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Moon SW, Kim JY, Lee SH, Im SY, Lee G, Park KH. New Class of Tyrosinase Inhibitors, Rotenoids, from Amorpha fruticosa. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31870-31879. [PMID: 37692245 PMCID: PMC10483678 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of rotenoids including a new one from the seeds of Amorpha fruticosa were found to have significant potential as tyrosinase inhibitors. All of the isolated rotenoids (1-6) displayed inhibitory activity against tyrosinase, both as a monophenolase for the oxidation of l-tyrosine and as a diphenolase for the oxidation of l-DOPA. The three most active compounds (1, 5, and 6) showed significant monophenolase inhibition with IC50 values of 2.1, 1.7, and 1.2 μM, respectively. They also inhibited diphenolase function with IC50 values in the range of 9.5-21.5 μM. The inhibition kinetics established all compounds to be competitive inhibitors of both oxidation processes. All rotenoids formed the Emet·I complex effectively around their IC50 values with long lag times. Tyrosinase inhibition of the new rotenoid 6 was additionally demonstrated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with N-acetyl-l-tyrosine. Molecular docking disclosed that the sugar moiety of 5 interacted with the bottom of the catalytic gorge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Won Moon
- Division
of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yoon Kim
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Engineering, IALS, Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52725, Republic
of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Division
of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Im
- Division
of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihwan Lee
- Division
of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Park
- Division
of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zolghadri S, Beygi M, Mohammad TF, Alijanianzadeh M, Pillaiyar T, Garcia-Molina P, Garcia-Canovas F, Luis Munoz-Munoz J, Akbar Saboury A. Targeting Tyrosinase in Hyperpigmentation: Current Status, Limitations and Future Promises. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115574. [PMID: 37127249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is a common and distressing dermatologic condition. Since tyrosinase (TYR) plays an essential role in melanogenesis, its inhibition is considered a logical approach along with other therapeutic methods to prevent the accumulation of melanin in the skin. Thus, TYR inhibitors are a tempting target as the medicinal and cosmetic active agents of hyperpigmentation disorder. Among TYR inhibitors, hydroquinone is a traditional lightening agent that is commonly used in clinical practice. However, despite good efficacy, prolonged use of hydroquinone is associated with side effects. To overcome these shortcomings, new approaches in targeting TYR and treating hyperpigmentation are desperately requiredessentialneeded. In line with this purpose, several non-hydroquinone lightening agents have been developed and suggested as hydroquinone alternatives. In addition to traditional approaches, nanomedicine and nanotheranostic platforms have been recently proposed in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. In this review, we discuss the available strategies for the management of hyperpigmentation with a focus on TYR inhibition. In addition, alternative treatment options to hydroquinone are discussed. Finally, we present nano-based strategies to improve the therapeutic effect of drugs prescribed to patients with skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Beygi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Alijanianzadeh
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Garcia-Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Munoz-Munoz
- Microbial Enzymology Lab, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building A, University of Northumbria, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Cheng Z, Fan Y, Zhang L, Wang C. Preparation of co-enhanced gold nanoclusters and its application in the detections of 4-hexylresorcinol and Cr6++. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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4
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Fan X. Chemical inhibition of polyphenol oxidase and cut surface browning of fresh-cut apples. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8737-8751. [PMID: 35416745 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2061413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fresh-cut apples, which offer consumers health benefits and convenience, have become popular in recent years. One of the main challenges for processing fresh-cut apples is rapid development of cut surface browning, immediately after fruits are cut. Browning, a physiological response that impacts organoleptic properties and deters consumer purchase of fresh-cut fresh produce, is mainly a result of enzymatic reaction of phenolic compounds with oxygen catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase (PPO), a decapper enzyme. Many antibrowning agents have been developed and evaluated to inhibit PPO activities by using reducing agents (antioxidants), chelating agents, acidulants, etc. The present manuscript reviews the diverse characteristics of PPO (such as optimum pH and temperature, and molecular weight) in apples reported in the literature and the enzyme's latency, multiplicity and copper states in the active site. It also summarizes the latest development in the investigation and formulations of antibrowning compounds, and discusses future research needs. This review should stimulate further research to discover more effective, low cost, and natural antibrowning compounds to meet the demand of consumers as well as the food industry for clean label and long shelf-life of fresh-cut apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetong Fan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, PA, USA
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5
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Kim SG. 4-Hexylresorcinol: pharmacologic chaperone and its application for wound healing. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 44:5. [PMID: 35103875 PMCID: PMC8805429 DOI: 10.1186/s40902-022-00334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) is amphiphilic organic chemical and auto-regulator for micro-organism. As 4HR administration induces the stress on the endoplasmic reticulum, 4HR changes protein folding. The application of 4HR inhibits NF-κB signal pathway and TNF-α production. In addition, 4HR administration increases VEGF, TGF-β1, and calcification associated proteins. As a consequence, 4HR administration increases angiogenesis and bone formation in wounded area. Strong anti-inflammatory reaction and capillary regeneration in diabetic model demonstrate that 4HR can be applied on many types of surgical wound.
