review, we identified the role of wind speed, duration of heat exposure, drought stress and adaptation as major knowledge gaps that prevent a better predictability of sunburn events. In this paper we present results of targeted experiments aiming to close these knowledge gaps. The effects of drought stress and adaptation on sunburn susceptibility were investigated in a combined drought stress/ defoliation experiment. Riesling grapevines growing in an arid climate were fully irrigated or drought stressed, and clusters were exposed to sunlight by fruit-zone leaf removal (defoliation) at two developmental stages. Sunburn symptoms were induced using infrared heaters while fruit surface temperature was measured using thermal imaging enabling the establishment of threshold temperatures. The influence of the duration of heat exposure of berries was examined by heating grape clusters to a stable temperature and monitoring the evolution of sunburn symptoms over time. To examine the effects of wind speed on the appearance of sunburn necrosis symptoms, fruit surface temperatures and sunburn severity were measured along an artificially induced wind speed gradient in two cultivars using thermal imaging and visual inspection. Longer durations of heat exposure required lower fruit surface temperatures to induce damage, while the differences in temperature after 60 min and 90 min of exposure were marginal (47.82 ± 0.25 °C and 47.06 ± 0.26 °C). Clusters of vines grown under water deficit were less susceptible to sunburn compared to those of well-irrigated plants following defoliation. The lethal temperature of clusters exposed to sunlight for seven days did not differ from those exposed to sunlight for 28 days, indicating that a full adaptation ocurred within this period. Higher wind speeds led to lower cluster temperatures and reduced sunburn severity. First evidence of a drought priming induced heat tolerance of grapevine berries was found, while adaptation had a more pronounced effect on the susceptibility to sunburn compared to water stress.

Grapevine leaf physiology and morphological characteristics to elevated CO2 in the VineyardFACE (Free air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) experiment

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration has continuously increased since pre-industrial times and has currently reached an average growth rate of 2.3 ppm per year. For the majority of plant species elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) improves photosynthesis and thus plant biomass production. To investigate the effects of eCO₂ on leaf physiology and morphological leaf characteristics two Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon, grown in the VineyardFACE (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) system were used. The VineyardFACE is located at Geisenheim, Rheingau comparing future atmospheric CO₂-concentrations (eCO₂, predicted for the mid-21st century) with current ambient CO₂-conditions (aCO₂). Experiments were operated under rain-fed conditions for two consecutive years (2015 and 2016). For both varieties and CO₂ treatments, leaf gas exchange measurements were performed as well as measures of epidermal flavonoid (Flav) and leaf chlorophyll (Chl) indices by using a portable leaf clip. Furthermore, leaves were sampled for spectrophotometric analysis of the leaf pigments chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) and carotenoid (Car). Additionally, leaf cross-sections were produced as permanent preparations to investigate morphological characteristics of the leaf structure. Both cultivars did not differ in leaf chlorophyll meter readings or leaf pigments between the two CO₂ treatments while net assimilation was highly stimulated under elevated CO₂ for both seasons. Differences found in leaf cross-sections were detected in palisade parenchyma and epidermal thickness of Cabernet Sauvignon under eCO₂, whereas Riesling net assimilation increased by 40% under a 20% CO₂ enrichment while remaining unaffected in different leaf layer thickness. The observed results within grapevine leaf tissues provide insights to seasonal adaptation strategies of grapevines under elevated CO₂ concentrations predicted in future.

Intraarticular steroids as DMARD-sparing agents for juvenile idiopathic arthritis flares: Analysis of the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry

BACKGROUND

Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) who achieve a drug free remission often experience a flare of their disease requiring either intraarticular steroids (IAS) or systemic treatment with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). IAS offer an opportunity to recapture disease control and avoid exposure to side effects from systemic immunosuppression. We examined a cohort of patients treated with IAS after drug free remission and report the probability of restarting systemic treatment within 12 months.

METHODS

We analyzed a cohort of patients from the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry who received IAS for a flare after a period of drug free remission. Historical factors and clinical characteristics and of the patients including data obtained at the time of treatment were analyzed.

RESULTS

We identified 46 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Of those with follow up data available 49% had restarted systemic treatment 6 months after IAS injection and 70% had restarted systemic treatment at 12 months. The proportion of patients with prior use of a biologic DMARD was the only factor that differed between patients who restarted systemic treatment those who did not, both at 6 months (79% vs 35%, p < 0.01) and 12 months (81% vs 33%, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

While IAS are an option for all patients who flare after drug free remission, it may not prevent the need to restart systemic treatment. Prior use of a biologic DMARD may predict lack of success for IAS. Those who previously received methotrexate only, on the other hand, are excellent candidates for IAS.

Replicated gene expression changes in patients with atrial fibrillation

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): European Union Horizon 2020 CATCH ME; Cardiovascular Research Netherlands RACE V

Background

Little is known about changes in the atrial transcriptome associated with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation (AF).

Purpose

To identify major molecular mechanisms in AF, we determined consistent differential expression (DE) between atrial tissue samples from well-characterized patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF and patients without a history of AF (no AF) in two independent patient cohorts.

Methods

Poly-A tailed RNA from left and right atrial appendage tissue samples from independent discovery and replication cohorts CATCH ME (n=192) and RACE V (n=122) was sequenced and analyzed according to patient AF history. Analyses were performed stratified by atrial side, adjusting for age, sex, heart failure and a combination of clinical characteristics determined by principal component analysis. Transcripts were considered DE in CATCH ME if their fold change reached transcriptome-wide significance (false discovery rate (FDR) &lt; 0.05). DE transcripts in each rhythm comparison were replicated in RACE V if we observed a concordant direction of effect and a within-set FDR &lt; 0.05 in the same comparison.

