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Janthong A, Utama K, Khamto N, Chawapun P, Siriphong S, Van Doan H, Meerak J, Meepowpan P, Sangthong P. Semi-synthetic flavonoid derivatives from Boesenbergiarotunda induce extrinsic apoptosis pathway via Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 in HCT116 Colon Cancer cell lines. Bioorg Chem 2025; 159:108343. [PMID: 40096806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2025] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer ranks as the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Phytochemicals like flavonoids from Boesenbergia rotunda showed potential anti-cancer activities. Chemical structures of the parental compounds of flavonoids were modified by conjugating with an acryloyl group to form semi-synthetic flavonoid derivatives to increasing in anti-colon cancer activities. 7-Acryloyloxypinocembrin (5) showed potential antiproliferative activities of IC50 value of 1.87 ± 0.17 μM in HCT116. In addition, compound 5 showed low cytotoxicity in Vero cells with an IC50 value of 2.84 ± 0.13 μM which is two-fold less cytotoxic than osimertinib. Biological mechanisms studies indicated that compound 5, HCT116 cells demonstrated a two-fold increase in apoptotic cell death. Subsequently, compound 5 upregulated caspase-8 and LC3, triggering the upregulation of caspase-3 and leading to the activation of both the extrinsic apoptosis pathway and the autophagy pathway. Network pharmacology analysis highlighted TNF-α receptor is a key gene associated with the extrinsic apoptosis pathway in HCT116 cells treated with compound 5. Molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the strong interaction between compound 5 and TACE, a crucial element in the EGFR and IL-6 signaling pathway's reduction which may lead to a decline in the survival rate of colon cancer. These findings indicate compound 5 as a promising anti-colon cancer drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atchara Janthong
- Program in Biotechnology, Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kraikrit Utama
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nopawit Khamto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pornthip Chawapun
- Program in Biotechnology, Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sandanon Siriphong
- Program in Biotechnology, Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jomkhwan Meerak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Puttinan Meepowpan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Padchanee Sangthong
- Research Laboratory on Advanced Materials for Sensor and Biosensor Innovation, Materials Science Research Center, and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Division of Biochemistry and Biochemical innovation, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Cursaro I, Milioni L, Eslami K, Sirous H, Carullo G, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G. Targeting N-Methyl-lysine Histone Demethylase KDM4 in Cancer: Natural Products Inhibitors as a Driving Force for Epigenetic Drug Discovery. ChemMedChem 2025; 20:e202400682. [PMID: 39498961 PMCID: PMC11831885 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 11/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/07/2024]
Abstract
KDM4A-F enzymes are a subfamily of histone demethylases containing the Jumonji C domain (JmjC) using Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate for their catalytic function. Overexpression or deregulation of KDM4 enzymes is associated with various cancers, altering chromatin structure and causing transcriptional dysfunction. As KDM4 enzymes have been associated with malignancy, they may represent novel targets for developing innovative therapeutic tools to treat different solid and blood tumors. KDM4A is the isozyme most frequently associated with aggressive phenotypes of these tumors. To this aim, industrial and academic medicinal chemistry efforts have identified different KDM4 inhibitors. Industrial and academic efforts in medicinal chemistry have identified numerous KDM4 inhibitors, primarily pan-KDM4 inhibitors, though they often lack selectivity against other Jumonji family members. The pharmacophoric features of the inhibitors frequently include a chelating group capable of coordinating the catalytic iron within the active site of the KDM4 enzyme. Nonetheless, non-chelating compounds have also demonstrated promising inhibitory activity, suggesting potential flexibility in the drug design. Several natural products, containing monovalent or bivalent chelators, have been identified as KDM4 inhibitors, albeit with a micromolar inhibition potency. This highlights the potential for leveraging them as templates for the design and synthesis of new derivatives, exploiting nature's chemical diversity to pursue more potent and selective KDM4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cursaro
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of SienaVia Aldo Moro 253100SienaItaly
| | - Leonardo Milioni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of SienaVia Aldo Moro 253100SienaItaly
| | - Kourosh Eslami
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan81746-7346Iran.
| | - Hajar Sirous
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan81746-7346Iran.
