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Chai K, Chen S, Wang P, Kong W, Ma X, Zhang X. Multiomics Analysis Reveals the Genetic Basis of Volatile Terpenoid Formation in Oolong Tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19888-19899. [PMID: 38048088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Oolong tea has gained great popularity in China due to its pleasant floral and fruity aromas. Although numerous studies have investigated the aroma differences across various tea cultivars, the genetic mechanism is unclear. This study performed multiomics analysis of three varieties suitable for oolong tea and three others with different processing suitability. Our analysis revealed that oolong tea varieties contained higher levels of cadinane sesquiterpenoids. PanTFBS was developed to identify variants of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). We found that the CsDCS gene had two TFBS variants in the promoter sequence and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the coding sequence. Integrating data on genetic variations, gene expression, and protein-binding sites indicated that CsDCS might be a pivotal gene involved in the biosynthesis of cadinane sesquiterpenoids. These findings advance our understanding of the genetic factors involved in the aroma formation of oolong tea and offer insights into the enhancement of tea aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chai
- College of Life Science, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weilong Kong
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Xiaokai Ma
- College of Life Science, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
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2
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Li XX, Li ZY, Zhu W, Wang YQ, Liang YR, Wang KR, Ye JH, Lu JL, Zheng XQ. Anthocyanin metabolism and its differential regulation in purple tea (Camellia sinensis). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107875. [PMID: 37451003 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea plants (Camellia sinensis) typically contain high-flavonoid phytochemicals like catechins. Recently, new tea cultivars with unique purple-colored leaves have gained attention. These purple tea cultivars are enriched with anthocyanin, which provides an interesting perspective for studying the metabolic flux of the flavonoid pathway. An increasing number of studies are focusing on the leaf color formation of purple tea and this review aims to summarize the latest progress made on the composition and accumulation of anthocyanins in tea plants. In addition, the regulation mechanism in its synthesis will be discussed and a hypothetical regulation model for leaf color transformation during growth will be proposed. Some novel insights are presented to facilitate future in-depth studies of purple tea to provide a theoretical basis for targeted breeding programs in leaf color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Li
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Ze-Yu Li
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Wan Zhu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Ying-Qi Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Kai-Rong Wang
- General Agrotechnical Extension Station of Ningbo City, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China.
| | - Jian-Hui Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Jian-Liang Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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Tan X, Li H, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Jin Z, Chen W, Tang D, Wei C, Tang Q. Characterization of the Difference between Day and Night Temperatures on the Growth, Photosynthesis, and Metabolite Accumulation of Tea Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076718. [PMID: 37047691 PMCID: PMC10095163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the effects of the differences between day and night temperatures (DIFs) on tea plant are poorly understood. In order to investigate the influence of DIFs on the growth, photosynthesis, and metabolite accumulation of tea plants, the plants were cultivated under 5 °C (25/20 °C, light/dark), 10 °C (25/15 °C, light/dark), and 15 °C (25/10 °C, light/dark). The results showed that the growth rate of the new shoots decreased with an increase in the DIFs. There was a downward trend in the photosynthesis among the treatments, as evidenced by the lowest net photosynthetic rate and total chlorophyll at a DIF of 15 °C. In addition, the DIFs significantly affected the primary and secondary metabolites. In particular, the 10 °C DIF treatment contained the lowest levels of soluble sugars, tea polyphenols, and catechins but was abundant in caffeine and amino acids, along with high expression levels of theanine synthetase (TS3) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). Furthermore, the transcriptome data revealed that the differentially expressed genes were enriched in valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, flavone/flavonol biosyntheses, flavonoid biosynthesis, etc. Therefore, we concluded that a DIF of 10 °C was suitable for the protected cultivation of tea plants in terms of the growth and the quality of a favorable flavor of tea, which provided a scientific basis for the protected cultivation of tea seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Tan
