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Nguyen DD, Solah VA, Hunt W, Daubney S, Meek J, Gray N, Du X. Fatty acid profiling of Western Australian pasteurised milk using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2024; 180:114050. [PMID: 38395566 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of Western Australian commercial pasteurised milk was profiled using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 31 fatty acids (FA) were identified in the milk samples. The majority of FA were medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) with 6-13 carbon atoms and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) with 14-20 carbon atoms. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed significant differences in the levels of MCFA and LCFA in the different milk samples. The levels of MCFA and LCFA ranged from 10.09 % to 12.12% and 87.88% to 89.91% of total FA, respectively. C10:0 and C12:0 were the major components of MCFA comprising 3.46% and 4.22% of total FA, while C16:0 and C18:1 (cis 9-octadecenoic acid) represented the majority of LCFA with the levels of 26.18% and 23.34% of total FA, respectively. This study provides new insight into the FA composition of Western Australian pasteurised milk and differences in FA profiles which influence human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Doan Nguyen
- Food Science and Nutrition, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Food Science and Nutrition, School of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, College of Environmental & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Vicky Ann Solah
- Food Science and Nutrition, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Food Science and Nutrition, School of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, College of Environmental & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Wendy Hunt
- Food Science and Nutrition, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Food Science and Nutrition, School of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, College of Environmental & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Suzanne Daubney
- Bannister Downs Dairy, Northcliffe, Western Australia 6262, Australia
| | - Julie Meek
- Food Science and Nutrition, School of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, College of Environmental & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Nicola Gray
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Xin Du
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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2
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Neha, Chaudhary S, Tiwari P, Parvez S. Amelioration of Phytanic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity by Nutraceuticals: Mechanistic Insights. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03985-0. [PMID: 38374317 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Phytanic acid (PA) (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) is a methyl-branched fatty acid that enters the body through food consumption, primarily through red meat, dairy products, and fatty marine foods. The metabolic byproduct of phytol is PA, which is then oxidized by the ruminal microbiota and some marine species. The first methyl group at the 3-position prevents the β-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA). Instead, α-oxidation of PA results in the production of pristanic acid (2,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) with CO2. This fatty acid (FA) builds up in individuals with certain peroxisomal disorders and is historically linked to neurological impairment. It also causes oxidative stress in synaptosomes, as demonstrated by an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is a sign of oxidative stress. This review concludes that the nutraceuticals (melatonin, piperine, quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), coenzyme Q10, ω-3 FA) can reduce oxidative stress and enhanced the activity of mitochondria. Furthermore, the use of nutraceuticals completely reversed the neurotoxic effects of PA on NO level and membrane potential. Additionally, the review further emphasizes the urgent need for more research into dairy-derived BCFAs and their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110 062, India
| | - Shaista Chaudhary
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110 062, India
| | - Prachi Tiwari
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Nursing Sciences and Allied Health, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110 062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110 062, India.
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3
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Mao S, Liu Z, Tian Y, Li D, Gao X, Wen Y, Peng T, Shen W, Xiao D, Wan F, Liu L. Branched-Long-Chain Monomethyl Fatty Acids: Are They Hidden Gems? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18674-18684. [PMID: 37982580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Branched-long-chain monomethyl fatty acids (BLCFA) are consumed daily in significant amounts by humans in all stages of life. BLCFA are absorbed and metabolized in human intestinal epithelial cells and are not only oxidized for energy. Thus far, BLCFA have been revealed to possess versatile beneficial bioactivities, including cytotoxicity to cancer cells, anti-inflammation, lipid-lowering, reducing the risk of metabolic disorders, maintaining normal β cell function and insulin sensitivity, regulation of development, and mitigating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, compared to other well-studied dietary fatty acids like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), BLCFA has received disproportionate attention despite their potential importance. Here we outlined the major food sources, estimated intake, absorption, and metabolism in human cells, and bioactive properties of BLCFA with a focus on the bioactive mechanisms to advocate for an increased commitment to BLCFA investigations. Humans were estimated to absorb 6-5000 mg of dietary BLCFA daily from fetus to adult. Notably, iso-15:0 inhibited the growth of prostate cancer, liver cancer and T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas in rodent models at the effective doses of 35-105 mg/kg/day, 70 mg/kg/day, and 70 mg/kg/day, respectively. Feeding formula prepared with 20% w/w BLCFA mixture to neonatal rats with enterocolitis mitigated the intestine inflammation. Iso-15:0 at doses of 10, 40, and 80 mg/kg relieved brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. In the future, it is crucial to conduct research to establish the epidemiology of BLCFA intake and their impacts on health outcomes in humans as well as to fully uncover the underlying mechanisms for their bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ziling Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yanqiong Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tao Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- College of Animal Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dingfu Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Fachun Wan
