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Tagliabue B, Heckmann CM, Villa R, Grisel S, Berrin JG, Lafond M, Ribeaucourt D, Paul CE. Enantioselective synthesis of ( R)-citronellal from geraniol with an immobilised copper alcohol oxidase and ene reductase. REACT CHEM ENG 2025; 10:1320-1325. [PMID: 40093767 PMCID: PMC11908116 DOI: 10.1039/d5re00034c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2025] [Accepted: 03/01/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
(R)-Citronellal is one of the key chiral intermediates in the synthesis of the isomer (-)-menthol, one of the most commercialised terpenoid flavours worldwide. Enzymatic approaches could represent a less energy-demanding alternative for its synthesis, such as a previously reported bienzymatic cascade starting from inexpensive, commercially available geraniol. A copper radical oxidase (CgrAlcOx) followed by a flavin-dependent ene reductase (OYE2) were used to obtain (R)-citronellal. Here, we used a metal-affinity immobilisation strategy on the His-tagged enzymes for the cascade and studied enzyme recovery and reusability as well as increased solvent tolerance. After screening a panel of resins for enzyme immobilisation and water-immiscible co-solvents, we successfully obtained 95% conversion to (R)-citronellal with 96.9% enantiomeric excess (ee) in a concurrent cascade after 7 h of reaction time, starting from 10 mM of geraniol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Tagliabue
- Biocatalysis Section, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Christian M Heckmann
- Biocatalysis Section, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Rocio Villa
- Biocatalysis Section, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Grisel
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, BBF, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques Marseille France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ 3PE Platform Marseille France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, BBF, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques Marseille France
| | - Mickael Lafond
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, BBF, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques Marseille France
| | - David Ribeaucourt
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, BBF, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques Marseille France
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis Section, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
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Chen J, Wu W, Peng Y, Fang Z, Hu Y, Guo K. Ene-Reductases-Catalyzed Non-Natural Reactions. Chemistry 2025; 31:e202500539. [PMID: 40105339 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202500539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2025] [Revised: 03/18/2025] [Accepted: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/20/2025]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent ene-reductases (EREDs), members of the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) superfamily, are highly efficient biocatalysts primarily known for catalyzing the asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes. Beyond this native function, the chemical versatility of the flavin cofactor and the sophisticated architecture of their protein structures enable EREDs to exhibit catalytic multifunctionality. The catalytic promiscuity not only highlights the adaptability of these enzymes but also expands their potential to broaden the scope of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in organic synthesis. Given the inherent challenges associated with discovering novel enzyme activities, such catalytic promiscuity of EREDs offers a promising pathway for expanding their applications. This mini-review provides a comprehensive overview of the catalytic multifunctionality of flavin-dependent EREDs, with a particular focus on their "non-natural" functionalities in organic synthesis. This review is primarily divided into two main sections: hydride-dependent reactions and hydride-independent reactions. By highlighting these unconventional biocatalytic pathways, we aim to inspire further exploration into the untapped potential of EREDs and their role in advancing synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yujing Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering Institution, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
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3
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Tu N, Liu B, Zhou Y, Gao J, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Sun L. His126 Substitution Shifts Perakine Reductase Activity from Carbonyl Reduction to Ene Reduction. Org Lett 2025; 27:4384-4388. [PMID: 40212015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
Perakine reductase (PR) is an aldo-keto reductase (AKR) carbonyl reductase. His126 is one of the AKR catalytic tetrads in PR. Substitution of His126 with any other amino acids except Gln switched PR to an ene reductase. Molecular simulation suggested that the substrate-binding pose and the properties of the 126 residue determined the chemoselectivity. Given the strict conservation of His126 in AKR superfamily carbonyl reductases, modification of the corresponding site is a feasible strategy to design AKR-derived novel ene reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Tu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Wuya Collage of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute and Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong 226133, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junbo Gao
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321299, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
| | - Xiangrui Jiang
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
| | - Lianli Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321299, China
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Abe T, Katano M, Otsuka I, Wakamatsu N, Takahashi S, Ueda D, Fukuda E, Endo S, Nishikawa K, Yasuno Y, Nakayama A, Shinada T, Sato T. Isolation and structural determination of natural products bearing tetrahydrogenated isoprenoid side-chains at their ω-termini. Org Biomol Chem 2025; 23:3423-3430. [PMID: 40079055 DOI: 10.1039/d5ob00160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
Hydrogenated isoprenoids are found in a range of biologically important natural products, such as isoprenoid quinones, chlorophyll, vitamin E, and dolichol. In this study, a new method was developed for determining the chirality of the tetrahydrogenated isoprenoid (THI) structures of two natural products, namely heptaprenylcycli-14E,18E-diene and (22R,5E,9E,13E,17E)-6,10,14,18,22,26-hexamethylheptacosa-5,9,13,17-tetraen-2-one, for which the chiral carbon centres have never been elucidated. Our research group previously isolated the former sesquarterpene from Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum, while the latter was isolated as a new polyprenyl acetone from Conexibacter woesei in the current study. To determine their chiralities, these two THI-containing terpenoids were subjected to ozonolysis to produce (R)-6,10-dimethyl-2-undecanones. The optically active (S)-6,10-dimethyl-2-undecanone was prepared as an authentic chiral sample by the reduction of (S,E)-6,10-dimethylundeca-3,9-dien-2-one. Chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the ozonolysis products and of authentic (S)- and racemic 6,10-dimethyl-2-undecanone samples unambiguously assigned the THI chiral carbon centres of both compounds as R. This new method could be a useful tool for determining the chiralities of other THIs. It is also expected to contribute to our understanding of the biosynthetic mechanisms and biological roles of THIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Abe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Miyu Katano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Ikiru Otsuka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Nozomi Wakamatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Saya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Daijiro Ueda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Eigo Fukuda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Seiya Endo
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Yoko Yasuno
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nakayama
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan.