Results

Persistent AF compared to no AF was associated with 184 left atrial DE transcripts in CATCH ME of which 85 (46%) were replicated in RACE V, and with 208 right atrial DE transcripts in CATCH ME of which 86 (41%) were replicated in RACE V. Overall, 26 transcripts were discovered and replicated in both atria. Discovered but non-replicated transcripts often did exhibit concordant direction of effect (left: 78%, right: 83%). Replicated transcripts consisted of protein coding genes, antisense and non-coding RNAs. Protein coding genes showed involvement in pathways linking persistent AF to cardiomyocyte structure, conduction properties, fibrosis, inflammation, molecule trafficking, and endothelial dysfunction. Interestingly, paroxysmal AF was not consistently associated with DE transcripts in any comparison. Principal component analysis of the expression of the 26 transcripts strongly associated with persistent AF did however reveal a distinct paroxysmal AF expression profile in-between no AF and persistent AF patients in the first principal component scores (Figure 1).

Conclusion

RNA sequencing of human atrial tissue samples identified many transcripts associated with persistent AF in left and/or right atria, discovered and replicated using two independent cohorts. These consistent findings of AF-induced changes provide a starting point for targeted proteomic analysis and single-nucleus sequencing to further unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying AF progression to persistent AF, and biomarker development to quantify AF progression and enable precision medicine in individual patients.

Variability of Constitutive Stilbenoid Levels and Profiles in Grape Cane (Vitis vinifera L.) Depending upon Variety and Clone, Location in the Vineyard, Pruning Time, and Vintage

Stilbenoids in grape cane (Vitis vinifera L.) are bioactive compounds relevant for plant defense and the potential valorization of this byproduct. Our screening of grape cane from 102 varieties showed constitutive stilbenoid levels in a wide range (557-7748 mg/kg of dry weight). Analyses of genetically distinct clones of selected cultivars unraveled that intravarietal variability (e.g., cv. Riesling, 3236-6541 mg/kg) was higher than that across samples from a single clone but different vineyard positions (3017-3710 mg/kg). Furthermore, stilbenoid levels in samples obtained in October, December, and February (3 years, 2017-2019) showed pronounced quantitative and qualitative variability and the highest yields upon December pruning. For instance, vitisin B and ε-viniferin in cv. Pinot Noir and Accent were predominant in 2017 and 2019 (both >90% of total stilbenoids) but not in 2018 (both <55%) when temperatures were high and precipitation low. In brief, we report the variability of stilbenoid levels in grape cane depending upon genetic and environmental factors.

Intercellular transfer of miR-200c-3p impairs the angiogenic capacity of cardiac endothelial cells

As mediators of intercellular communication, extracellular vesicles containing molecular cargo such as microRNAs, are secreted by cells and taken up by recipient cells to influence their cellular phenotype and function. Here, we report that cardiac stress-induced differential microRNA content, with miR-200c-3p being one of the most enriched, in cardiomyocyte-derived extracellular vesicles mediates functional crosstalk with endothelial cells. Silencing of miR-200c-3p in mice subjected to chronic increased cardiac pressure overload resulted in attenuated hypertrophy, smaller fibrotic areas, higher capillary density and preserved cardiac ejection fraction. Interestingly, we were able to maximal rescue microvascular and cardiac function with very low doses of antagomir, which specifically silences miR-200c-3p expression in the non-myocyte cells. Our results reveal vesicle transfer of miR-200c-3p from cardiomyocytes to cardiac endothelial cells, underlining the importance of cardiac intercellular communication in the pathophysiology of heart failure.

Social determinants of health influence disease activity and functional disability in Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

BACKGROUND

Social determinants of health (SDH) greatly influence outcomes during the first year of treatment in rheumatoid arthritis, a disease similar to polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA). We investigated the correlation of community poverty level and other SDH with the persistence of moderate to severe disease activity and functional disability over the first year of treatment in pJIA patients enrolled in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry.

METHODS

In this cohort study, unadjusted and adjusted generalized linear mixed effects models analyzed the effect of community poverty and other SDH on disease activity, using the clinical Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score-10, and disability, using the Child Health Assessment Questionnaire, measured at baseline, 6, and 12 months.

RESULTS

One thousand six hundred eighty-four patients were identified. High community poverty (≥20% living below the federal poverty level) was associated with increased odds of functional disability (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.28-2.60) but was not statistically significant after adjustment (aOR 1.23, 95% CI 0.81-1.86) and was not associated with increased disease activity. Non-white race/ethnicity was associated with higher disease activity (aOR 2.48, 95% CI: 1.41-4.36). Lower self-reported household income was associated with higher disease activity and persistent functional disability. Public insurance (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.06-2.29) and low family education (aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.14-3.12) was associated with persistent functional disability.

CONCLUSION

High community poverty level was associated with persistent functional disability in unadjusted analysis but not with persistent moderate to high disease activity. Race/ethnicity and other SDH were associated with persistent disease activity and functional disability.