- College of Animal Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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4
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Chen M, Wang F, Wu X, Si B, Pan J, Zheng N, Zhang Y, Wang J. Updating the fatty acid profiles of retail bovine milk in China based on an improved GC-MS method: implications for nutrition. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1204005. [PMID: 37305087 PMCID: PMC10248175 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1204005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of food components to potential benefits and risks to human health is gradually being consumer awareness. Milk is an important part of the lipid content of the human diet, and there are few detailed reports on the fatty acid (FA) profiles of retail milk. In the study, we developed a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to simultaneously determine 82 FAs, including 11 even-chain saturated FAs, 10 odd-chain saturated FAs, 9 branched-chain saturated FAs, 30 monounsaturated FAs, and 22 polyunsaturated FAs; this was applied to analyze samples (186 samples) of commercially available milk from 22 provinces throughout China and to evaluate the nutritional value of these samples based on FA-related indices. The results showed that the overall composition of milk FAs among the different regions was numerically similar, and minor FAs showed few differences. When considering the retail milk FA composition and dairy fat intake in China, regional variations have a limited impact on FA consumption. Moreover, milk accounts for approximately one-third and <10% of the maximum recommended intake of saturated FAs and trans-FAs in consumer diets, respectively. This study provides an updated report on the composition of FAs and the nutritional value of retail milk across China, which can serve as a reference for producers for future research on regulating milk FAs, for consumers to select milk, and for nutrition departments to formulate relevant nutritional guidance recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengen Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xufang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boxue Si
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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He Y, Lei JN, Zhu S, Liu YF, Xu YJ. Monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids-a pearl dropped in the ocean. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37140184 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2207655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging group of bioactive fatty acids, monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) have sparked the interest of many researchers both domestically and internationally. In addition to documenting the importance of mmBCFAs for growth and development, there is increasing evidence that mmBCFAs are highly correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. According to previous pharmacological investigations, mmBCFAs also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects and anticancer properties. This review summarized the distribution of mmBCFAs, which are widely found in dairy products, ruminants, fish, and fermented foods. Besides, we discuss the biosynthesis pathway in different species and detection methods of mmBCFAs. With the hope to unveil their mechanisms of action, we recapitulated detailed the nutrition and health benefits of mmBCFAs. Furthermore, this study provides a thorough, critical overview of the current state of the art, upcoming difficulties, and trends in mmBCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Nan Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Fa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Hou H, Tang Y, Zhao J, Debrah AA, Shen Z, Li C, Du Z. Authentication of organically produced cow milk by fatty acid profile combined with chemometrics: A case study in China. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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7
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Dietary fat quality impacts metabolic impairments of type 2 diabetes risk differently in male and female CD-1 ® mice. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1013-1028. [PMID: 34605388 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic impairments associated with type 2 diabetes, including insulin resistance and loss of glycaemic control, disproportionately impact the elderly. Lifestyle interventions, such as manipulation of dietary fat quality (i.e. fatty acid (FA) composition), have been shown to favourably modulate metabolic health. Yet, whether or not chronic consumption of beneficial FAs can protect against metabolic derangements and disease risk during ageing is not well defined. We sought to evaluate whether long-term dietary supplementation of fish-, dairy- or echium-derived FAs to the average FA profile in a U.S. American diet may offset metabolic impairments in males and females during ageing. One-month-old CD-1® mice were fed isoenergetic, high-fat (40 %) diets with the fat content composed of either 100 % control fat blend (CO) or 70 % CO with 30 % fish oil, dairy fat or echium oil for 13 months. Every 3 months, parameters of glucose homoeostasis were evaluated via glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Glucose tolerance improved in males consuming a diet supplemented with fish oil or echium oil as ageing progressed, but not in females. Yet, females were more metabolically protected than males regardless of age. Additionally, Spearman correlations were performed between indices of glucose homoeostasis and previously reported measurements of diet-derived FA content in tissues and colonic bacterial composition, which also revealed sex-specific associations. This study provides evidence that long-term dietary fat quality influences risk factors of metabolic diseases during ageing in a sex-dependent manner; thus, sex is a critical factor to be considered in future dietary strategies to mitigate type 2 diabetes risk.
