Fabrication of Microcapsules by the Combination of Biomass Porous Carbon and Polydopamine for Dual Self-Healing Hydrogels

Extraction and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from carrot pomace using green pretreatment technologies

In this study, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from carrot pomace, which is a byproduct of the carrot process, was produced. The Response Surface Methodology optimized the effectiveness of autoclaving & ultrasonic pretreatments (AUP) in MCC extraction with a D-optimal design. The yield of AUP was 36.62 % at the optimum point; at the conventional acid hydrolysis method, it was 31.40 %. AUP-derived MCC demonstrated superior rheological properties, including water holding capacity (4.58 g H₂O/g MCC) and oil adsorption capacity (2.94 g oil/g MCC), comparable to commercial MCC. Characterization analyses revealed that the AUP-derived MCC had high crystallinity, thermal stability, and a short-fibered morphology, confirmed by FTIR, SEM, TGA, and XRD. Utilizing carrot pomace reduces agricultural waste while providing a valuable dietary fiber source (87.94 % insoluble fiber). This study highlights MCC production from carrot pomace using AUP offers an economically and environmentally viable alternative, with potential applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Satisfactory Tensile Strength and Strain of Recyclable Polyurethane with a Trimaleimide Structure for Thermal Self-Healing and Anticorrosive Coatings

Bismaleimide (BMI) is often used as the cross-linking reagent in Diels-Alder (D-A)-type intrinsic self-healing materials (DISMs) to promote the connectivity of damaged surfaces based on reversible D-A bond formation on the molecular scale. Until now, although DISMs have exhibited great potential in the applications of various sensors, electronic skin, and artificial muscles, it is still difficult to prepare DISMs with satisfactory self-healing abilities and high tensile strengths and strains at the same time, thus largely limiting their applications in self-healing anticorrosive coatings. Herein, symmetrical trimaleimide (TMI) was successfully synthesized, and trimaleimide-structured D-A self-healing polyurethane (TMI-DA-PU) was prepared via the reversible D-A reaction (cycloaddition of furan and maleimide). As a DISM, TMI-DA-PU exhibits apparently higher self-healing efficiency (98.7%), tensile strength (25.4 MPa), and strain (1378%) compared to bismaleimide-structured D-A self-healing polyurethane (BMI-DA-PU) (self-healing efficiency, 90.2%; tensile strength, 19.3 MPa; strain, 1174%). In addition, TMI-DA-PU shows a high recycling efficiency (>95%) after 4 cycles of recycling. A series of characterizations indicate that TMI provides more monoene rings as the self-healing sites, forms denser cross-linked structures compared to BMI, and is, thus, more appropriate to be used for DISM applications. Moreover, the barrier abilities of coatings can be semi-quantitatively expressed by the impedance value at 0.01 Hz (|Z|0.01 Hz). The |Z|0.01 Hz value of the TMI-DA-PU coating is 3.93 × 109 Ω cm2 on day 0, which is significantly higher than that of the BMI-DA-PU coating (6.76 × 108 Ω cm2 on day 0), indicating that the denser rigid cross-linked structure of TMI results in the small porosity in the TMI-DA-PU coating, thus effectively improving the anticorrosion performance. The construction of DISMs with the structure of TMI demonstrates immense potential in self-healing anticorrosive coatings.

A review on self-healing featured soft robotics

Soft robots are becoming more popular because they can solve issues stiff robots cannot. Soft component and system design have seen several innovations recently. Next-generation robot-human interactions will depend on soft robotics. Soft material technologies integrate safety at the material level, speeding its integration with biological systems. Soft robotic systems must be as resilient as biological systems in unexpected, uncontrolled situations. Self-healing materials, especially polymeric and elastomeric ones, are widely studied. Since most currently under-development soft robotic systems are composed of polymeric or elastomeric materials, this finding may provide immediate assistance to the community developing soft robots. Self-healing and damage-resilient systems are making their way into actuators, structures, and sensors, even if soft robotics remains in its infancy. In the future, self-repairing soft robotic systems composed of polymers might save both money and the environment. Over the last decade, academics and businesses have grown interested in soft robotics. Despite several literature evaluations of the soft robotics subject, there seems to be a lack of systematic research on its intellectual structure and development despite the rising number of articles. This article gives an in-depth overview of the existing knowledge base on damage resistance and self-healing materials' fundamental structure and classifications. Current uses, problems with future implementation, and solutions to those problems are all included in this overview. Also discussed are potential applications and future directions for self-repairing soft robots.