Implication of Row Orientation Changes on Fruit Parameters of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling in Steep Slope Vineyards

Row orientation, among others, is a crucial factor in determining grapevine performance and health status, thus affecting berry components that form the basis of the later wine profile. However, the literature about the impact of changes in row orientation at steep slope sites on grapevine fruit composition as well as the differentiation between canopy sides hardly exists. Thus, the aim of this work was to gain knowledge about the impact of row orientation in steep slope vineyards on selected primary and secondary metabolites in berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling. Samples were taken from both canopy sides of different row orientations of terraced and downslope vineyards in steep slopes. Free amino acids in the juice and flavonols in the berry skin had a positive correlation to sunlight exposure. Furthermore, grapevines showed adaptations to constantly higher light conditions, e.g., physiologically in reduction in chlorophyll content or protective mechanisms resulting in a lower susceptibility to sunburn damage. Thus, grapevine fruit parameters are affected by row orientation change in steep slopes.

LncRNA Bigheart stimulates Regulator of calcineurin 1 (Rcan1) expression in an auto-amplification loop that stimulates calcineurin-NFAT signalling in heart failure

Background

Cardiac hypertrophy precedes many heart diseases and understanding its molecular basis remains one of the greatest challenges in cardiovascular medicine. Recent studies highlighted the sporadic involvement of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cardiac development and disease but our understanding of lncRNAs in heart failure is still limited.

Results

Expression profiling of lncRNAs in failing mouse hearts revealed dysregulation of “Bigheart”, a novel lncRNA that is evolutionary conserved. Bigheart overexpressed using a serotype 9 adeno-associated virus (AAV) in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) induced spontaneous hypertrophy, while silencing this lncRNA with specific siRNAs blunted the hypertrophic response in agonist-stimulated cardiomyocytes. GapmeR-mediated silencing of Bigheart prevented transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced pathological cardiac remodeling in the mouse in vivo. Mechanistically, analysis of the Bigheart genomic locus revealed several binding sites for the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), a downstream transcription factor of the pro-hypertrophic calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade. The sensitivity of Bigheart transcriptional induction for calcineurin-NFAT signalling was further demonstrated by luciferase assays using a Bigheart promoter-luciferase construct. Finally, RNA-sequencing of Gapmer-silenced mouse hearts and chromatin isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), revealed that Bigheart interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) and High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) acts in trans to stimulate the transcription of Regulator of calcineurin 1 (Rcan1), a facilitator of calcineurin-NFAT signaling.

Conclusions

These results indicate that lncRNA Bigheart constitutes a positive feedforward loop in hypertrophic signaling and a promising target to attenuate maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Maastricht university

Desmosomal vulnerability renders left atria more susceptible to detrimental effects of androgenic anabolic steroids

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): CATCH ME Foundation Leducq

BACKGROUND

In cardiac myocytes, desmosomal proteins and ion channels form macromolecular complexes important for maintaining cell adhesion and electrical integrity. High serum levels of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) promote cardiac muscle growth, but any detrimental impact on atrial gene transcription and/or electrophysiological function is unknown.

PURPOSE

To investigate the effects of chronic AAS exposure on atria in a mouse model with desmosomal impairment.

METHODS

Young (8-10 week) male wild-type (WT) and heterozygous plakoglobin-deficient (plako+/-) mice were challenged with the AAS dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or placebo for 6 weeks by osmotic mini pumps. RNA sequencing (n = 3-6 atria/group) revealed effects of genotype and DHT on left atrial (LA) transcription. Membrane-localised cardiac sodium channels (Nav1.5) were visualised using direct STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (dSTORM, n = 5-11 LA/group, 122 cells in total) and clustering of individual molecules was quantified using persistence-based clustering. Patch clamping of LA cardiac myocytes was used to record whole cell sodium currents (n = 4-5 LA/group, 77 cells in total). LA action potentials and conduction velocity were evaluated using microelectrode and optical mapping techniques (n = 5-9 LA/group).

RESULTS

DHT increased expression of pro-hypertrophic transcripts, e.g. Igf1, Mtpn, fibrosis-associated transcripts, e.g. Col1a1, Col3a1, Lox and pro-inflammatory transcripts, e.g. Ccl6, C7, in both WT and plako+/- LA. Despite Scn5a transcript levels being maintained, dSTORM identified a 29% reduction (p = 0.042) in the number of Nav1.5 localisations at the membrane of plako+/- DHT LA cardiomyocytes, and 25% fewer localisations (p = 0.005) were found within Nav1.5 clusters, compared to WT DHT. Electrophysiological methods revealed a significant reduction in peak sodium current density, decreased action potential amplitude and conduction slowing in plako+/- LA after exposure to DHT.

CONCLUSION

This data suggests that a reduction in plakoglobin expression predisposes atrial cardiomyocytes to detrimental electrophysiological effects of high testosterone levels. This is characterised by a perturbed spatial organisation of Nav1.5, decreased sodium current density and conduction slowing. Abstract Figure. Abstract Picture

RNA-seq profiling of the atrial transcriptome reveals gender-specific patterns and interactions with atrial fibrillation and heart failure

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): TRAIN-HEART Innovative Training Network, funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 813716) Characterizing Atrial fibrillation by Translating its Causes into Health Modifiers in the Elderly (CATCH ME), funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (under the grant agreement no. 633196)

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and is associated with heart failure (HF) and stroke. Clinical and experimental data from previous studies suggest gender differences in mechanisms and phenotypes of AF: women may have more atrial fibrosis, worse outcomes after catheter ablation, and some women carry a higher risk for thromboembolic complications than men. The molecular mechanisms underlying these differences are still poorly understood.