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of SienaVia Aldo Moro 253100SienaItaly
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of SienaVia Aldo Moro 253100SienaItaly
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of SienaVia Aldo Moro 253100SienaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of SienaVia Aldo Moro 253100SienaItaly
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Curcio R, Frattaruolo L, Marra F, Pesole G, Vozza A, Cappello AR, Fiorillo M, Lauria G, Ahmed A, Fiermonte G, Capobianco L, Dolce V. Two functionally different mitochondrial phosphate carriers support Drosophila melanogaster OXPHOS throughout distinct developmental stages. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119615. [PMID: 37898376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Luca Frattaruolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Federica Marra
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vozza
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Cappello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Graziantonio Lauria
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Amer Ahmed
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Loredana Capobianco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
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Shang Z, Liu C, Qiao X, Ye M. Chemical analysis of the Chinese herbal medicine licorice (Gan-Cao): An update review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 299:115686. [PMID: 36067839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice, called Gan-Cao in China, is one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines. It is derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and G. inflata. Licorice is recorded in the pharmacopoeias of China, Japan, US, and Europe. AIM This review updates research progress of licorice from the perspectives of chemical analysis, quality evaluation, drug metabolism, and pharmacokinetic studies from 2009 to April 2022. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both English and Chinese literatures were collected from databases including PubMed, Elsevier, Web of Science, and CNKI (Chinese). Licorice, extraction, structural characterization/identification, quality control, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics were used as keywords. RESULTS Newly developed analytical methods, including LC/UV, 2DLC, LC/MS, GC/MS, and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for chemical analysis of licorice were summarized. CONCLUSION This review provides a comprehensive summary on chemical analysis of licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpeng Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chenrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China; Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Shen X, Rong W, Adu-Frimpong M, He Q, Li X, Shi F, Ji H, Toreniyazov E, Xia X, Zhang J, Wang Q, Yu J, Xu X. Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of pinocembrin-loaded TPGS modified liposomes with enhanced bioavailability and antihyperglycemic activity. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:623-634. [PMID: 36420780 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2151616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prepare polyethylene glycol succinate-vitamin E modified pinocembrin (PCB)-loaded liposomes (PCBT-liposomes) and evaluate PCBT-liposomal pharmacokinetics and antihyperglycemic activity. SIGNIFICANCE The novel PCBT-liposomes demonstrated a promising application prospect as a nano drug carrier for future research. METHODS Thin film dispersion was used to prepare PCBT-liposomes. We measured a series of characterization, followed by in vitro cumulative release, in vivo pharmacokinetic study, and antihyperglycemic activity evaluation. RESULTS PCBT-liposomes displayed spherical and bilayered nanoparticles with mean particle size (roughly 92 nm), negative zeta potential (about -26.650 mV), high drug encapsulation efficiency (87.32 ± 1.34%) and good storage (at 4 or 25 °C) stability during 48 h after hydration. The cumulative release rate of PCBT-liposomes was markedly higher than free PCB in four different pH media. In vivo investigation showed that PCBT-liposomes could obviously improve oral bioavailability of PCB by 1.96 times, whereas the Cmax, MRT0-t, and T1/2 of PCBT-liposomes were roughly 1.700 ± 0.139 µg·mL-1, 12.695 ± 1.647 h, and 14.244 h, respectively. In terms of biochemical analysis, aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations in serum of diabetic mice were respectively decreased 28.28%, 17.23%, 17.77%, and 8.08% after PCBT-liposomal treatment. CONCLUSION These results show PCBT-liposomal preparation as an excellent nano-carrier which has the potential to improve water solubility, bioavailability, and antihyperglycemic activity of PCB, amid broadening the application of PCB in the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wanjing Rong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Michael Adu-Frimpong
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKT-UTAS), Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Qing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Jiangsu Tian Sheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Xiaoli Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy School, Center for Nano Drug-Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Shang Z, Tian Y, Yi Y, Li K, Qiao X, Ye M. Comparative bioactivity evaluation and chemical profiling of different parts of the medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 215:114793. [PMID: 35489249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis is a popular medicinal plant worldwide. Its roots and rhizomes are used as the traditional Chinese medicine Gan-Cao. However, little is known on medicinal potential and chemistry of the other parts of the plant. In this work, the biological activities and chemical components of the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of G. uralensis were investigated comparatively. The four parts exhibited different but noticeable biological activities. The chemicals in the four parts were globally characterized by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on a Thermo Vanquish UHPLC system connected to a Q-Exactive quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometer. By integrating molecular networking, compound spectral matching, MS2LDA-based substructure recognition, and reference standards comparison, a total of 1301 compounds were rapidly characterized. Three flavonoid C-glycosides were purified and their structures were identified by NMR spectroscopic analysis. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) further revealed 196 differential chemicals for the four parts. This work will promote the medicinal resource utilization of G. uralensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpeng Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yungang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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Value-Added Metabolites from Agricultural Waste and Application of Green Extraction Techniques. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132011432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The agricultural sector generates approximately 1300 million tonnes of waste annually, where up to 50% comprising of raw material are discarded without treatment. Economic development and rising living standards have increased the quantity and complexity of waste generated resulting in environmental, health and economic issues. This calls for a greener waste management system such as valorization or recovery of waste into products. For successful implementation, social acceptance is an essential component with involvement of all local stakeholders including community to learn and understand the process and objective of the implementation. The agricultural waste product manufacturing industry is expected to increase with the growing demand for organic food. Thus, proper livestock and crop waste management is vital for environmental protection. It will be essential to successfully convert waste into a sustainable product that is reusable and circulated in the system in line with the green concept of circular economy. This review identifies the commercially produced crops by-product that have been considered for valorization and implemented green extraction for recovery. We highlight the importance of social acceptance and the economic value to agricultural waste recycling. Successful implementation of these technologies will overcome current waste management problems, reduce environmental impacts of landfills, and sustainability issue for farm owners.
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Nanotechnologies: An Innovative Tool to Release Natural Extracts with Antimicrobial Properties. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020230. [PMID: 33562128 PMCID: PMC7915176 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-Specific release of active molecules with antimicrobial activity spurred the interest in the development of innovative polymeric nanocarriers. In the preparation of polymeric devices, nanotechnologies usually overcome the inconvenience frequently related to other synthetic strategies. High performing nanocarriers were synthesized using a wide range of starting polymer structures, with tailored features and great chemical versatility. Over the last decade, many antimicrobial substances originating from plants, herbs, and agro-food waste by-products were deeply investigated, significantly catching the interest of the scientific community. In this review, the most innovative strategies to synthesize nanodevices able to release antimicrobial natural extracts were discussed. In this regard, the properties and structure of the starting polymers, either synthetic or natural, as well as the antimicrobial activity of the biomolecules were deeply investigated, outlining the right combination able to inhibit pathogens in specific biological compartments.
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Mazzotta S, Governa P, Borgonetti V, Marcolongo P, Nanni C, Gamberucci A, Manetti F, Pessina F, Carullo G, Brizzi A, Aiello F. Pinocembrin and its linolenoyl ester derivative induce wound healing activity in HaCaT cell line potentially involving a GPR120/FFA4 mediated pathway. Bioorg Chem 2021; 108:104657. [PMID: 33556697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing represents an urgent need from the clinical point of view. Several diseases result in wound conditions which are difficult to treat, such as in the case of diabetic foot ulcer. Starting from there, the medicinal research has focused on various targets over the years, including GPCRs as new wound healing drug targets. In line with this, GPR120, known to be an attractive target in type 2 diabetes drug discovery, was studied to finalize the development of new wound healing agents. Pinocembrin (HW0) was evaluated as a suitable compound for interacting with GPR120, and was hybridized with fatty acids, which are known endogenous GPR120 ligands, to enhance the wound healing potential and GPR120 interactions. HW0 and its 7-linolenoyl derivative (HW3) were found to be innovative wound healing agents. Immunofluorescence and functional assays suggested that their activity was mediated by GPR120, and docking simulations showed that the compounds could share the same pocket occupied by the known GPR120 agonist, TUG-891.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mazzotta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Governa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy - DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vittoria Borgonetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Marcolongo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Nanni
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gamberucci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy - DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Federica Pessina
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy - DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Antonella Brizzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy - DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences - DoE 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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Jiang L, Yang Y, Feng H, Zhou Q, Liu Y. Pinocembrin Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration, Invasiveness, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Regulating LACTB. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 37:527-536. [PMID: 33395536 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy of digestive tract. Pinocembrin (PINO) has been discovered to have proapoptotic effect on CRC. This study aimed to elucidate how other biological behaviors of CRC cells were affected under PINO treatment. Materials & Methods: The effect of PINO on HT29 and HCT116 cells were detected through treatment of different concentrations of PINO. The role of LACTB in PINO treatment was investigated by transfection of siRNA-LACTB. Cell counting kit-8 assay, wound healing assay, and Transwell assay were conducted to evaluate the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of CRC cells, respectively. Western blot or quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was carried out to measure the expressions of LACTB, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin. Results: Gradient PINO inhibited the viability, migration, invasiveness, and expressions of MMP-2 and N-cadherin in CRC cells, while promoted E-cadherin and LACTB expressions. Silencing LACTB promoted the viability, migration, invasiveness, and expressions of MMP-2 and N-cadherin in CRC cells and inhibited E-cadherin expression. PINO counteracted the effect of silenced LACTB, and yet silencing LACTB partially abolished the effect of PINO on CRC cells. Conclusion: PINO inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of CRC cells by regulating LACTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongbo Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyang Feng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinfei Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Kilicaslan D, Kurt AH, Doğaner A. Protective Effects of Pinocembrin and Pinostrobin against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Stress in Retina Pigment Epithelial Cells. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Carullo G, Mazzotta S, Koch A, Hartmann KM, Friedrich O, Gilbert DF, Vega-Holm M, Schneider-Stock R, Aiello F. New Oleoyl Hybrids of Natural Antioxidants: Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation as Inducers of Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111077. [PMID: 33153029 PMCID: PMC7692320 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the beneficial role of a healthy lifestyle, particularly emphasizing the quality of foods and cancer management, is accepted worldwide. Polyphenols and oleic acid play a key role in this context, but are still scarcely used as anti-cancer agents due to their bio-accessibility limits. Therefore, we aimed to synthesize a set of new oleoyl-hybrids of quercetin, morin, pinocembrin, and catechin to overcome the low bioavailability of polyphenols, throughout a bio-catalytic approach using pancreatic porcine lipase as a catalyst. The in vitro assays, using a wide panel of human cancer cell lines showed, mainly for two novel regioisomer oleoyl-hybrids of quercetin, a remarkable increase in apoptotic cell populations. We suggested that the DNA damage shown as ɣH2AX signals might be the major cause of apoptotic cell death. Finally, we demonstrated convincing data about two novel polyphenol-based hybrids displaying a highly selective anti-cancer cytotoxicity and being superior compared to their reference/parental compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Sarah Mazzotta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy;
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González 2, 41071 Seville, Spain;
| | - Adrian Koch
- Institiute of Pathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Universitätsstr. 22, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Experimental Tumorpathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Universitätsstr. 22, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kristin M. Hartmann
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (K.M.H.); (O.F.); (D.F.G.)
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (K.M.H.); (O.F.); (D.F.G.)
| | - Daniel F. Gilbert
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (K.M.H.); (O.F.); (D.F.G.)
| | - Margarita Vega-Holm
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González 2, 41071 Seville, Spain;
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Institiute of Pathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Universitätsstr. 22, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Experimental Tumorpathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Universitätsstr. 22, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.S.-S.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- Correspondence: (R.S.-S.); (F.A.)
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13
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Fan JR, Kuang Y, Dong ZY, Yi Y, Zhou YX, Li B, Qiao X, Ye M. Prenylated Phenolic Compounds from the Aerial Parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis as PTP1B and α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:814-824. [PMID: 32196343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis (liquorice) is a well-known medicinal plant. Its roots and rhizomes are used as the popular Chinese herbal medicine Gan-Cao. An ethanol extract of the aerial parts of G. uralensis showed antidiabetic effects on db/db mice. It decreased the blood glucose level by 30.3% and increased the serum insulin level by 41.8% compared to the control group. Eighty-six phenolic compounds (1-86) were obtained from the aerial parts, including the new prenylated isoflavanones (1-5), isoflavans (6-9), and a 2-phenylbenzofuran (10). The structures were identified by NMR and HRESIMS data analyses, and the absolute configurations were established by comparing the calculated and experimental ECD spectroscopic data. Compounds 2, 6, and 10 inhibited PTP1B with IC50 values of 5.9, 6.7, and 5.3 μM, respectively. Compound 2 and the known compounds glycycoumarin (76) and glyurallin A (79) inhibited α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 20.1, 0.1, and 0.3 μM, respectively. Compound 4 at 10 μM increased the glucose uptake rate to 95% in an insulin resistance HepG2 cell model (p < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ran Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Yuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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Insight the Biological Activities of Selected Abietane Diterpenes Isolated from Plectranthus spp. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020194. [PMID: 32012853 PMCID: PMC7072155 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds isolated from plants are excellent starting points in drug design and have been widely studied as anticancer agents; they hence find use in a considerable proportion of anticancer drugs. The genus Plectranthus (Lamiaceae) comprises a large and widespread group of species with various applications in traditional medicine. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of treatment with four abietane diterpenoids isolated from P. madagascariensis and P. ecklonii, 6,7-dehydroroyleanone, 7β,6β-dihydroxyroyleanone, 7α-acetoxy-6β-hydroxyroyleanone and parvifloron D, in initiating apoptosis in a glioma cell line. The pure compounds were found to exhibit anticancer effects in primary H7PX glioma cells line by inducing apoptosis G2/M cell cycle arrest and double-strand breaks, indicated by increased levels of phosphorylated H2A.X and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential; they also influenced the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes (Bax, Bcl-2, TP53, or Cas-3). Our findings indicate that these compounds may offer potential as beneficial antitumor drugs but further in vivo studies are needed.
