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Liu K, Li H, Chang AK, Pei Y, Li J, Ai J, Liu W, Wang T, Xu L, Li R, Yu Q, Zhang N, Wang N, Liu Y, Jiang Z, Chen L, Liang X. Evaluation of the Safety of Fenbuconazole Monomers via Enantioselective Toxicokinetics, Molecular Docking and Enantiomer Conversion Analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025; 73:9894-9905. [PMID: 40209038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2025]
Abstract
Fenbuconazole, a chiral triazole fungicide, is produced and used as a racemate. Previous toxicological research on fenbuconazole in nontarget organisms primarily used the racemate, necessitating an investigation into each enantiomer's distribution and elimination for safety assessment. In this study, the absolute configurations of fenbuconazole enantiomers were first confirmed by ECD, designating them as S-(+)-fenbuconazole and R-(-)-fenbuconazole based on their optical activity. The UHPLC-QQQ/MS method was selected to systematically study the toxicokinetics and enantiomer conversion of fenbuconazole enantiomers in mice. The results revealed significant enantioselectivity, with S-(+)-fenbuconazole exhibiting 15.11 times higher AUC0-∞ than R-(-)-fenbuconazole, indicating greater blood absorption. In the distribution experiment involving the 14 examined tissues, S-(+)-fenbuconazole consistently exceeded R-(-)-fenbuconazole levels, except in the stomach. Notably, S-(+)-fenbuconazole concentration in the liver was second only to the stomach and was 4.35 times higher than R-(-)-fenbuconazole, suggesting a greater propensity for hepatic accumulation. Molecular docking studies further demonstrated a stronger interaction between S-(+)-fenbuconazole and the CYP2B enzyme in the liver, implying higher hepatotoxic potential. Both enantiomers were rarely excreted in urine or feces, with a cumulative excretion rate below 2.5‰. Enantiomer conversion occurred unidirectionally (R → S) in mice, and the rates were generally low in most tissue. Thus, enantiomeric conversion was not the primary factor driving the enantioselectivity. In summary, R-(-)-fenbuconazole exhibited poor absorption, limited distribution, and a weak interaction with the CYP2B enzyme, which may be considered a low-risk product that could guide monomer development and promote the reduction of pesticide usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Alan Kueichieh Chang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Ying Pei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Ai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenbao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Liuping Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Qing Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Lijiang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Road, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
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Ai Q, Yu X, Dong Y, Zhang L, Liang J, Zhang D, Qiu S. Sensitive Electrochemical Immunosensor for Procymidone Detection Based on a Supramolecular Amplification Strategy. ACS OMEGA 2025; 10:3108-3115. [PMID: 39895707 PMCID: PMC11780443 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c10354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2024] [Revised: 12/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2025]
Abstract
A sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for procymidone detection was developed based on a supramolecular amplification strategy. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD)-based nanomaterials were employed to immobilize ferrocene derivative (FC)-functionalized antibodies/antigens through host-guest interactions. With the presence of procymidone, the formed β-CD-labeled bioconjugates were immobilized on the antibody-modified electrode after the immunoreaction, indicating fabrication of the immunosensor. The FC/β-CD complexes were with multiplex electroactive species and provided more sites for recognition groups, resulting in signal amplification of the sensor. Monitored with differential pulse voltammetry, the proposed immunosensor exhibited a wide linear range from 5 pM to 0.1 μM with a low detection limit (LOD) of 1.67 pM. The as-prepared immunosensor possessed high sensitivity, specificity, and stability and showed great potential for monitoring procymidone in the field of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushuang Ai
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety
Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
of the People’s Republic of China, Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural
Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Xiren Yu
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety
Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
of the People’s Republic of China, Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural
Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Yifan Dong
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety
Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
of the People’s Republic of China, Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural
Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety
Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
of the People’s Republic of China, Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural
Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Jingtian Liang
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety
Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
of the People’s Republic of China, Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural
Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Dawen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety
Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
of the People’s Republic of China, Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural
Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Suyan Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety
Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
of the People’s Republic of China, Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural
Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
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Song Y, Jin J, Hu L, Hu B, Wang M, Guo L, Lv X. Core-Shell-Shell Upconversion Nanomaterials Applying for Simultaneous Immunofluorescent Detection of Fenpropathrin and Procymidone. Foods 2023; 12:3445. [PMID: 37761153 PMCID: PMC10529869 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study synthesized the NaGdF4@NaGdF4: Yb, Tm@NaGdF4: Yb, Nd upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), combined with another three-layer structure NaYF4@NaYF4: Yb, Er@NaYF4 UCNPs, with a core-shell-shell structure, effectively suppressing fluorescence quenching and significantly improving upconversion luminescence efficiency. Two types of modified UCNPs were coupled with antibodies against fenpropathrin and procymidone to form signal probes, and magnetic nanoparticles were coupled with antigens of fenpropathrin and procymidone to form capture probes. A rapid and sensitive fluorescence immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of fenpropathrin and procymidone was established based on the principle of specific binding of antigen and antibody and magnetic separation technology. Under the optimal competitive reaction conditions, different concentrations of fenpropathrin and procymidone standards were added to collect the capture probe-signal probe complex. The fluorescence values at 542 nm and 802 nm were measured using 980 nm excitation luminescence. The results showed that the detection limits of fenpropathrin and procymidone were 0.114 µg/kg and 0.082 µg/kg, respectively, with sensitivities of 8.15 µg/kg and 7.98 µg/kg, and they were applied to the detection of fenpropathrin and procymidone in tomatoes, cucumbers, and cabbage. The average recovery rates were 86.5~100.2% and 85.61~102.43%, respectively, with coefficients of variation less than 10%. The results showed good consistency with the detection results of high-performance liquid chromatography, proving that this method has good accuracy and is suitable for the rapid detection of fenpropathrin and procymidone in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (J.J.); (L.H.); (B.H.); (M.W.); (L.G.); (X.L.)
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Wang X, Niu L, Wang Y, Zhan S, Wang L, Dai D, Cao J, Guo J, Li L, Zhang H, Zhong T. Combining 16S rRNA Sequencing and Metabolomics Data to Decipher the Interactions between Gut Microbiota, Host Immunity, and Metabolites in Diarrheic Young Small Ruminants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11423. [PMID: 37511183 PMCID: PMC10380214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is associated with gut microbiota, immunity, and metabolic alterations in goat kids and lambs. This study used 28 lambs (11 healthy and 17 diarrheic) and 20 goat kids (10 healthy and 10 diarrheic) to investigate the association between diarrhea occurrence and changes in gut microbiota, metabolism, and immunity in goat kids and lambs. The results revealed that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in goat kids and lambs. In addition, Enterobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae families were identified in both diarrheic goat kids and lambs. Furthermore, functional prediction of microbiota showed that it was involved in cell motility and cancer pathways. The identified differential metabolites were implicated in the bile secretion pathway. Lambs had significant differences in immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) compared to goat kids. IgG and IL-1β were positively correlated to Patescibacteria, Clostridiaceae, and unclassified_Muribaculaceae in both diarrheic goat kids and lambs. In addition, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that the MEgreen module was positively associated with IgG, IgM, IL-1β, TNF-α, and triglyceride (TG). In conclusion, our results characterized the gut microbiota, metabolism, and immune status of lambs and goat kids suffering from diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Siyuan Zhan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dinghui Dai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiaxue Cao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiazhong Guo
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Hirasawa K, Abe J, Nagahori H, Kitamoto S. Novel approach for verification of a human PBPK modeling strategy using chimeric mice in the health risk assessment of epyrifenacil. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 465:116439. [PMID: 36858113 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
In the human risk assessment by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK), verification of the modeling strategy and confirmation of the reliability of the output data are important when the clinical data are not available. A new herbicide, epyrifenacil, is metabolized to S-3100-CA in mammals and causes hepatotoxicity in mice. S-3100-CA is transferred to the liver by transporters and eliminated by biliary excretion and metabolism. In the previous human PBPK research, we succeeded in predicting S-3100-CA pharmacokinetics by obtaining human hepatic parameters from chimeric mice with humanized liver after we checked the model's quantitative performance using mouse experimental data. To further enhance the reliability of human PBPK data, verification of the following two points was considered effective: 1) verification of model applicability to pharmacokinetics prediction in multiple animal species, and 2) verification of the parameter acquisition methods. In this study, we applied the same modeling strategy to rats, i.e., we obtained rat hepatic parameters for PBPK from chimeric mice with rat hepatocytes, not from rats. As the simulation results, rat internal dosimetry was precisely reproduced, although it tended to be slightly overestimated by approximately two times. From the results of the sensitivity analysis, this overestimation was mainly due to hepatic parameters from chimeric mice. Therefore, it is suggested that a similar slight prediction error may occur also in human PBPK using chimeric mice, but considering the degree of error, it can be said that our modeling strategy is robust and the predicted human internal dosimetry in the previous research is reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Hirasawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
| | - Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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He Z, Fang Y, Li DC, Chen DS, Wu F. Toxicity of procymidone to Bombyx mori based on physiological and transcriptomic analysis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 110:e21906. [PMID: 35398926 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Procymidone is widely used in vegetables and fruits because of its broad-spectrum and high efficiency. However, it is unclear whether procymidone can affect silkworm (Bombyx mori) growth and cocoon production. This study investigated the effects of procymidone on the growth and cocoon production of silkworms. We analyzed the growth, and cocoon quality of fifth instar larvae fed on mulberry leaves saturated with different concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/ml) of procymidone and the control. Results showed that procymidone supplementation decreased the larval growth and cocoon quality compared to the control group, suggesting that procymidone had toxicity to silkworms. Additionally, after transcriptomic analysis, we identified 396 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the presence of procymidone. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) illustrated that these DEGs were closely related to metabolism. Taken together, these results confirmed that procymidone could cause toxicity by affecting metabolism in silkworm larvae. We believed that these results could provide important materials for the effect of procymidone on silkworms and gave us some clues for pesticides used in the mulberry garden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Fang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - De-Chen Li
- Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Deng-Song Chen
- Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Hirasawa K, Abe J, Nagahori H, Kitamoto S. Prediction of the human pharmacokinetics of epyrifenacil and its major metabolite, S-3100-CA, by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling using chimeric mice with humanized liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 439:115912. [PMID: 35143805 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human internal dosimetry of pesticides is essential in the risk assessment when toxicity has been confirmed in laboratory animals. While human toxicokinetics data of pesticides are hardly obtained intendedly, the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has become important for predicting human internal dosimetry. Especially, when the compound exhibits complicated pharmacokinetics via active uptake, metabolism, and biliary excretion in liver, it is difficult to obtain these hepatic parameters only by the in vitro experiments. Epyrifenacil, a new herbicide, is rapidly metabolized to S-3100-CA (CA) in mammals and causes hepatotoxicity in mice. CA is eliminated from the systemic circulation by biliary excretion and metabolism in liver. Although uptake of CA by transporters is observed in mouse primary hepatocytes, significantly less of it is observed in human primary hepatocytes. In order to evaluate human internal dosimetry of CA, a precise PBPK model was developed. To obtain human hepatic parameters, i.e., hepatic elimination intrinsic clearance via biliary excretion and metabolism, we used chimeric mice with humanized liver as a model to reproduce the complicated pharmacokinetics of CA in humans. After we developed a mouse PBPK model, by replacing mouse parameters with those of humans, we calculated CA concentration in human liver. Comparing the predicted CA exposure in human liver with the measured values in mice, we demonstrated a clear interspecies difference of approximately 4 times lower Cmax and AUC in humans. This result suggested that the risk of hepatotoxicity is less in humans than in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Hirasawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
| | - Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Matsunaga K, Fukunaga S, Abe J, Takeuchi H, Kitamoto S, Tomigahara Y. Comparative hepatotoxicity of a herbicide, epyrifenacil, in humans and rodents by comparing the dynamics and kinetics of its causal metabolite. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2021; 46:333-341. [PMID: 34908893 PMCID: PMC8640676 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d21-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new herbicide, epyrifenacil (S-3100), inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) in plants. Repeated administration of epyrifenacil in laboratory animals led to some toxicological changes related to PPO inhibition, e.g., hepatotoxicity caused by porphyrin accumulation and anemia caused by the inhibition of heme biosynthesis. In vitro studies revealed that an ester-cleaved metabolite, S-3100-CA, is predominant in mammals, exhibits PPO-inhibitory activity, and thus is the cause of epyrifenacil-induced toxicity. To assess the human risk, the effects of species differences on the dynamics (PPO inhibition) and kinetics (liver uptake) of epyrifenacil were evaluated separately. The results of in vitro assays revealed an approximately tenfold weaker inhibition of PPO by S-3100-CA in humans than in rodents and six- to thirteen-fold less hepatic uptake of S-3100-CA in humans than in mice. Finally, it was suggested that humans are less sensitive to the toxicity of epyrifenacil than are rodents, although further mechanistic research is highly anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Matsunaga
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1–98 Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
| | - Satoki Fukunaga
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1–98 Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
| | - Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1–98 Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
| | - Hayato Takeuchi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1–98 Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1–98 Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tomigahara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1–98 Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
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Wu A, Yu Q, Lu H, Lou Z, Zhao Y, Luo T, Fu Z, Jin Y. Developmental toxicity of procymidone to larval zebrafish based on physiological and transcriptomic analysis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109081. [PMID: 34004283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a broad-spectrum with low toxicity, procymidone (PCM), is widely used in agriculture and frequently observed in aquatic system, which may cause some impacts on aquatic organisms. Here, to determine the developmental toxicity of PCM, embryonic and larval zebrafish were exposed to PCM at 0, 1, 10, 100 μg/L in dehydrogenated natural water containing 0.01% acetone for 7 days. The results showed that high concentration of PCM could cause the pericardial edema and increase the heart rates in larval zebrafish, suggesting that PCM had developmental toxicity to zebrafish. We also observed that PCM exposure not only changed the physiological parameters including TBA, GLU and pyruvic acid, but also changed the transcriptional levels of glycolipid metabolism related genes. In addition, after transcriptomics analysis, a total of 1065 differentially expressed genes, including 456 up-regulated genes and 609 down-regulated genes, changed significantly in 100 μg/L PCM treated larval zebrafish. Interestingly, after GO (Gene Ontology) analysis, the different expression genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched to the three different biology processes including GABA-nervous, lipid Metabolism and response to drug. We also observed that the levels of GABA receptor related genes including gabrg2, gabbr1α, gabbr1 and gabra6α were inhibited by PCM exposure. Interestingly, the swimming distance of larval zebrafish had the tendency to decrease after PCM exposure, indicating that the nervous system was affected by PCM. Taken together, the results confirmed that the fungicide PCM could cause developmental toxicity by influencing the lipid metabolism and GABA mediated nervous system and behavior in larval zebrafish. We believed that the results could provide an important data for the influence of PCM on aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qianxuan Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Huahui Lu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ze Lou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ting Luo
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Abe J. Researches on the evaluation of pesticide safety in humans using a pharmacokinetic approach. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2021; 46:290-296. [PMID: 34566464 PMCID: PMC8422259 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.j21-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Similar to the pharmaceutical compounds, pesticides require human safety assessment for their registration and distribution; however, it is absolutely impossible to assess human safety by dosing humans with pesticides. Thus, how to appropriately evaluate the safety of pesticides in humans remains a great subject of debate. In this article, we present some examples of pesticide toxicity studies that identify species differences in toxicity and evaluate human safety by applying combinations of novel in vivo, in vitro, and in silico techniques to separately assess the key toxicodynamic (i.e., sensitivity) and/or toxicokinetic (i.e., exposure) factors. Because it is scientifically sound, the safety assessment strategy illustrated for three compounds in this article is expected to play an important role in the human safety assessment of agricultural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1–98 Kasugade-naka 3, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
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Gadagbui BK, York RG, Dourson ML, McGinnis PM, Cope RB. Analysis for data-derived extrapolation factors for procymidone. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104972. [PMID: 34119600 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The derivation of Chemical Specific Adjustment Factors (CSAFs) (IPCS, 2005; U.S. EPA, 2014) depends on the choice of appropriate dose metric. EPA and IPCS guidance was applied to derive a CSAF for developmental toxicity for procymidone (PCM). Although kinetic data were not available in humans at any dose, sufficient toxicokinetic data are available in a surrogate species, primates, and from chimeric mice with both rat and human liver cells to offer insights. Alternative approaches were explored in the derivation of the CSAG based on review of the available kinetic data. The most likely dosimetric adjustment is the Cmax based on the character of the critical effect - reduced anogenital distance and increased incidence of hypospadias in male rats, which likely occurs during a small window of time during development of the rat fetus. Cmax is also the default dosimeter from U.S. EPA (1991). However, in this case, the use of Cmax is also likely more conservative than the use of area under the curve (AUC), which otherwise is the default recommendation of the IPCS (2005). Despite human data, estimated tentative CSAF value is 0.48 (range, 0.22 to 0.74). The use of any of these values would be supported by the available data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rhian B Cope
- Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Sydney, Australia