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6
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Considerations about the kinetic mechanism of tyrosinase in its action on monophenols: A review. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Kim YS, Kim DW, Kim SG, Lee SK. 4-hexylresorcinol-induced protein expression changes in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells as determined by immunoprecipitation high-performance liquid chromatography. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243975. [PMID: 33320912 PMCID: PMC7737996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) is used as a food preservative and an ingredient of toothpaste and cosmetics. The present study was performed using 233 antisera to determine the changes in protein expression induced by 4HR in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and evaluated the 4HR-induced effects in comparison with previous results (Kim et al., 2019). Similar to RAW 264.7 cells, 4HR-treated HUVECs showed decreases in the expression of the proliferation-related proteins, cMyc/MAX/MAD network proteins, p53/RB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and they showed inactivation of DNA transcription and protein translation compared to the untreated controls. 4HR upregulated growth factors (TGF-β1, β2, β3, SMAD2/3, SMAD4, HGF-α, Met, IGF-1) and RAS signaling proteins (RAF-B, p38, p-p38, p-ERK-1, and Rab-1), and induced stronger expression of the cellular protection-, survival-, and differentiation-related proteins in HUVECs than in RAW 264.7 cells. 4HR suppressed NFkB signaling in a manner that suggests potential anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects by reducing M1 macrophage polarization and increasing M2 macrophage polarization in both cells. 4HR-treated HUVECs tended to increase the ER stress mediators by upregulating eIF2AK3, ATF4, ATF6, lysozyme, and LC3 and downregulating eIF2α and GADD153 (CHOP), resulting in PARP-1/AIF-mediated apoptosis. These results indicate that 4HR has similar effects on the protein expression of HUVECs and RAW 264.7 cells, but their protein expression levels differ according to cell types. The 4HR-treated cells showed global protein expression characteristic of anticancer and wound healing effects, which could be alleviated simultaneously by other proteins exerting opposite functions. These results suggest that although 4HR has similar effects on the global protein expression of HUVECs and RAW 264.7 cells, the 4HR-induced molecular interferences in those cells are complex enough to produce variable protein expression, leading different cell functions. Moreover, HUVECs have stronger wound healing potential to overcome the impact induced by 4HR than RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sook Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health & Medical Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Seong-Gon Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
- * E-mail: (SKL); (SGK)
| | - Suk Keun Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, and Institute of Hydrogen Magnetic Reaction Gene Regulation, Gangneung, South Korea
- * E-mail: (SKL); (SGK)
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8
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4-Hexylresorcinol Exhibits Different Characteristics to Estrogen. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10051737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) has been used as a food additive and antiseptic. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the application of 4HR in breast cancer cells and ovariectomized rats showed estrogen-like effects. MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cells were treated by solvent, 1–100 µM bisphenol-A (BPA), or 1–100 µM 4HR, respectively. 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazole-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Western blot for extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/-2 (ERK1/2), phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), estrogen receptor-α (ERα), and ERβ were done. As an in vivo study, ovariectomized rats (n = 15) received solvent, 125 mg/kg of 4HR, or 10 µg of 17-β estradiol via daily subcutaneous injection for 7 days. Blood samples were obtained for evaluation of prolactin levels. Pituitary glands and uteruses were biopsied for histological evaluation and Western blot analysis. Compared with the control group, the application of 4HR decreased the proliferation of MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cells, while the application of BPA increased (p < 0.05). The application of BPA increased the expression of ERα, ERβ, and p-ERK1/2, but 4HR did not change the expression of ERα, ERβ, or p-ERK1/2 in MCF-7 cells. In an animal model, the 4HR group showed similar levels of ERα, ERβ, and prolactin expression in the pituitary gland compared to the solvent only group, while the estradiol group showed higher levels. Serum prolactin levels were similar between the 4HR and solvent only groups. Taken together, 1–100 µM 4HR did not show BPA-like behavior in MCF-7 cells, and 125 mg/kg of 4HR daily subcutaneous injection for 7 days did not demonstrate estradiol-like effects in ovariectomized rats. Collectively, 4HR has no estrogen-like effects on both ERα-positive cells and estrogen-deficient rat models.