Mussel-inspired cellulose nanofiber/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels with robustness, self-adhesion and antimicrobial activity for strain sensors

Flexible strain sensors have attracted substantial attention given their application in human-computer interaction and personal health monitoring. Due to the inherent disadvantages of conventional hydrogels, the manufacture of hydrogel strain sensors with high tensile strength, excellent adhesion, self-healing and antimicrobial properties in vitro, and conductive stability is still a challenge. Herein, a conductive hydrogel consisting of polydopamine-coated cellulose nanofibers (CNF@PDA), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was developed. The CNTs in PVA/CNF@PDA/CNT hydrogels were uniformly dispersed in the presence of CNF@PDA by hydrogen bonding, resulting in a nearly threefold increase in conductivity (0.4 S/m) over hydrogels without PDA. The hydrogel exhibited satisfactory tensile properties (tensile stress up to 0.79 MPa), good fatigue resistance, self-recovery and excellent antimicrobial activity in vitro. It showed excellent adhesion, especially the adhesion strength of pigskin was increased to 27 kPa. In addition, the hydrogel was used as a strain sensor, exhibiting excellent strain sensitivity (strain coefficient = 2.29), fast response (150 ms), and great durability (over 1000 cycles). The fabricated strain sensors can detect both large and subtle human movements (e.g., wrist bending and vocalization) with stable and repeatable electrical signals, indicating potential applications in personal health monitoring.

A Experimental Study on Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) Incorporated with Sporosarcina pasteurii

Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has been successfully applied to self-healing concrete with improved mechanical properties, while the performance of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) incorporated with bacteria is still lacking. In this study, Sporosarcina pasteurii, which has a strong ability to produce calcium carbonate, was introduced into engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with mechanical properties analyzed in detail. A multiscale study including compression, tension and fiber pullout tests was carried out to explore the Sporosarcina pasteurii incorporation effect on ECC mechanical properties. Compared with the control group, the compressive strength of S.p.-ECC specimens cured for 7 days was increased by almost 10% and the regained strength after self-healing was increased by 7.31%. Meanwhile, the initial crack strength and tensile strength of S.p.-ECC increased by 10.25% and 12.68%, respectively. Interestingly, the crack pattern of ECC was also improved to some extent, e.g., bacteria seemed to minimize crack width. The addition of bacteria failed to increase the ECC tensile strain, which remained at about 4%, in accordance with engineering practice. Finally, matrix/fiber interface properties were altered in S.p.-ECC with lower chemical bond and higher frictional bond strength. The results at the microscopic scale explain well the property improvements of ECC composites based on the fine-scale mechanical theory.

Fabrication of self-healing nanocomposite hydrogels with the cellulose nanocrystals-based Janus hybrid nanomaterials

Janus nanomaterials possess remarkable prospects in the design of a series of smart materials with unique asymmetric properties. In this work, surface functionalized Janus cellulose nanocrystalline-type (CNCs-type) nanomaterials were manufactured by Pickering emulsion template and the construction of self-healing nanocomposite hydrogels has been realized. During emulsification, the mussel-inspired chemistry was employed to develop Janus nanocomposites. The extension of molecular chain of poly-lysine (PLL) and the polydopamine (PDA) coating were grafted on different sides of CNCs. Afterwards, the prepared nanocomposites were added to poly (acrylic acid) (PAA)-based hydrogels which formed by in-situ polymerization. The collaborative effect of metal-ligand coordination between the molecular chain of PLL, PDA coating, PAA chains and metal ions endowed the nanocomposite hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties (8.8 MPa) and self-healing efficiency (88.9%). Therefore, the synthesized Janus CNCs-PDA/PLL nanocomposites are expected to have diverse application in the development of smart materials with self-healing ability.