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Lai Q, Sun X, Li L, Li D, Wang M, Shi H. Toxicity effects of procymidone, iprodione and their metabolite of 3,5-dichloroaniline to zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129577. [PMID: 33465616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dicarboximide fungicides mainly including procymidone, iprodione, vinclozolin, and dimethachlon are often applied as protective fungicides, 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA) is their common metabolite in plant and environment. In this study, the acute toxicity of procymidone, iprodione and their metabolite of 3,5-DCA toward zebrafish was evaluated by semi-static method. The enrichment and metabolism of procymidone and iprodione in zebrafish were also clarified. The results indicated that procymidone and iprodione exhibited moderately toxic to adult zebrafish with the LC50 of 2.00 mg/L, 5.70 mg/L at 96 h. Both procymidone and iprodione could be metabolized to 3,5-DCA in zebrafish, which showed higher toxic to adult zebrafish with the LC50 of 1.64 mg/L at 96 h. From the perspective of histomorphology, for all treatment groups, the brain of the zebrafish was significantly damaged, while the damage to gut and gills was lighter. For procymidone, the biological concentration factor (BCF8d) were 236 and 246 at the exposure concentration of 0.2 mg/L and 0.04 mg/L, and the BCF8d were 3.2 and 2.4 for iprodione at the exposure concentration of 0.5 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L. Therefore, the procymidone and iprodione were moderate-enriched and low-enriched in zebrafish, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lai
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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13
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Kim A, Dueker SR, Hwang JG, Yoon J, Lee SW, Lee HS, Yu BY, Yu KS, Lee H. An Investigation of the Metabolism and Excretion of KD101 and Its Interindividual Differences: A Microtracing Mass Balance Study in Humans. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:231-238. [PMID: 33460293 PMCID: PMC7877834 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The absorption, metabolism, and excretion (AME) profiles of KD101, currently under clinical development to treat obesity, were assessed in humans using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) after a single oral administration of KD101 at 400 mg and a microdose of 14C‐KD101 at ~ 35.2 μg with a total radioactivity of 6.81 kBq. The mean total recovery of administered radioactivity was 85.2% with predominant excretion in the urine (78.0%). The radio‐chromatographic metabolite profiling showed that most of the total radioactivity in the plasma and the urine was ascribable to metabolites. The UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), including UGT1A1, UGT1A3, and UGT2B7, might have contributed to the interindividual variability in the metabolism and excretion of KD101. The microtracing approach using AMS is a useful tool to evaluate the AME of a drug under development without risk for high radiation exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhye Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Stephen R Dueker
- BioCore Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea.,Korean Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Gi Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chung Buk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jangsoo Yoon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Clinical Trial Center, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Byung-Yong Yu
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Howard Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Lin S, Tang T, Cang T, Yu S, Ying Z, Gu S, Zhang Q. The distributions of three fungicides in vegetables and their potential health risks in Zhejiang, China: A 3-year study (2015-2017). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115481. [PMID: 32892012 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides have been extensively used around the world in agriculture due to their effectiveness of sterilization. Recent evidences have shown that fungicides would exert a negative effect on gut microbiota and result in gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolism disorder on non-target organisms and even humans. However, research on residues and potential health risks of fungicides in daily consumed vegetables has received less attention compared to insecticides. In this study, we studied three widely applied fungicides, procymidone, dimethomorph, and azoxystrobin, in China. We collected 551 samples of 10 different vegetables in 11 cities from Zhejiang province during 2015-2017. Three fungicides were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The average apparent recoveries of three fungicides ranged from 84.2% to 110% with the relative standard deviations lower than 10%. The LOD values of procymidone, dimethomorph, and azoxystrobin was 2, 0.09, and 1 μg/kg, respectively. The levels of procymidone, dimethomorph, and azoxystrobin in those vegetables ranged from ND-875, ND-238, and ND-76 μg/kg, respectively. The highest mean concentrations of procymidone, dimethomorph, and azoxystrobin were found in eggplant (68 μg/kg), spinach (16.4 μg/kg), and kidney bean (4 μg/kg), respectively. Tomato (62.6% of samples), eggplant (44.3% of samples), and cucumber (41.6% of samples) were most frequently detected with fungicides. Solanaceous fruit vegetables have the highest detection rate than other vegetables, and fungicides were most frequently detected in winter. The mean concentrations of three fungicides in different vegetables were all below the maximum residue limits for the national food safety standards of China, and the health risks resulting from consuming those vegetables in adults and children were all within the safe ranges. The data provided here clarify the distributions of fungicides in commonly consumed vegetables and their potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Cang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeteng Ying
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijia Gu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China.
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