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Klančnik A, Šimunović K, Kovac J, Sahin O, Wu Z, Vučković D, Abram M, Zhang Q, Smole Možina S. The Anti- Campylobacter Activity and Mechanisms of Pinocembrin Action. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E675. [PMID: 31835624 PMCID: PMC6955772 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the anti-Campylobacter activity of pinocembrin and its mechanism of action, as well as Campylobacter responses to pinocembrin treatment at the genetic and phenotypic levels, using C. jejuni NCTC 11168 and a multidrug efflux system repressor mutant (11168ΔcmeR). At its minimal inhibitory concentration, pinocembrin significantly increased cell membrane permeability of Campylobacter. Interestingly, at sub-inhibitory concentrations, pinocembrin did not significantly alter membrane functionality and it increased bacterial fitness. Treatment with pinocembrin evoked decreased expression of ribosomal proteins and down-regulation of several NADH dehydrogenase I chain subunits and proteins involved in iron uptake. This suggests altered protein production and redox cycle and iron metabolism. Interestingly, the chelation of Fe ions during the treatment with pinocembrin increased C. jejuni survival, although there was no increase in the formation of reactive oxygen species. Pre-treatment of C. jejuni with sub-inhibitory concentrations of pinocembrin for 2 h resulted in a 1 log decrease in C. jejuni colony forming units in mice liver at 8 days post-infection, compared to untreated C. jejuni. These findings suggest that pinocembrin modulates the metabolic activity of C. jejuni and that pre-treatment of C. jejuni with pinocembrin influences its virulence potential in mice. This anti-Campylobacter potential of pinocembrin warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.Š.); (J.K.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Katarina Šimunović
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.Š.); (J.K.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.Š.); (J.K.); (S.S.M.)
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (O.S.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Zuowei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (O.S.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Darinka Vučković
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Maja Abram
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (O.S.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.Š.); (J.K.); (S.S.M.)
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16
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Abstract
We investigated the effect of 21 flavonoids in a three-dimensional in vitro system for their ability to inhibit gap formation by MCF-7 breast cancer spheroids in monolayers of lymphendothelial cells. Different representatives of the classes of flavones, flavonols, and flavanones were tested in the circular chemorepellent-induced defects (CCID)-assay. Bay11-7082, a known inhibitor of CCID formation served as the positive control. This study provides the first comparison of the potential of flavonoids to suppress features influencing the intravasation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells aggregates through the lymph endothelial barrier. The most significant effects were seen after incubation with the flavones luteolin, chrysin, and apigenin. Additional hydroxylation or methoxylation in positions 6 or 8, as expected, resulted in decreased activity. The tested flavanones remained without or low efficacy.