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9
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Zolghadri S, Bahrami A, Hassan Khan MT, Munoz-Munoz J, Garcia-Molina F, Garcia-Canovas F, Saboury AA. A comprehensive review on tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:279-309. [PMID: 30734608 PMCID: PMC6327992 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1545767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme which is widely distributed in different organisms and plays an important role in the melanogenesis and enzymatic browning. Therefore, its inhibitors can be attractive in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agents and also in food and agriculture industries as antibrowning compounds. For this purpose, many natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have been developed by different screening methods to date. This review has focused on the tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from all sources and biochemically characterised in the last four decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Asieh Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - J. Munoz-Munoz
- Group of Microbiology, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - F. Garcia-Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - F. Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Natural and Bioinspired Phenolic Compounds as Tyrosinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Skin Hyperpigmentation: Recent Advances. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common approaches for control of skin pigmentation involves the inhibition of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme which catalyzes the key steps of melanogenesis. This review focuses on the tyrosinase inhibition properties of a series of natural and synthetic, bioinspired phenolic compounds that have appeared in the literature in the last five years. Both mushroom and human tyrosinase inhibitors have been considered. Among the first class, flavonoids, in particular chalcones, occupy a prominent role as natural inhibitors, followed by hydroxystilbenes (mainly resveratrol derivatives). A series of more complex phenolic compounds from a variety of sources, first of all belonging to the Moraceae family, have also been described as potent tyrosinase inhibitors. As to the synthetic compounds, hydroxycinnamic acids and chalcones again appear as the most exploited scaffolds. Several inhibition mechanisms have been reported for the described inhibitors, pointing to copper chelating and/or hydrophobic moieties as key structural requirements to achieve good inhibition properties. Emerging trends in the search for novel skin depigmenting agents, including the development of assays that could distinguish between inhibitors and potentially toxic substrates of the enzyme as well as of formulations aimed at improving the bioavailability and hence the effectiveness of well-known inhibitors, have also been addressed.
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11
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Ha JH, Park SN. Dimeric cinnamoylamide analogues for regulation of tyrosinase activity in melanoma cells: A role of diamide-link chain length. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:6015-6022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Garcia-Jimenez A, Teruel-Puche JA, Garcia-Ruiz PA, Saura-Sanmartin A, Berna J, Garcia-Canovas F, Rodriguez-Lopez JN. Structural and kinetic considerations on the catalysis of deoxyarbutin by tyrosinase. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187845. [PMID: 29136639 PMCID: PMC5685642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyarbutin, a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase, could act as substrate of the enzyme. Oxytyrosinase is able to hydroxylate deoxyarbutin and finishes the catalytic cycle by oxidizing the formed o-diphenol to quinone, while the enzyme becomes deoxytyrosinase, which evolves to oxytyrosinase in the presence of oxygen. This compound is the only one described that does not release o-diphenol after the hydroxylation step. Oxytyrosinase hydroxylates the deoxyarbutin in ortho position of the phenolic hydroxyl group by means of an aromatic electrophilic substitution. As the oxygen orbitals and the copper atoms are not coplanar, but in axial/equatorial position, the concerted oxidation/reduction cannot occur and the release of a copper atom to bind again in coplanar position, enabling the oxidation/reduction or release of the o-diphenol from the active site to the medium. In the case of deoxyarbutin, the o-diphenol formed is repulsed by the water due to its hydrophobicity, and so can bind correctly and be oxidized to a quinone before being released. Deoxyarbutin has been characterized with: [Formula: see text] = 1.95 ± 0.06 s-1 and [Formula: see text] = 33 ± 4 μM. Computational simulations of the interaction of β-arbutin, deoxyarbutin and their o-diphenol products with tyrosinase show how these ligands bind at the copper centre of tyrosinase. The presence of an energy barrier in the release of the o-diphenol product of deoxyarbutin, which is not present in the case of β-arbutin, together with the differences in polarity and, consequently differences in their interaction with water help understand the differences in the kinetic behaviour of both compounds. Therefore, it is proposed that the release of the o-diphenol product of deoxyarbutin from the active site might be slower than in the case of β-arbutin, contributing to its oxidation to a quinone before being released from the protein into the water phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Garcia-Jimenez