Methods

Gender-based transcriptional patterns were assessed using paired-end, directional RNA sequencing data generated from atrial tissue biopsies in 199 patients either in sinus rhythm or with paroxysmal or persistent AF as part of the CATCH-ME project. Transcript counts were compared between genders separately in the left and right atria using the DESeq2 package in R. The models were adjusted for potential sources of confounding (age, atrial fibrillation status, heart failure status and sequencing batch). Interaction models were implemented using DESeq2 to compare gender*morbidity interactions for persistent AF and HF. Significance was assessed using likelihood ratio tests comparing models with and without the interaction terms. Results with an adjusted P-value  0.05 were considered significant and utilized for subsequent downstream assessments. Differentially expressed (DE) genes were tested for enrichment of gene ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways using the WebGestalt toolkit.

Results

Transcriptome-wide profiling across the cohort identified 33 sex-differentiated genes in the left atria and 51 in the right atrial samples, with 21 of these showing bilateral differences. Interestingly, 36 (44%) of the results from these analyses were comprised of non-coding transcripts, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), antisense RNAs and pseudogenes. GO and pathway enrichment analyses for these genes revealed their involvement in critical pathways such as the complement and coagulation cascades and RNA transport.  Interaction analyses between gender and AF identified two genes (MPP2 & GNAS-AS1) that were differentially transcribed in the right atria and one gene (MYL2) that was DE in the left atria by gender in persistent AF samples. A similar analysis comparing gender*HF morbidity also revealed evidence of DE. Four transcripts (HLA-DQB1-AS1, EIF1AY, UTY and ZFY-AS1) showed gender-specific differences in expression by HF status in left atria, while HLA-DQB1-AS1 was differentially regulated by gender and HF status in right atrial samples.

Conclusions

These RNA-seq analyses provide novel insights into gender-related differences in the transcriptional landscape of right and left adult human atrial appendages. Moreover, interaction analyses identified three genes DE in female atria in persistent AF and four DE genes in female atria in heart failure, providing a molecular anchor for the observed differences in atrial diseases phenotypes between men and women.

Reappraisal of Atrial fibrillation: interaction between hyperCoagulability, Electrical remodelling and Vascular destabilisation in the progression of AF (RACE V) Tissue Bank Project: study design

Background

The development of atrial fibrillation (AF) is a complex multifactorial process. Over the past few decades, much has been learned about the pathophysiological processes that can lead to AF from a variety of specific disease models in animals. However, our ability to recognise these disease processes in AF patients is still limited, which has contributed to the limited progress in improving rhythm control in AF.

Aims/objectives

We believe that a better understanding and detection of the individual pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AF is a prerequisite for developing patient-tailored therapies. The RACE V Tissue Bank Project will contribute to the unravelling of the main molecular mechanisms of AF by studying histology and genome-wide RNA expression profiles and combining this information with detailed phenotyping of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Methods

As more and more evidence suggests that AF may occur not only during the first days but also during the months and years after surgery, we will systematically study the incidence of AF during the first years after cardiac surgery in patients with or without a history of AF. Both the overall AF burden as well as the pattern of AF episodes will be studied. Lastly, we will study the association between the major molecular mechanisms and the clinical presentation of the patients, including the incidence and pattern of AF during the follow-up period.

Conclusion

The RACE V Tissue Bank Project combines deep phenotyping of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, including rhythm follow-up, analysis of molecular mechanisms, histological analysis and genome-wide RNA sequencing. This approach will provide detailed insights into the main pathological alterations associated with AF in atrial tissue and thereby contribute to the development of individualised, mechanistically informed patient-tailored treatment for AF.

Responses on Must and Wine Composition of Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon under a Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE)

Challenges of climate change on the future grape and wine production are widely discussed in science and in the wine industry with the goal to maintain a consistent must and wine quality in the future. Therefore, the effect of elevated CO2 (eCO2)-as one of the relevant greenhouse gases jointly responsible for a changing climate-was investigated concerning the composition of must and wine made of two grapevine cultivars V. vinifera L. cvs. Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon within the established VineyardFACE (Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) experiment. Must and wine analysis were conducted in three consecutive years (2014-2016) by analyzing standard must and wine parameters, e.g., total soluble solids (TSS), pH, total acidity (TA), organic acids (e.g., tartaric acid, malic acid, shikimic acid, citric acid, volatile acid and gluconic acid) or total phenolics (TP). Also, for both cultivars CIELab coordinates (L* for lightness, a* as green/red and b* as blue/yellow components) were used to test colour in young white and red wines. Additionally, total anthocyanins and monomeric indices were analyzed for young wines of the red cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. With marginal differences between CO2 treatments, the composition of must and young wines was not found to be negatively influenced by an eCO2 concentration.

Sunburn in Grapes: A Review

Sunburn is a physiological disorder that affects the visual and organoleptic properties of grapes. The appearance of brown and necrotic spots severely affects the commercial value of the fruit, and in extreme cases, significantly decreases yield. Depending on the severity of the damage and the driving factors, sunburn on grapes can be classified as sunburn browning (SB) or as sunburn necrosis (SN). Sunburn results from a combination of excessive photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UV radiation and temperature that can be exacerbated by other stress factors such as water deficit. Fruit respond to these by activating antioxidant defense mechanisms, de novo synthesis of optical screening compounds and heat-shock proteins as well as through morphological adaptation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on sunburn in grapes and compares it with relevant literature on other fruits. It also discusses the different factors affecting the appearance and degree of sunburn, as well as the biochemical response of grapes to this phenomenon and different potential mitigation strategies. This review proposes further directions for research into sunburn in grapes.