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17
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Del Rocio Moreno-Ramírez Y, Hernández-Bautista A, López PA, Vanoye-Eligio V, Torres-Rodríguez ML, Torres-Castillo JA. Variability in the Phytochemical Contents and Free Radical-Scavenging Capacity of Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum (Wild Piquin Chili). Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900381. [PMID: 31403756 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The variability in the phytochemical concentrations of Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum has not been extensively analyzed among wild populations and ecologic niches in its phylogeographic area. This study aimed to determine the variations in the phytochemical and antioxidant contents of the wild Piquin chili. The total flavonoid content of hydroalcoholic extracts (0.06 to 0.70 mg equivalent of quercetin per gram of dry weight (mg QE/g DW)), free radical-scavenging capacity for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH. ) radicals (0.55 to 8.55 mm TE/g DW), amount of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+ ) in aqueous extracts (18.13 to 107.6 mm TE/g DW) and pungency (21,760 to 88,476 Scoville heat units) were highly variable. By analyzing the spatial distribution using the first three principal components, correlations between the phytochemical content and the free radical-scavenging capacity (in both extracts) and flavonoid and phenolic contents (in the hydroalcoholic extract) were observed. Consistent with the statistical analysis, the spatial analysis showed intraregional differences in composition patterns, with an emphasis on central and coastal areas. Flavonoid contents, polyphenol contents and free radical-scavenging activity were the phytochemical components that mainly contributed to the diversity of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro A López
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Puebla, San Pedro Cholula, Puebla, 72760, México
| | - Venancio Vanoye-Eligio
- Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, 87000, México
| | - María Lorena Torres-Rodríguez
- Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, 87000, México
| | - Jorge Ariel Torres-Castillo
- Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, 87000, México
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Cappello AR, Aiello F, Polerà N, Armentano B, Casaburi I, Di Gioia ML, Loizzo MR, Dolce V, Pezzi V, Tundis R. In vitro anti-proliferative and anti-bacterial properties of new C7 benzoate derivatives of pinocembrin. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1783-1791. [PMID: 31311327 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1641805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the in vitro anti-proliferative and anti-bacterial activities of three semi-synthetic benzoate pinocembrin derivatives, isolated from the aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., were investigated. As occurs in most natural compounds, the bioavailability of pinocembrin is very poor, therefore it should be improved by chemical strategies aimed to prolong its shelf life and, consequently, its activity. On this basis, three benzoate derivatives of pinocembrin (a1-a3) were synthesised and assayed in order to ascertain their biological value. Among them, compound a1 showed the highest anti-proliferative activity on a wide panel of cancer cell lines, as well as low toxic effects on non-malignant breast cells. The calculated IC50 values in HeLa and SKBR3 cells were 8.5 and 12.7 µM, respectively. Briefly, a1 treatment increased ROS levels, induced mitochondrial membrane damage leading to necrotic death of HeLa cells. Moreover, a1 displayed a promising anti-bacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Cappello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Polerà
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Biagio Armentano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Ivan Casaburi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Di Gioia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Monica R Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Frattaruolo L, Carullo G, Brindisi M, Mazzotta S, Bellissimo L, Rago V, Curcio R, Dolce V, Aiello F, Cappello AR. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Flavanones from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) Leaf Phytocomplexes: Identification of Licoflavanone as a Modulator of NF-kB/MAPK Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060186. [PMID: 31226797 PMCID: PMC6616548 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation represents an adaptive response generated by injuries or harmful stimuli. Natural remedies represent an interesting alternative to traditional therapies, involving several biochemical pathways. Besides, the valorization of agrochemical wastes nowadays seems to be a feasible way to reduce the health spending and improve the accessibility at bioactive natural compounds. In this context, the chemical composition of three Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) leaf extracts, obtained through maceration or ultrasound-assisted method (fresh and dried leaves) was investigated. A guided fractionation obtained three main components: pinocembrin, glabranin and licoflavanone. All the extracts showed similar antioxidant properties, evaluated by 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) or 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) Diammonium Salt (ABTS) assay, while, among the isolated compounds, licoflavanone exhibited the best antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and the purified compounds was investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Extract C and licoflavanone showed a good anti-inflammatory activity without affecting cell viability, as they decreased nitrite levels even when used at 12.5 μg/mL (p < 0.005) and 50 μM concentration (p < 0.001), respectively. Interestingly, licoflavanone markedly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase 2/inducible nitric oxide synthase (COX-2/iNOS) expression levels (p < 0.001). A modulation of nuclear factor kappa B/mitogen-activated protein kinases (NF-kB/MAPK) pathway underlay such behavior, highlighting the potential of this natural compound as a new scaffold in anti-inflammatory drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Frattaruolo
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Matteo Brindisi
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Sarah Mazzotta
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Prof García González, n. 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Luca Bellissimo
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Vittoria Rago