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huili Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhongyue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanjuan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dandan Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qian Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Lin B, Ma H, Zhang K, Cui J. Regulatory mechanisms and metabolic changes of miRNA during leaf color change in the bud mutation branches of Acer pictum subsp. mono. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1047452. [PMID: 36714704 PMCID: PMC9879609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1047452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Acer pictum subsp. mono is a colorful tree species with considerable ornamental and economic value. However, little is known about the metabolism and regulatory mechanism of leaf color change in A. p. subsp. mono. To reveal the molecular mechanism of leaf color change in A. p. subsp. mono, the present study examined the bud mutation branches and compared the metabolites of the red leaves (AR) of the bud mutation branches of A. p. subsp. mono with those of the green leaves (AG) of the wild-type branches. It was found that the chlorophyll and carotenoids content of the red leaves decreased significantly, while anthocyanins, and various antioxidant enzymes increased significantly compared with the green leaves. The glycosides cyanidin, pelargonidin, malvidin, petunidin, delphinidin, and peonidin were detected in AR by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The cyanidin glycosides increased, and cyanidin 3-O-glycoside was significantly upregulated. We analyzed the transcriptome and small RNA of A. p. subsp. mono leaves and detected 4061 differentially expressed mRNAs and 116 differentially expressed miRNAs. Through miRNA-mRNA association analysis, five differentially expressed modules were found; one miRNA targeted three genes, and four miRNAs targeted a single gene. Among them, miR160b, miR6300, and miR396g were found to be the key miRNAs regulating stable anthocyanin accumulation in A. p. subsp. mono leaves. By revealing the physiological response of leaf color change and the molecular regulatory mechanism of the miRNA, this study provides new insight into the molecular regulatory mechanism of leaf color change, thereby offering a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoli Lin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - He Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jinteng Cui
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Chen J, Ni Y, Mei B, Jiang H, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qi H. Extraction of pigments from camellia seed husks and their application on silk fabrics. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34715-34723. [PMID: 36545615 PMCID: PMC9717577 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06793e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To reuse camellia husk waste and expand the scope of natural dyes, this research proposes pigment extraction from camellia husks and investigates various properties when applied on silk fabrics. Single-factor experiments were used to screen and optimize the dyeing process. The extracted pigments and dyed fibers were analyzed and characterized by LC-MS, FTIR and SEM, respectively. Six metal mordants were compared with each other, and their possible mordanting mechanisms were proposed. Color fastness, UV resistance, and antioxidant and antibacterial properties were evaluated after dyeing. The results showed that the optimal dyeing process was as follows: dyestuff mass 50 g L-1, holding time 45 min, bath pH 3.0, holding temperature 100 °C. LC-MS and FTIR results showed that the pigments in the extracts were mainly dimeric and multimeric procyanidins. Metal ion addition increased the K/S value while the pre-mordanting method had a superior dyeing depth. The rubbing and washing fastness of the dyed fabric were all above grade 4.0. Meanwhile, the dyed sample exhibited favorable UV resistance, and antioxidant and antibacterial properties, including a UPF index of 63.4 and an inhibition rate of 98.74% and 97.39% for S. aureus and E. coli, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China
- College of Textiles and Apparel, Quanzhou Normal University Fujian 362002 China
| | - Yu Ni
- College of Textiles and Apparel, Quanzhou Normal University Fujian 362002 China
| | - Bohao Mei
- College of Textiles and Apparel, Quanzhou Normal University Fujian 362002 China
| | - Huiyu Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Yunli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Yangyi Chen
- College of Textiles and Apparel, Quanzhou Normal University Fujian 362002 China
| | - Huan Qi
- College of Textiles and Apparel, Quanzhou Normal University Fujian 362002 China