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Teruel-Puche
- Group of Molecular Interactions in Membranes, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Antonio Garcia-Ruiz
- Group of Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Industrial Polymers and Additives, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Group of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Group of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - José Neptuno Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Garcia-Jimenez A, Teruel-Puche JA, Berna J, Rodriguez-Lopez JN, Tudela J, Garcia-Canovas F. Action of tyrosinase on alpha and beta-arbutin: A kinetic study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177330. [PMID: 28493937 PMCID: PMC5426667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The known derivatives from hydroquinone, α and β-arbutin, are used as depigmenting agents. In this work, we demonstrate that the oxy form of tyrosinase (oxytyrosinase) hydroxylates α and β-arbutin in ortho position of the phenolic hydroxyl group, giving rise to a complex formed by met-tyrosinase with the hydroxylated α or β-arbutin. This complex could evolve in two ways: by oxidizing the originated o-diphenol to o-quinone and deoxy-tyrosinase, or by delivering the o-diphenol and met-tyrosinase to the medium, which would produce the self-activation of the system. Note that the quinones generated in both cases are unstable, so the catalysis cannot be studied quantitatively. However, if 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride hydrate is used, the o-quinone is attacked, so that it becomes an adduct, which can be oxidized by another molecule of o-quinone, generating o-diphenol in the medium. In this way, the system reaches the steady state and originates a chromophore, which, in turn, has a high absorptivity in the visible spectrum. This reaction allowed us to characterize α and β-arbutin kinetically as substrates of tyrosinase for the first time, obtaining a Michaelis constant values of 6.5 ± 0.58 mM and 3 ± 0.19 mM, respectively. The data agree with those from docking studies that showed that the enzyme has a higher affinity for β-arbutin. Moreover, the catalytic constants obtained by the kinetic studies (catalytic constant = 4.43 ± 0.33 s-1 and 3.7 ± 0.29 s-1 for α and β-arbutin respectively) agree with our forecast based on 13 C NMR considerations. This kinetic characterization of α and β-arbutin as substrates of tyrosinase should be taken into account to explain possible adverse effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Garcia-Jimenez
- GENZ-Group of research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Teruel-Puche
- Group of Molecular Interactions in Membranes, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Group of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Neptuno Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENZ-Group of research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Tudela
- GENZ-Group of research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Garcia-Jimenez A, Teruel-Puche JA, Ortiz-Ruiz CV, Berna J, Tudela J, Garcia-Canovas F. Study of the inhibition of 3-/4-aminoacetophenones on tyrosinase. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-016-1106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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The unravelling of the complex pattern of tyrosinase inhibition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34993. [PMID: 27725765 PMCID: PMC5057104 DOI: 10.1038/srep34993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases are responsible for melanin formation in all life domains. Tyrosinase inhibitors are used for the prevention of severe skin diseases, in skin-whitening creams and to avoid fruit browning, however continued use of many such inhibitors is considered unsafe. In this study we provide conclusive evidence of the inhibition mechanism of two well studied tyrosinase inhibitors, KA (kojic acid) and HQ (hydroquinone), which are extensively used in hyperpigmentation treatment. KA is reported in the literature with contradicting inhibition mechanisms, while HQ is described as both a tyrosinase inhibitor and a substrate. By visualization of KA and HQ in the active site of TyrBm crystals, together with molecular modeling, binding constant analysis and kinetic experiments, we have elucidated their mechanisms of inhibition, which was ambiguous for both inhibitors. We confirm that while KA acts as a mixed inhibitor, HQ can act both as a TyrBm substrate and as an inhibitor.