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Rosita Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Anna Rita Cappello
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
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20
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Governa P, Carullo G, Biagi M, Rago V, Aiello F. Evaluation of the In Vitro Wound-Healing Activity of Calabrian Honeys. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8020036. [PMID: 30736314 PMCID: PMC6406906 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The healing of skin wounds and particularly chronic wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers, is still a clinical emergency. Despite the many therapeutic tools that are available so far, none seems to be really effective and safe. In this context, we highlighted the renewed wound healing activity of honey, a viscous aromatic and sweet food, by way of in vitro wound-healing assays, using the HaCaT cell line. Specifically, we investigated five monofloral or multifloral honeys from different Calabrian provinces using them as such or extracted (by Amberlite® or n-hexane and ethyl acetate). The chemical composition of honeys was ascertained by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Amongst the five tested honeys, BL1 and BL5 honeys showed the most promising healing properties. Pinocembrin, which was revealed in BL1 (multifloral) and BL5 (orange) honey samples, is a flavanol that is already known to possess interesting biological activities, including healing. This study aims to investigate how a traditional food such as honey, which is appreciated for its nutritional value and used in folk medicine, can be enhanced as an effective modern remedial to promote a multifaceted and safe healing activity for all skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Governa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy-Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena; Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences-Department of Excellence 2018-2022; University of Calabria; Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Marco Biagi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hearth and Environment; University of Siena; Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Vittoria Rago
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences-Department of Excellence 2018-2022; University of Calabria; Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences-Department of Excellence 2018-2022; University of Calabria; Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
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Restuccia D, Giorgi G, Gianfranco Spizzirri U, Sciubba F, Capuani G, Rago V, Carullo G, Aiello F. Autochthonous white grape pomaces as bioactive source for functional jams. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Restuccia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione Università della Calabria Ed. Polifunzionale 87036 Rende CS Italy
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia Università di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione Università della Calabria Ed. Polifunzionale 87036 Rende CS Italy
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Roma La Sapienza Piazzale A. Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Giorgio Capuani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Roma La Sapienza Piazzale A. Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Vittoria Rago
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione Università della Calabria Ed. Polifunzionale 87036 Rende CS Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione Università della Calabria Ed. Polifunzionale 87036 Rende CS Italy
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione Università della Calabria Ed. Polifunzionale 87036 Rende CS Italy
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Bonesi M, Brindisi M, Armentano B, Curcio R, Sicari V, Loizzo MR, Cappello MS, Bedini G, Peruzzi L, Tundis R. Exploring the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties of Santolina corsica Jord. & Fourr. (Asteraceae). Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:967-978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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23
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Mikropoulou EV, Vougogiannopoulou K, Kalpoutzakis E, Sklirou AD, Skaperda Z, Houriet J, Wolfender JL, Trougakos IP, Kouretas D, Halabalaki M, Mitakou S. Phytochemical Composition of the Decoctions of Greek Edible Greens (Chórta) and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties. Molecules 2018; 23:E1541. [PMID: 29949914 PMCID: PMC6100566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild or semi-wild edible greens (chórta) are an integral part of the traditional Greek Mediterranean diet due to their nutritional value, containing various phytonutrients beneficial to human health. Water-based decoctions of chórta are widely consumed in Greek alternative medicine as health promoting agents. This study examined the chemical profile of the decoctions of eight edible plants, Cichorium intybus, C. endivia, C. spinosum, Crepis sancta, Sonchus asper, Carthamus lanatus, Centaurea raphanina, and Amaranthus blitum, by UPLC-ESI-HRMS and HRMS/MS analysis, to determine possibly bioactive constituents. The profiles of the plants from the Asteraceae family are dominated by the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoid derivatives, whereas the A. blitum decoction is rich in triterpene saponins. Interestingly, the Centaurea raphanina decoction was found to be extremely rich in flavanones, particularly in the aglycone pinocembrin. Further phytochemical investigation and fractionation of this extract resulted in the isolation and identification of five compounds: phlorin (1), syringin (2), pinocembrin (3), pinocembroside (4), and pinocembrin-7-O-neohesperidoside (5). The extracts were also tested for their antioxidant and differential cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. C. raphanina was found to be differentially toxic against metastatic tumor cells. In conclusion, we found that Greek edible greens are a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites and their consumption could contribute to the maintenance of overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni V Mikropoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantina Vougogiannopoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Eleftherios Kalpoutzakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Aimilia D Sklirou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Zoi Skaperda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41221 Larissa, Greece.
| | - Joëlle Houriet
- Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41221 Larissa, Greece.