Self-healing and toughness cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposite hydrogels for strain-sensitive wearable flexible sensor

Recently, self-healing and high mechanical strength hydrogels have aroused much research due to their potential future in strain-sensitive flexible sensors. In this manuscript, we successfully designed self-healing and toughness cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) nanocomposite hydrogels by grafted polypyrrole (PPy) on the surface of CNCs to enhance electrical conductivity. The obtained nanocomposite hydrogels exhibit outstanding self-healing and mechanical behaviors, and the optimal mechanical strength, toughness and self-healing efficiency can be up to 5.7 MPa, 810% and 89.6%, respectively. Using these functional nanocomposite hydrogels, strain-sensitive wearable flexible sensors were designed to monitor finger joint motions, bending of knee, and even the slight pulse beating. Surprisingly, the flexible sensors could evidently perceive body motions from large movements (knee bending) to tiny signals (pulse beating). In addition, it exhibited excellent durability after repeated cycles. This method of prepared self-healing nanocomposite hydrogels will have a potential prospect in the design of biomedical, biosensors, and flexible electronic devices.

Efficient removal of selenate in water by cationic poly(allyltrimethylammonium) grafted chitosan and biochar composite

The discovery of cheap and eco-friendly functional materials for the removal of anionic heavy metal ions is still challenging in the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated water. Herein, a new poly(allyltrimethylammonium) grafted chitosan and biochar composite (PATMAC-CTS-BC) was introduced for the removal of selenate (SeO₄^2-) in water. Results suggest that the PATMAC-CTS-BC showed a rapid removal of SeO₄^2- with efficiency of >97% within 10 min and it followed a pseudo-second-order model. High capacity of SeO₄^2- adsorption by the composite was achieved, with maximum value of 98.99 mg g^-1 based on Langmuir model, considerably higher than most of reported adsorbents. The thermodynamic results reflected the spontaneous and exothermic nature of SeO₄^2- adsorption onto the composite. The composite could be applied at a wide initial pH range (2-10) with high removal efficiency of SeO₄^2- because of permanent positive charges of quaternary ammonium groups (=N⁺-). The removal mechanisms of SeO₄^2- were mainly attributed to electrostatic interactions with =N⁺- and protonated -NH₃⁺ groups, and redox-complexation interactions with -NH₂, -NH-, and -OH groups. Besides SeO₄^2-, the hexavalent chromium (Cr₂O₇^2-) was considered as example to further demonstrate the anion removal capability of cationic hydrogel-BC composite. The study outcomes open up new opportunities to efficiently remove anionic heavy metal ions (e.g., SeO₄^2- and Cr₂O₇^2-) in water using these materials.

Optimization of bleaching process for cellulose extraction from apple and kale pomace and evaluation of their potentials as film forming materials

Celluloses from apple and kale pomaces were extracted through sequentially chemical treatments, characterized, and evaluated for the film forming property. Since bleaching step is critical to cellulose quality, bleaching conditions including concentration of bleaching agent (NaClO) (0.5-3 %), temperature (60-80 °C) and time (1-2 h) were optimized. NaClO concentration and temperature exhibited significant impact on the quality of celluloses. Excessive bleaching conditions caused severe oxidation of celluloses and significantly reduced their dimension. The optimum bleaching conditions for apple pomace were identified as 1-1.5 % NaClO at 80 °C for 1 h, resulting in cellulose yield of 7.9 %, water retention value of 2.96, and whiteness index of 72.36. Morphological analysis of optimum apple pomace-celluloses revealed their long-shaped structure with 500-750 μm in length and 20-25 μm in width. The prepared cellulose films had high transparency and good mechanical strength. This study provided new insight in converting fruit processing byproducts into high quality celluloses.

A review of the properties and applications of bioadhesive hydrogels

Due to their outstanding properties, bioadhesive hydrogels have been extensively studied by researchers in recent years.

Hydrogel Properties and Their Impact on Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering

Hydrogels (HGs), as three-dimensional structures, are widely used in modern medicine, including regenerative medicine. The use of HGs in wound treatment and tissue engineering is a rapidly developing sector of medicine. The unique properties of HGs allow researchers to easily modify them to maximize their potential. Herein, we describe the physicochemical properties of HGs, which determine their subsequent applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Examples of chemical modifications of HGs and their applications are described based on the latest scientific reports.