Understanding Yeast Impact on 1,1,6-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene Formation in Riesling Wine through a Formation-Pathway-Informed Hydrolytic Assay

The occurrence in Riesling wine of the potent odorant 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) is dependent upon vineyard and winemaking conditions, and TDN can have a prominent impact on the attributes of a wine after years in a bottle. As such, immediately assessing the impact of vineyard or winery treatments on future TDN formation requires forced creation of the aroma compound under non-wine-like conditions from other precursors. Here, we use a Box-Behnken approach and known TDN end points in commercial wines to optimize the conditions (pH, temperature, and time) of a "total TDN" hydrolytic assay for Riesling wine, which was intended to not interfere with yeast-derived formation pathways. The new assay (75 °C, pH 1.7, and 60 min) was used to determine the role of industry-relevant commercial yeasts as well as novel hybrid yeast strains on total TDN concentrations in young Riesling wines. While significant differences were observed between some yeasts, the impact of defoliation as a viticultural intervention outweighed yeast effects, suggesting that elevated TDN concentrations in wine are likely due to grape growing conditions and cannot be readily reduced or compensated for in the winery.

Experimental and numerical investigations on the effect of fracture geometry and fracture aperture distribution on flow and solute transport in natural fractures

The impact of fracture geometry and aperture distribution on fluid movement and on non-reactive solute transport was investigated experimentally and numerically in single fractures. For this purpose a hydrothermally altered and an unaltered granite drill core with axial fractures were investigated. Using three injection and three extraction locations at top and bottom of the fractured cores, different dipole flow fields were examined. The conservative tracer (Amino-G) breakthrough curves were measured using fluorescence spectroscopy. Based on 3-D digital data obtained by micro-computed tomography 2.5-D numerical models were generated for both fractures by mapping the measured aperture distributions to the 2-D fracture geometries (x-y plane). Fluid flow and tracer transport were simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics^®. By means of numerical simulations and tomographic imaging experimentally observed breakthrough curves can be understood and qualitatively reproduced. The experiments and simulations suggest that fluid flow in the altered fracture is governed by the 2-D fracture geometry in the x-y plane, while fluid flow in the unaltered fracture seems to be controlled by the aperture distribution. Moreover, we demonstrate that in our case simplified parallel-plate models fail to describe the experimental findings and that pronounced tailings can be attributed to complex internal heterogeneities. The results presented, implicate the necessity to incorporate complex domain geometries governing fluid flow and mass transport into transport modeling.

Thrombophilia in the young

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a rare disease that is being increasingly diagnosed and recognized in paediatrics in the past decade, usually as a secondary complication of primary severe underlying diseases. Apart from acquired thrombophilic risk factors, such as lupus anticoagulants, inherited thrombophilias (IT) have been established as risk factors for venous thromboembolic events in adults. In children with idiopathic VTE and in paediatric populations in which thromboses were associated with underlying medical diseases, IT have been described as additional prothrombotic risk factors. Follow-up data for VTE recurrence in children are available and suggest a recurrence rate of approximately 3% in neonates and 8% in other children. Here we present a review of the impact of IT on early onset of VTE and recurrence in children. Statistically significant associations between the IT traits investigated, e.g. factor V G1691A, factor II G20210A, protein C-, protein S-, antithrombin deficiency, elevated lipoprotein (a), combined IT and VTE onset were reported. In addition, statistically significant associations with recurrent VTE were calculated for protein S-, antithrombin-deficiency, and the factor II variant and combined IT. The absolute risk increase for VTE recurrence associated with IT ranged from 9.8 % for children carrying the factorII variant to 26% and 29% in children with combined IT and protein S-deficiency, respectively. Data obtained gave evidence that the detection of IT is clinically meaningful in children with VTE and underlines the importance of a paediatric thrombophilia screening program. Based on these data treatment algorithms have to be discussed.

A sandwich ELISA for porcine alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (pAGP, ORM-1) and further demonstration of its use to evaluate growth potential in newborn pigs

A simple, reproducible sandwich, ELISA was developed to measure porcine alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (pAGP, ORM-1) in pig plasma. Porcine AGP isolated from serum was purchased and a polyclonal antisera was prepared in rabbits using the whole pAGP molecule as immunogen. The antiserum was affinity purified, and a portion of the purified antibody fraction was labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Porcine AGP protein was used as a standard, whereas commercially available buffers and reagents were utilized throughout the assay. The assay was specific for pAGP, had a lower limit of detection of 3.2 ng/mL, and could be used to quantify pAGP in plasma or serum. Using this ELISA, we corroborated our previous findings obtained by RID assay, which demonstrated that the AGP concentration in newborn piglets is negatively associated with preweaning growth rate. The current data were obtained using piglets from a different geographical location and genetic background and showed that elevated AGP at birth was associated with reduced preweaning growth rate (P < 0.001, r = 0.433, n = 19 litters). In addition, litters with a greater average AGP at birth were at a growth disadvantage compared with litters with reduced average AGP plasma concentrations (P < 0.001, r = 0.708, n = 19 litters). Litter average plasma AGP was a better predictor of litter preweaning growth rate than average litter birth weight. The data represent further support for using perinatal AGP concentrations as a tool to identify potential slower growing pigs and as a plasma biomarker for predicting litter growth rate.