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Bai Q. Comparative transcriptomics of Pinus massoniana organs provides insights on terpene biosynthesis regulation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13791. [PMID: 36169876 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are the most important natural products collected from conifer species. However, the molecular mechanisms and core factors underlying terpenoid biosynthesis in Pinus massoniana remain unclear. To clarify these mechanisms, this study aimed to identify potential genes that might participate in the terpenoid biosynthesis of P. massoniana. In this study, single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and expression analysis were used to confirm the expression patterns of genes involved in the cones, immature needles, mature needles, immature branches, and mature branches of P. massoniana. A total of 31,331 lncRNAs and 71,240 mRNAs were identified from these organs, and the greatest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was discovered between needles and branches. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) classified all expressed genes into nine typical modules with 11 kinds of transcription factors (TFs), namely, AP2-ERF, ARF, AUX-IAA, C2H2, Dof, F-box, SBP, WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, and GRAS, and seven kinds of functional genes, namely, ABC transporter, cellulose synthase (CesA), leucine-rich repeats (LRR), cytochrome P450 (CYT P450), pathogenesis-related protein (PR), terpene synthase (TPS), and chlorophyllase enzyme. A molecular network was constructed for hub genes, TFs, and functional genes in three modules. The potential function of eight candidate genes, including PmbHLH2, PmERF1, PmRGA, PmGAI, PmbZIP1, PmLOB1, PmMADS1, and PmMYB1, was validated through correlation analysis between terpenoid contents and expression levels, subcellular localization, and transcriptional activation activity, which provides us with probable regulators of terpenoid biosynthesis in conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Shi Y, Xia H, Cheng X, Zhang L. Genome-wide miRNA analysis and integrated network for flavonoid biosynthesis in Osmanthus fragrans. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:141. [PMID: 33639855 PMCID: PMC7913170 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osmanthus fragrans is an important economical plant containing multiple secondary metabolites including flavonoids and anthocyanins. During the past years, the roles of miRNAs in regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants have been widely investigated. However, few studies on miRNA expression profiles and the potential roles in regulating flavonoid biosynthesis have been reported in O. fragrans. Results In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the expression profiles of miRNAs in leaf and flower tissues of O. fragrans. As a result, 106 conserved miRNAs distributed in 47 families and 88 novel miRNAs were identified. Further analysis showed there were 133 miRNAs differentially expressed in leaves and flowers. Additionally, the potential target genes of miRNAs as well as the related metabolic pathways were predicted. In the end, flavonoid content was measured in flower and leaf tissues and potential role of miR858 in regulating flavonoid synthesis was illustrated in O. fragrans. Conclusions This study not only provided the genome-wide miRNA profiles in the flower and leaf tissue of O. fragrans, but also investigated the potential regulatory role of miR858a in flavonoid synthesis in O. fragrans. The results specifically indicated the connection of miRNAs to the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in non-model economical plant. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07439-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Heng Xia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoting Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. .,Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Zheng C, Ma JQ, Ma CL, Yao MZ, Chen JD, Chen L. Identifying Conserved Functional Gene Modules Underlying the Dynamic Regulation of Tea Plant Development and Secondary Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11026-11037. [PMID: 32902975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tea plants adjust development and metabolism by integrating environmental and endogenous signals in complex but poorly defined gene networks. Here, we present an integrative analysis framework for the identification of conserved modules controlling important agronomic traits using a comprehensive collection of RNA-seq datasets in Camellia plants including 189 samples. In total, 212 secondary metabolism-, 182 stress response-, and 182 tissue development-related coexpressed modules were revealed. Functional modules (e.g., drought response, theobromine biosynthesis, and new shoot development-related modules) and potential regulators that were highly conserved across diverse genetic backgrounds and/or environmental conditions were then identified by cross-experiment comparisons and consensus clustering. Moreover, we investigate the preservation of gene networks between Camellia sinensis and other Camellia species. This revealed that the coexpression patterns of several recently evolved modules related to secondary metabolism and environmental adaptation were rewired and showed higher connectivity in tea plants. These conserved modules are excellent candidates for modeling the core mechanism of tea plant development and secondary metabolism and should serve as a great resource for hypothesis generation and tea quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jie-Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Zhou X, Zeng L, Chen Y, Wang X, Liao Y, Xiao Y, Fu X, Yang Z. Metabolism of Gallic Acid and Its Distributions in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Plants at the Tissue and Subcellular Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165684. [PMID: 32784431 PMCID: PMC7460824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In tea (Camellia sinensis) plants, polyphenols are the representative metabolites and play important roles during their growth. Among tea