An ultrasensitive label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on 3D porous chitosan-graphene-ionic liquid-ferrocene nanocomposite cryogel decorated with gold nanoparticles for prostate-specific antigen

A highly sensitive and selective label-free electrochemical immunosensor was successfully fabricated for measuring prostate-specific antigen (PSA). A composite of chitosan, graphene, ionic liquid and ferrocene (CS-GR-IL-Fc) was drop casted onto a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) and frozen to create a layer of 3D porous cryogel (CS-GR-IL-Fc cry) which was decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The biocompatibility and porosity of the cryogel increased the surface area available for AuNPs loading via amino groups and the population of anti-PSA, immobilized on the AuNPs via chemisorption, could be increased. The CS-GR-IL-Fc cry displayed excellent conductivity, enhancing electron transfer and amplifying the current signal. Differential pulse voltammetry was employed to determine PSA by measuring the reduction in the Fc oxidation peak current in response to the formation of PSA/anti-PSA immunocomplex. Under the optimized incubation time and electrolyte pH, the developed immunosensor displayed excellent analytical performances, including a wide linear range at concentrations from 1.0 × 10^-7 to 1.0 × 10^-1 ng mL^-1, with a very low limit of detection of 4.8 × 10^-8 ng mL^-1 and good reproducibility (relative standard deviation of <4.6%, n = 6), stability (90% sensitivity within 20 days), repeatability (12 cycles of binding-rebinding, the sensitivity > 90%) and selectivity. The results obtained from the device for the determination of PSA in human serum were consistent with results from the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (P > 0.05), and indicated the promising potential of the proposed immunosensor in clinical diagnosis.

Facile fabrication of a controlled polymer brush-type functional nanoprobe for highly sensitive determination of alpha fetoprotein

As robust functional polymers, polymer brush-based hybrid nanomaterials have potential application in the highly sensitive determination of tumor markers (TMs). Currently, there are plentiful reports on the polymerization methods of functional polymer brushes. Low ppm ATRP (activators (re)generated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (A(R)GET ATRP), initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (ICAR ATRP) and electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP)) is a facile and robust methodology with the advantages of simplicity, eco-friendliness and wide applicability to prepare well-defined polymeric materials. In this work, a controlled polymer brush-type functional nanoprobe is successfully fabricated by functional AGET ATRP and used as a sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for precise detection of TMs (alpha-fetoprotein, AFP). Using graphene oxide (GO) as an excellent conductive matrix, a GO-based poly-heterozygosis pyridine nanomaterial (GO@PHPY) is obtained by surface-initiated AGET ATRP and photocatalytic modification. The nanoprobe is assembled using GO@PHPY and a detection antibody (Ab2) to detect AFP, in which Cu(ii) serves as a signal label to coordinate with the pyridyl group. Under optimized conditions, the electrochemical sensor exhibits a good detection effect on AFP, with a detection range of 0.1 pg mL^-1 to 100 ng mL^-1 and a low detection limit of 0.08 pg mL^-1. It is worth noting that the detection platform can be applied to the detection of real human serum samples. Thus, it is a desirable platform for AFP detection in clinical diagnosis and practical applications. Meanwhile, this work proves that designing and constructing functional polymer brushes is one of the most effective methods for developing new materials for analytical scientific applications.

Advances in Synthesis and Applications of Self-Healing Hydrogels

BACKGROUND

Hydrogels, a type of three-dimensional (3-D) crosslinked network of polymers containing a high water concentration, have been receiving increasing attention in recent years. Self-healing hydrogels, which can return to their original structure and function after physical damage, are especially attractive. Some self-healable hydrogels have several kinds of properties such as injectability, adhesiveness, and conductivity, which enable them to be used in the manufacturing of drug/cell delivery vehicles, glues, electronic devices, and so on.

MAIN BODY

This review will focus on the synthesis and applications of self-healing hydrogels. Their repair mechanisms and potential applications in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and other areas will be introduced.

CONCLUSION

Self-healing hydrogels are used in various fields because of their ability to recover. The prospect of self-healing hydrogels is promising, and they may be further developed for various applications.