Randomised, double-blind, clinical investigation to compare orlistat 60 milligram and a customized polyglucosamine, two treatment methods for the management of overweight and obesity

BACKGROUND

The efficacy of a non-prescription drug to support weight loss programs has yet to be compared. This clinical trial investigates the comparability of orlistat 60 milligram (mg) and polyglucosamine.

METHODS

Sixty-four overweight or obese subjects were included in a two-center double-blind study. One center was in Germany [center 1] and the other was in Italy [center 2]. The subjects (26 in center 1 and 38 in center 2) were recommended to follow a calorie deficit of about 2000 kilojoules/day and to increase their physical activity to 3 metabolic equivalent hours (MET h)/day. In both centers, subjects were randomized to receive polyglucosamine (2 tablets x 2) or orlistat (1 capsule x 3) for a period of 12 weeks. Weight loss was considered as a main variable together with the reduction of 5 per cent (%) of body weight (5R). Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were taken as secondary variables.

RESULTS

A significant difference in weight loss between the two groups was shown, 6.7 ± 3.14 kilogram (kg) in group polyglucosamine versus 4.8 ± 2.24 kg in group orlistat (t test p < 0.05) respectively; BMI and WC reduction were also more consistent with polyglucosamine treatment than with orlistat treatment (t test p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the number of subjects who achieved 5R (70% for polyglucosamine and 55% for orlistat group; chi square p > 0.05). The administration of polyglucosamine following energy restriction and increase in physical activity reduces body weight, BMI and WC more efficiently than orlistat.

CONCLUSIONS

Even though both groups were instructed to adopt a calorie restricted diet together with increased physical activity an additional weight loss in the polyglucosamine group of 1.6 kilogram (kg) compared to the orlistat group (6.2 ± 3.46 versus 4.6 ± 2.36 kg) in both centers was seen despite the higher consumption of carbohydrates in Italy (center 2). A typical Italian diet is usually high in carbohydrate content whereas Germans tend to consume meals with higher fat content. This leads to the assumption that polyglucosamine limits both fat and carbohydrate absorption which would explain the comparable effective weight reduction in the Italian participants.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Trial registration at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02529631, registered on Aug 19, 2015 retrospectively registered.

Impact of gravity, collector surface roughness and fracture orientation on colloid retention kinetics in an artificial fracture

The interaction of monodisperse fluorescent carboxylated polystyrene colloids (25nm and 1000nm diameter) with a cut granodiorite surface (Grimsel granodiorite; Switzerland) and with acrylic glass is investigated both experimentally and numerically. Colloid transport experiments are conducted in a parallel plate type fracture flow cell with an aperture of 0.75mm at pH5 under low ionic strength (1mM NaCl) and under laminar flow (7mL/h) conditions. The study focuses on the effect of residence time, colloid size, collector material and fracture orientation on colloid retention. Long colloid residence times are achieved by stop-flow experiments. Using atomic force microscopy and, more specifically, the colloid probe technique surface roughness and force distance information of the collector material (granodiorite or acrylic glass) as a function of probe size (cantilever) are obtained. The experiments are modeled using COMSOL Multiphysics® (2-D numerical simulations). The experimental and the modeled results lead to the conclusion that large colloids (1000nm diameter) undergo sedimentation and deposition on the surface during stop-flow. Collector interaction is not affected by the surface roughness variation. Contrariwise, for the investigated 25nm colloids sedimentation does not play a role under the experimental conditions and collector interaction is triggered by surface inhomogeneities such as surface roughness.

109 COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR SYNCHRONIZING RECIPIENTS OF IN VITRO PRODUCED EMBRYOS

The present study compared fertility, as pregnancy per embryo transfer (P/ET), and efficiency of recipient utilisation, as pregnancy per treated potential recipient (P/TX), in heifers receiving in vitro-produced embryos using synchronized oestrus after prostaglandin F2α (OESTRUS) or synchronized ovulation and fixed timed embryo transfer (FTET) with new or reused CIDR. In Expt. 1, heifers (n = 520) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: OESTRUS, FTET with new CIDR, or FTET with second-use CIDR (previously used for 5 days). Heifers in OESTRUS group (n = 166) were synchronized with two prostaglandin F2α 14 days apart and detection of oestrus performed using tail chalk during 5 days after the second prostaglandin F2α. Heifers in FTET were synchronized with a new CIDR (n = 178) or second-use CIDR (n = 176) using a modified 5-day CIDR-Synch; Day –8: CIDR inserted; Day –3: CIDR removed, prostaglandin F2α; Day –2: second prostaglandin F2α; Day 0: gonadotropin-releasing hormone to induce ovulation. In Expt. 2, heifers (n = 422) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: FTET with new CIDR or FTET with third-use CIDR (previously used twice for 5 days each time) using the FTET protocol described for Expt. 1. Fresh in vitro-produced embryos were transferred between 6 and 8 days after OESTRUS or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (FTET). All heifers were evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography on Day 32 and 60 for pregnancy detection. Measurements of P/ET and P/TX for both experiments were analysed by logistic regression (LOGISTIC procedure, SAS 9.4) using biologically meaningful covariates such as embryo stage and quality, interval from oestrus or GnRH to transfer, and technician in the statistical analyses. In Expt. 1, two preplanned contrasts were performed to compare differences between OESTRUS v. FTET, and between FTET with new v. second-use CIDR. The P/ET at Day 32 was similar (P = 0.50) with 41.3% (45/109) for OESTRUS and 43.4% (134/309) for FTET groups. Similarly, P/ET on Day 60 was 30.3% (33/109) for OESTRUS and 32.4% (100/309) for FTET groups (P = 0.37). However, P/TX heifer on Day 60 was greater (P = 0.04) in the FTET (28.2%; 100/354) compared to OESTRUS (19.9%; 33/166). This difference is attributed to a greater (P < 0.001) utilisation efficiency (transferred/treated) of heifers in FTET (87.3%) v. OESTRUS (65.6%). In the second contrast, P/ET on Day 32 were similar (P = 0.87) for FTET heifers synchronized with a new CIDR (43.9%, 69/157) v. second-use CIDR (42.8%, 65/152). In addition, P/TX heifer on Day 60 was also similar (P = 0.52) for heifers receiving a new or second-use CIDR (29.8%, 53/178 v. 26.7% 47/176). In Expt. 2, P/ET on Day 32 was similar (P = 0.73) for FTET with a new CIDR (41.0%, 77/188) or third-use CIDR (42.3%, 83/196). The P/TX heifer on Day 60 was also not different (P = 0.58) for new CIDR (28.6%, 61/213) v. third-use CIDR (31.1%, 65/209). Thus, use of FTET with new or used CIDR can produce similar P/ET and greater efficiency of recipient utilisation compared to OESTRUS.

Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Grapevines under Organic and Biodynamic Management

The main objective of this study was to determine growth, yield and fruit quality of grapevines under organic and biodynamic management in relation to integrated viticultural practices. Furthermore, the mechanisms for the observed changes in growth, yield and fruit quality were investigated by determining nutrient status, physiological performance of the plants and disease incidence on bunches in three consecutive growing seasons. A field trial (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling) was set up at Hochschule Geisenheim University, Germany. The integrated treatment was managed according to the code of good practice. Organic and biodynamic plots were managed according to Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 and Regulation (EC) No 889/2008 and according to ECOVIN- and Demeter-Standards, respectively. The growth and yield of the grapevines differed strongly among the different management systems, whereas fruit quality was not affected by the management system. The organic and the biodynamic treatments showed significantly lower growth and yield in comparison to the integrated treatment. The physiological performance was significantly lower in the organic and the biodynamic systems, which may account for differences in growth and cluster weight and might therefore induce lower yields of the respective treatments. Soil management and fertilization strategy could be responsible factors for these changes. Yields of the organic and the biodynamic treatments partially decreased due to higher disease incidence of downy mildew. The organic and the biodynamic plant protection strategies that exclude the use of synthetic fungicides are likely to induce higher disease incidence and might partially account for differences in the nutrient status of vines under organic and biodynamic management. Use of the biodynamic preparations had little influence on vine growth and yield. Due to the investigation of important parameters that induce changes especially in growth and yield of grapevines under organic and biodynamic management the study can potentially provide guidance for defining more effective farming systems.

Regulation of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein synthesis by porcine hepatocytes in monolayer culture

Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP, orosomucoid, ORM-1) is a highly glycosylated mammalian acute-phase protein, which is synthesized primarily in the liver and represents the major serum protein in newborn pigs. Recent data have suggested that the pig is unique in that AGP is a negative acute-phase protein in this species, and its circulating concentration appears to be associated with growth rate. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the regulation of AGP synthesis in hepatocytes prepared from suckling piglets and to provide a framework to compare its regulation with that of haptoglobin (HP), a positive acute-phase protein. Hepatocytes were isolated from preweaned piglets and maintained in serum-free monolayer culture for up to 72 h. The influences of hormones, cytokines, and redox modifiers on the expression and secretion of AGP and HP were determined by relative polymerase chain reaction and by measuring the concentration of each protein secreted into culture medium. The messenger RNA abundance and/or secretion of AGP protein was enhanced by interleukin (IL)-17a, IL-1, and resveratrol and inhibited by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), oncostatin M, and thyroid hormone (P < 0.05). HP expression and synthesis were upregulated by oncostatin M, IL-6, and dexamethasone and downregulated by TNF (P < 0.01). The overall messenger RNA expression at 24 h was in agreement with the secreted protein patterns confirming that control of these proteins in hepatocytes is largely transcriptional. Moreover, these data support the consideration that AGP is a negative acute-phase reactant and appears to be regulated by cytokines (with the exception of TNF) and hormones primarily in a manner opposite to that of the positive acute-phase protein, HP.

Soil water-holding capacity mediates hydraulic and hormonal signals of near-isohydric and near-anisohydric Vitis cultivars in potted grapevines

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) expresses different responses to water stress, depending not only on genotype, but also on the influence of vineyard growing conditions or seasonality. Our aim was to analyse the effects on drought response of two grapevine cultivars growing on two soils, one water draining (WD) containing sand 80% volume and the other water retaining (WR), with no sand. Under these two different water-holding capacities Syrah, displaying a near-anisohydric response to water stress, and Cabernet Sauvignon (on the contrary, near-isohydric) were submitted to water stress in a pot trial. Xylem embolism contributed to plant adaptation to soil water deprivation: in both cultivars during late phases of water stress, however, in Syrah, already at moderate early stress levels. By contrast, Syrah showed a less effective stomatal control of drought than Cabernet Sauvignon. The abscisic acid (ABA) influenced tightly the stomatal conductance of Cabernet Sauvignon on both pot soils. In the near-anisohydric variety Syrah an ABA-related stomatal closure was induced in WR soil to maintain high levels of water potential, showing that a soil-related hormonal root-to-shoot signal causing stomatal closure superimposes on the putatively variety-induced anisohydric response to water stress.