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16
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Characterization of the action of tyrosinase on resorcinols. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4434-4443. [PMID: 27480027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The action of tyrosinase on resorcinol and some derivatives (4-ethylresorcinol, 2-methylresorcinol and 4-methylresorcinol) was investigated. If the catalytic cycle is completed with a reductant such as ascorbic acid or an o-diphenol such as 4-tert-butylcatechol, these compounds act as substrates of tyrosinase in all cases. The reaction can also be carried out, adding hydrogen peroxide to the medium. All the above compounds were characterized as substrates of the enzyme and their kinetic constants, KM (Michaelis constant) and kcat (catalytic constant) were determined. Measurement of the activity of the enzyme after pre-incubation with resorcinol, 4-ethylresorcinol or 4-methylresorcinol points to an apparent loss of activity at short times, which could correspond to an enzymatic inactivation process. However, if the measurements are extended over longer times, a burst is observed and the enzymatic activity is recovered, demonstrating that these compounds are not suicide substrates of the enzyme. These effects are not observed with 2-methylresorcinol. The docking results indicate that the binding of met-tyrosinase with these resorcinols occurs in the same way, but not with 2-methylresorcinol, due to steric hindrance.
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Garcia-Jimenez A, Teruel-Puche JA, Ortiz-Ruiz CV, Berna J, Tudela J, Garcia-Canovas F. 4-n-butylresorcinol, a depigmenting agent used in cosmetics, reacts with tyrosinase. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:663-72. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Garcia-Jimenez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology (www.um.es/genz), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,”; University of Murcia; Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Teruel-Puche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Group of Molecular Interactions in Membranes; University of Murcia; Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Carmen Vanessa Ortiz-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology (www.um.es/genz), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,”; University of Murcia; Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Group of Synthetic Organic Chemistry; University of Murcia; Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Jose Tudela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology (www.um.es/genz), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,”; University of Murcia; Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Canovas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology (www.um.es/genz), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum,”; University of Murcia; Espinardo, Murcia Spain
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Action of ellagic acid on the melanin biosynthesis pathway. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 82:115-22. [PMID: 26899308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosinase is an enzyme involved in the first steps of the melanogenesis process. It catalyzes the hydroxylation of monophenols to o-diphenols and the oxidation of the latter to o-quinones. Ellagic acid (EA) is a phenolic compound which has been described as a tyrosinase inhibitor and is used in the cosmetic industry as a whitening agent. However, it has hydroxyl groups in ortho position and could act as a substrate rather than inhibitor. This aspect should be taken into consideration when using this compound as a cosmetic ingredient due to the reactive character of o-quinones. OBJECTIVE To determine whether ellagic acid is a substrate or an inhibitor of tyrosinase, to characterize it kinetically and interpret its role in the melanogenesis process. METHODS UV-vis spectrophotometry was used to follow the action of tyrosinase on typical substrates and ellagic acid. A chronometric method was chosen for the kinetic characterization of ellagic acid. RESULTS Ellagic acid is not an inhibitor per se but an alternative substrate of tyrosinase. It is oxidized by the enzyme to an unstable o-quinone. Its kinetic characterization provided low Michaelis and catalytic constants (KM(EA)=138±13μM and kcat(EA)=0.47±0.02s(-1)). Furthermore, ellagic acid, which is a powerful antioxidant, may chemically reduce the o-quinones (o-dopaquinone) and semiquinones, in this way inhibiting the melanogenesis. CONCLUSION Ellagic acid is oxidized by tyrosinase, producing reactive o-quinones. As an antioxidant it can inhibit the melanogenesis process. This first aspect should be taken into consideration in its application as a cosmetic ingredient due to the toxicity of o-quinones and its ability to modify the redox status of the cell.
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