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Sofia Mitakou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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24
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Yang X, Wang X, Chen XY, Ji HY, Zhang Y, Liu AJ. Pinocembrin⁻Lecithin Complex: Characterization, Solubilization, and Antioxidant Activities. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8020041. [PMID: 29921807 PMCID: PMC6023000 DOI: 10.3390/biom8020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinocembrin is a natural flavonoid compound which is capable of antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. The present study aimed to enhance the solubility and antioxidant activities of pinocembrin by complex formation with lecithin. The physicochemical characteristics of pinocembrin–lecithin complex were analyzed by ultraviolet (UV), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and solubility assay, and the antioxidant activities of pinocembrin–lecithin complex were evaluated via radical scavenging capacities for 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), hydroxyl, and superoxide-anion. The results indicated that pinocembrin complex with lecithin could significantly improve the solubility of pinocembrin in water and n-octane, the pinocembrin–lecithin complex displayed no characteristic endothermic peak and the appearance of amorphous state, compared to the pinocembrin, and no new covalent bond was produced in the pinocembrin and lecithin compound. It was demonstrated that the antioxidant activities of pinocembrin were obviously enhanced by the complex with lecithin, and the scavenging capacities for hydroxyl radical, DPPH, superoxide-anion radical, and ABTS radical of pinocembrin–lecithin complex were 82.44 ± 2.21%, 40.07 ± 1.32%, 59.15 ± 0.86%, and 24.73 ± 1.04% at 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. It suggested that the pinocembrin–lecithin complex had a great potential application prospect in the healthcare industry and in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Hai-Yu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - An-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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25
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Coricello A, El-Magboub A, Luna M, Ferrario A, Haworth IS, Gomer CJ, Aiello F, Adams JD. Rational drug design and synthesis of new α-Santonin derivatives as potential COX-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:993-996. [PMID: 29501395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene compounds are widely known for their numerous pharmacological activities. Herein the focus of the authors was on α-Santonin, a sesquiterpene lactone from the Artemisia genus: the aim was to determine whether α-Santonin could be considered in the treatment of inflammation and pain. To this purpose, a small series of derivatives was designed and screened in silico against the enzyme COX-2 along with the parent compound. Drug-likeness parameters were also assessed. The compounds were eventually synthesized, and few were tested to determine their efficacy in the inhibition of COX-2 activity and expression. Overall, compound A2 was the only one with a detectable inhibitory potential of COX-2 activity whilst two of its ether derivatives demonstrated improved ability in the inhibition of COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Coricello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Asma El-Magboub
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles 90089, CA, USA
| | - Marian Luna
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 W Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles 90027, CA, USA
| | - Angela Ferrario
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 W Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles 90027, CA, USA
| | - Ian S Haworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles 90089, CA, USA
| | - Charles J Gomer
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 W Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles 90027, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Edificio Polifunzionale, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - James D Adams
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles 90089, CA, USA
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Tundis R, Frattaruolo L, Carullo G, Armentano B, Badolato M, Loizzo MR, Aiello F, Cappello AR. An ancient remedial repurposing: synthesis of new pinocembrin fatty acid acyl derivatives as potential antimicrobial/anti-inflammatory agents. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:162-168. [PMID: 29463111 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1440224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Five new pinocembrin derivatives (MC1-MC5) were synthesized by Steglich reaction, and investigated for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. MC2 (oleoyl derivative) and MC3 (linoleoyl derivative) have shown the highest inhibitory effects on bacterial proliferation, with MIC values of 32 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. The docosahexaenoyl derivative MC5 displayed the highest anti-inflammatory activity, decreasing NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages with an IC50 value of 15.51 μg/mL higher than the positive control diclofenac (IC50 of 39.71 μg/mL). All new synthesized compounds showed no anti-proliferative effects on RAW 264.7 cells. Results demonstrated as the introduction of fatty acid substituents improved the biological profile of pinocembrin. Moreover, the chemical nature of substituents significantly affects the bioactivity. These preliminary results outline the importance to investigate the synthesis of pinocembrin fatty acids derivatives as new and safe anti-microbial/anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tundis
- a Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - L Frattaruolo
- a Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - G Carullo
- a Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - B Armentano
- a Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - M Badolato
- a Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - M R Loizzo
- a Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - F Aiello
- a Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - A R Cappello
- a Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
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