[Cost of Illness of HIV Patients under Anteretroviral Therapy in Germany - Results of the 48-Week Interim Analysis of the Prospective Multicentre Observational Study 'CORSAR']

BACKGROUND

With the introduction of highly active combined antiretroviral therapy (c-ART) mortality and morbidity of HIV patients declined substantially. Earlier studies reported that c-ART was able to save health-care costs due to a reduction of other direct medical costs, particularly for inpatient treatments and concomitant medication. To date, analyses of costs and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients under c-ART are lacking in Germany. Hence, this study aims to estimate the current cost of illness and HRQOL of HIV-patients under c-ART in different treatment lines.

METHODS

A multicenter, prospective observational study was carried out in 12 specialised German centres for infectious diseases: 8 private practices/outpatient centres and 4 specialised hospitals offering both inpatient and outpatient services. Demographic, clinical and medication data were derived from patient records. Resource utilisation, information on productivity, out of pocket costs and HRQOL (EQ-5D) were collected every 12 weeks via a patient questionnaire. All costs were calculated based on price information from publicly accessible databases.

RESULTS

N=1,154 patients were included in the analysis. Mean direct disease-related costs of -patients under c-ART amounted to 22,563 Euro/year. Patients beyond the 3(rd) line of treatment -incurred considerably higher costs 24,654 Euro/year. In the 1(st) treatment line, c-ART accounted for 83.2% of the total direct costs, in the 2(nd)/3(rd) line for 80.8% and in >3(rd) line for 83.4%, respectively. Indirect costs due to impaired productivity were higher in the 2(nd)/3(rd) treatment line (2,843 Euro) compared to the 1(st) (1,604 Euro) and >3(rd) (1,752 Euro) treatment lines, respectively. The average HRQOL (EQ-5D) varied between 0.77 (self-assessment via visual analogue scale) and 0.91 (utility score based on the German time trade-off tariff).

CONCLUSIONS

Over the last decade, cost of illness of HIV patients under c-ART decreased slightly with average costs per year still being substantial. Main cost driver of overall costs is c-ART. There have been, however, noticeable shifts between different cost domains.

Increased T-cell turnover is associated with spondyloarthritis in virally suppressed patients with HIV-1 infection

OBJECTIVES

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is one of the most frequently observed inflammatory joint diseases in HIV-1-seropositive patients. T-cells were described frequently as one of the major driving forces in SpA, therefore we tried to look for T-cell aberrancies in our HIV-positive patients with SpA.

METHODS

A total of 1098 files for HIV-positive patients who attended the HIV out-patient clinic of the Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology at the Medical University Hanover for at least one visit between January 2004 and December 2010 were screened for the presence of a diagnosis of SpA. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate aberrancies in T-cell homeostasis induced by HIV-1 in these subjects.

RESULTS

The prevalence of SpA in the HIV-positive patients was 1.6% (18 of 1098). Interestingly, the percentage of patients with SpA who were human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 negative in our HIV-positive cohort was 80%. Despite combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and viral suppression, an incomplete immune recovery of T-cell naïve/memory distribution and turnover, as identified by intracellular Ki-67 expression, was observed in HIV-positive patients with SpA.

CONCLUSIONS

Independent of HLA-B27 status and despite cART, HIV-positive patients can develop SpA and exhibit an increased T-cell turnover rate.

Autoantibodies binding to ubiquitin-fold modifier-conjugating enzyme 1 (Ufc1) and pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G (with RhoGef domain) member 2 (Plekhg2) are associated with mycobacterial infections

OBJECTIVES

The diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculous infections and nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections is difficult because the symptoms are nonspecific and suitable specimens for bacterial culture are often not available. Recent publications reported the existence of autoantibodies in tuberculous infections. We screened for specific autoantibodies in mycobacterial infections.

METHODS

We screened four in 29 patients with active mycobacterial infections and different controls using protein array technology. We could identify autoantibodies against ubiquitin-fold modifier-conjugating enzyme 1 (Ufc1) and pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G (with RhoGef domain) member 2 (Plekhg2) in all four patients. Subsequently, we designed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of autoantibodies binding to Ufc1 and Plekhg2.

RESULTS

Autoantibodies binding to Ufc1 and Plekhg2 were found in 19 of 29 patients (66%) with active mycobacterial infections. In comparison, we found these autoantibodies in one of 31 patients (3%) with successfully treated mycobacterial infections, in three of 40 (8%) HIV-infected patients not receiving combination antiretorviral therapy (cART) and in six of 134 (5%) blood donors. Interestingly, six of eight (75%) patients with HIV-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) at the onset of disease had autoantibodies against Ufc1 and Plekhg2, but none of nine (0%) patients after treatment of HIV-associated B-NHL, none of seven patients with non-HIV-associated B-NHL and 11 of 115 (10%) patients with other malignant diseases had autoantibodies against both proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

In view of the high frequency of these autoantibodies, we postulate that they might be of potential use for additional diagnostics for mycobacterial infections, and further studies may shed light on the pathomechanisms of these two autoantibodies.