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Ikebe J, Yoshida K, Ishihara S, Kurumida Y, Kameda T. Computational Design of Burkholderia cepacia Lipase Mutants that Show Enhanced Stereoselectivity in the Production of l-Menthol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025; 73:4829-4839. [PMID: 39960458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c09949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
l-Menthol, valued for its aroma, cooling properties, and biological activity, is often produced as a mixture with d-menthol, which negatively impacts taste and odor. To improve the purity of industrial l-menthol production, we engineered Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) to improve its stereoselectivity. While wild-type BCL achieves only 98% enantiomeric excess, we used molecular dynamics simulations of BCL bound to menthol acetate, combined with computational rational design method (MSPER), to identify key mutation sites. We experimentally confirmed that five mutations that can effectively improve the enantiomeric excess. In particular, Q88A increased enantiomeric excess to 99.4% and productivity from 14.5% to 49.9%. Q88G exhibited the highest productivity at 54.0% with 99.3% optical purity. These BCL mutants offer a greener, more efficient approach to high-purity l-menthol production, contributing to more sustainable chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzen Ikebe
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yoshida
- Amano Enzyme Incorporation, 1-6, Technoplaza, Kakamigahara-shi, Gifu 509-0109, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishihara
- Amano Enzyme Incorporation, 1-6, Technoplaza, Kakamigahara-shi, Gifu 509-0109, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kurumida
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tomoshi Kameda
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
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Tan J, Xu C, Liu D, Liu S, Liu Y, Zou JY, You S, Deng Z, Li Y, Xie Y, Li X, Yin Y, Li L. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity Evaluation of 5-Aryl-cyclopenta[ c]pyridine Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025; 73:1672-1681. [PMID: 39754580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c08156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
Abstract
Taking the natural product cerbinal as the lead compound, 30 novel 5-aryl-cyclopenta[c]pyridine derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the previous bioactivity studies of the cyclopenta[c]pyridines. The modification of the position-5 of compound 2 was achieved by amination, bromination, and cross coupling using cerbinal as the raw material. The results of the bioactivity tests demonstrated that partial compounds exhibited superior activity against plant viruses compared to compound 2. Compounds 4g and 4k showed higher anti-TMV activity levels than commercial varieties of ribavirin at concentrations of 500 and 100 μg/mL. In particular, compound 4k, which contained a m-methoxyphenyl substitution, displayed the most potent anti-TMV activity in vivo (inactivation effect 51.1 ± 1.9%, curative effect 50.7 ± 3.6%, protection effect 53.8 ± 2.8% at 500 μg/mL) The toxicological experiments also revealed that compound 4k exhibited low toxicity to zebrafish. Additionally, molecular docking results indicated that access to the benzene ring enhanced the binding affinity of these derivatives for TMV receptor proteins. Furthermore, studies on the insecticidal and fungicidal activities of these derivatives showed that most of the compounds exhibited good larvicidal efficacy against Plutella xylostella and broad-spectrum fungicidal activities. Notably, compound 4i (3,4,5-trifluorophenyl) displayed an outstanding inhibition ratio of 91.9% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, 75% against Botrytis cinerea, and 62.5% against Phytophthora infestans at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. These results suggest that 5-aryl-cyclopenta[c]pyridine derivatives could serve as promising candidate agents for antiviral, insecticidal, and fungicidal applications in agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tan
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Changjiang Xu
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Ji-Yong Zou
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Shengyong You
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Zhaoyang Deng
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yu Xie
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xingsheng Li
- Jiangxi Oushi Chemical Co., Ltd, Ji'an 331300, China
| | - Yu Yin
- Jiangxi Oushi Chemical Co., Ltd, Ji'an 331300, China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
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