Incorporation of dumbbell-shaped and Y-shaped cross-linkers in adjustable pullulan/polydopamine hydrogels for selective adsorption of cationic dyes

Hydrogel adsorbents have attracted considerable attention due to their sludge minimization, good water permeability and renewable performance. Here, a promising strategy for the one-step preparation of pullulan/polydopamine hybird hydrogels (PPGels) was presented. Dumbbell-shaped cross-linker neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether (NGDE, 2 arms) and Y-shaped cross-linker trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TTE, 3 arms) were selected to study the relationship between cross-linker structure and hydrogel performances. The NGDE possessing less molecular repulsive force and higher reactivity demonstrated more effective cross-linking with the pullulan, which leaded to a decrease in pore size of the hydrogel. Meanwhile, the introduction of polydopamine significantly enhanced the adsorption ability and gave the resulting hybrid gel the specific selectivity toward cationic dyes (96 mg/g for crystal violet, 25.8 mg/g for methylene blue and barely not adsorption for azophloxine). Our data suggested that the electrostatic interaction played a vital role in the dye adsorption process, and the adsorption data could be explained by pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm model. Furthermore, the obtained PPGel could be easily separated after adsorption. This study describes the relationship between cross-linker structure and properties of pullulan/polydopamine hybrid gels, which provides a new strategy to create polysaccharide-based adsorbents for wastewater remediation.

Preparation of a novel sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for AFP detection based on an ATRP and click chemistry technique

It is extremely important to explore the synthesis methodology and application scope of functional polymer brush-based nanocomposites.

Chitosan-grafted tetrapolymer using two monomers: pH-responsive high-performance removals of Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), dichromate, and biphosphate and analyses of adsorbed microstructures

For circumventing the cumbersome and expensive multifunctional and multipolymer adsorbents for high-performance removals of hazardous water-contaminant(s), chitosan-g-[2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanoic acid (AMPS)-co-2-(3-acrylamidopropanamido)-2-methylpropane-1-sulfonic acid (APAMPS)-co-2-(N-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)acrylamido)-2-methylpropane-1-sulfonic acid (NAOPAMPS)-co-acrylamide (AM)] (i.e., chitosan-g-tetrapolymer), a multifunctional scalable and reusable hydrogel, was synthesized by grafting of chitosan and in situ attachments of N-H functionalized NAOPAMPS and APAMPS hydrophilic acrylamido-monomers during free-radical solution-polymerization of the two ex situ added AMPS and AM monomers in water. The response surface methodology was employed to synthesize one hydrogel envisaging the optimum balance between swelling and stability for the superadsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Cr₂O₇^2-, and HPO₄^2-. The in situ attachments of NAOPAMPS and APAMPS, grafting of chitosan into tetrapolymer, structures and properties, pH-responsive abilities, superadsorption mechanism, and reusability were understood via in depth microstructural analyses of adsorbed and/or unadsorbed chitosan-g-tetrapolymer(s) through ¹H/¹³C NMR, FTIR, XPS, TGA, XRD, DLS, and pH_PZC. The maximum adsorption capacities of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), Cr₂O₇^2-, and HPO₄^2- were 1374.41, 1521.08, 1554.08, 47.76, and 32.76 mg g^-1, respectively.

Surface Engineering of Porous Carbon for Self-Healing Nanocomposite Hydrogels by Mussel-Inspired Chemistry and PET-ATRP

In this work, surface-functionalized microcapsules from porous carbon nanospheres (PCNs) were successfully prepared by mussel-inspired chemistry with polydopamine (PDA) and metal-free photoinduced electron transfer-atom transfer radical polymerization (PET-ATRP). These functional microcapsules are introduced into self-healing hydrogels to enhance their mechanical strength. The PCNs synthesized by a simple soft template method are mixed with linseed oil for loading of the biomass healing agent, and the microcapsules are first prepared by coating PDA. PDA coatings were used to immobilize the ATRP initiator for initiating 4-vinylpyridine on the surface of microcapsules by PET-ATRP. Using these functional microcapsules, the self-healing efficiency was about 92.5% after 4 h at ambient temperature and the healed tensile strength can be held at 2.5 MPa with a fracture strain of 625.2%. All results indicated that the surface-functionalized microcapsules for self-healing hydrogels have remarkable biocompatibility and mechanical properties.

Self-healing and tough GO-supported hydrogels preparedviasurface-initiated ATRP and photocatalytic modification

Hydrogels with the properties of self-healing, toughness, stiffness and strength have great potential for use in smart materials.