polyphenols, catechins are extensively studied, while very little attention has been paid to other polyphenols such as gallic acid (GA) that occur in tea leaves with relatively high content. In this study, GA was able to be transformed into methyl gallate (MG), suggesting that GA is not only a precursor of catechins, but also can be transformed into other metabolites in tea plants. GA content in tea leaves was higher than MG content-regardless of the cultivar, plucking month or leaf position. These two metabolites occurred with higher amounts in tender leaves. Using nonaqueous fractionation techniques, it was found that GA and MG were abundantly accumulated in peroxisome. In addition, GA and MG were found to have strong antifungal activity against two main tea plant diseases, Colletotrichum camelliae and Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis. The information will advance our understanding on formation and biologic functions of polyphenols in tea plants and also provide a good reference for studying in vivo occurrence of specialized metabolites in economic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yingjuan Chen
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yangyang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
| | - Xiumin Fu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-3807-2989
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Zhao J, Li P, Xia T, Wan X. Exploring plant metabolic genomics: chemical diversity, metabolic complexity in the biosynthesis and transport of specialized metabolites with the tea plant as a model. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:667-688. [PMID: 32321331 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1752617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and complexity of secondary metabolites in tea plants contribute substantially to the popularity of tea, by determining tea flavors and their numerous health benefits. The most significant characteristics of tea plants are that they concentrate the complex plant secondary metabolites into one leaf: flavonoids, alkaloids, theanine, volatiles, and saponins. Many fundamental questions regarding tea plant secondary metabolism remain unanswered. This includes how tea plants accumulate high levels of monomeric galloylated catechins, unlike the polymerized flavan-3-ols in most other plants, as well as how they are evolved to selectively synthesize theanine and caffeine, and how tea plants properly transport and store these cytotoxic products and then reuse them in defense. Tea plants coordinate many metabolic pathways that simultaneously take place in young tea leaves in response to both developmental and environmental cues. With the available genome sequences of tea plants and high-throughput metabolomic tools as great platforms, it is of particular interest to launch metabolic genomics studies using tea plants as a model system. Plant metabolic genomics are to investigate all aspects of plant secondary metabolism at the genetic, genome, and molecular levels. This includes plant domestication and adaptation, divergence and convergence of secondary metaboloic pathways. The biosynthesis, transport, storage, and transcriptional regulation mechanisms of all metabolites are of core interest in the plant as a whole. This review highlights relevant contexts of metabolic genomics, outstanding questions, and strategies for answering them, with aim to guide future research for genetic improvement of nutrition quality for healthier plant foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Putative Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Accumulation and Coloration in White and Pink Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Flower. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010190. [PMID: 31906542 PMCID: PMC6983220 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A variant of tea tree (Camellia sinensis (L.)) with purple buds and leaves and pink flowers can be used as a unique ornamental plant. However, the mechanism of flower coloration remains unclear. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of coloration, as well as anthocyanin accumulation in white and pink tea flowers, metabolite profiling and transcriptome sequencing was analyzed in various tea flower developmental stages. Results of metabolomics analysis revealed that three specific anthocyanin substances could be identified, i.e., cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, which only accumulated in pink tea flowers, and were not able to be detected in white flowers. RNA-seq and weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed eight highly expressed structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, and particularly, different expression patterns of flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes were observed. We deduced that the disequilibrium of expression levels in flavonol synthases and dihydroflavonol-4-reductases resulted in different levels of anthocyanin accumulation and coloration in white and pink tea flowers. Results of qRT-PCR performed for 9 key genes suggested that the expression profiles of differentially expressed genes were generally consistent with the results of high-throughput sequencing. These findings provide insight into anthocyanin accumulation and coloration mechanisms during tea flower development, which will contribute to the breeding of pink-flowered and anthocyanin-rich tea cultivars.
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