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Su C, Qu X, Gao Y, Zhou X, Yang X, Zheng N. Effects of Heavy Metal Exposure from Leather Processing Plants on Serum Oxidative Stress and the Milk Fatty Acid Composition of Dairy Cows: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151900. [PMID: 35892550 PMCID: PMC9331539 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether unsaturated fatty acids in milk and the oxidative status of cows are affected by heavy metal exposure due to leather processing. The blood lead (Pb) concentrations in cows from two farms in the polluted area were 16.27 ± 8.63 μg/L, respectively, which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the blood Pb concentrations in cows from an unpolluted farm (6.25 ± 3.04 μg/L). There were significantly (p < 0.05) lower levels of glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione (GSH) in the serum of cows from the polluted area compared to the levels in cows from an unpolluted area. The linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) content in milk from the polluted area was 15% lower than in the control area. There was a significant correlation between linoleic acid in milk with the blood Pb and serum GSH levels. Heavy metals can alter fatty acid synthesis through oxidative stress, which may be the mechanism by which heavy metals affect fatty acid synthesis in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyou Su
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (X.Q.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.)
- College of Animal Science, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xueyin Qu
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (X.Q.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Tianjin Mengde Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300400, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (X.Q.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xuewei Zhou
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (X.Q.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xue Yang
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (X.Q.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Nan Zheng
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.S.); (X.Q.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62816069
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Marques E, Darby H, Kraft J. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Fortification of Flax Through Nutri-Priming. Front Nutr 2021; 8:715287. [PMID: 34490329 PMCID: PMC8417600 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.715287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FA) play an essential role in human physiology and health. As a result, a variety of n-3 FA-fortified functional foods have become commercially available for human consumption. These fortified functional foods are created through various processes; however, nutri-priming, a potentially promising fortification approach, has not been utilized to develop plant-based n-3 fortified foods. We sought to determine whether nutri-priming is a viable option to enrich seeds and sprouts with n-3 FA. Additionally, we assessed whether n-3 FA nutri-priming would inhibit germination of the primed seeds. To address these goals, we nutri-primed brown flax in three priming solutions, control [0% fish oil (FO)], 10% FO and a 20% FO solution, and determined the FA content and profile of seeds and sprouts and germination percentage of primed seeds. n-3 FA nutri-priming with FO altered the FA profile in seeds and sprouts, with increases in the absolute content of 20:5 n-3, 22:6 n-3, 22:5 n3, 18:4 n-3, and 20:4 n-6. However, n-3 FA nutri-priming did not increase the absolute content of 18:2 n-6, 18:3 n-3, total saturated FA, total monounsaturated FA, total polyunsaturated FA, total n-6 FA, or total n-3 FA. Our results also showed that n-3 nutri-priming decreased the germination percentage of primed seeds, with 10 and 20% FO priming solution reducing germination by 4.3 and 6.2%, respectively. Collectively, n-3 nutri-priming modified the n-3 FA profile in flax; however, the process does not increase the total n-3 FA content and inhibits germination of primed seeds. Further research utilizing different seed types, oil types, and oil concentrations needs to be conducted to fully determine if n-3 nutri-priming is a commercially viable approach for n-3 fortification of seeds and sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Marques
- The Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Heather Darby
- The Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jana Kraft
- The Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,The Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, United States
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Unger AL, Jetton TL, Kraft J. Tissue and Circulating Fatty Acids as Biomarkers to Evaluate Long-Term Fat Intake Are Tissue and Sex Dependent in CD-1 Mice. J Nutr 2021; 151:1779-1790. [PMID: 33982087 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no consensus on which tissues are optimal for assessing specific diet-derived fatty acids (FAs) as biomarkers for long-term dietary studies. OBJECTIVES This study measured the content of unique diet-derived FAs from dairy, echium, and fish in tissues (adipose, muscle, liver, erythrocyte membranes, and plasma phospholipids, cholesterol esters, triglycerides, and free fatty acids) after long-term feeding in CD-1 mice. METHODS Beginning at weaning, mice (n = 10-11/sex/diet) were fed 1 of 4 diets (40% kcal/total energy) that only differed in FA composition: control fat blend (CON), reflecting the FA profile of the average US American diet, or CON supplemented with 30% of fish oil (FO), dairy fat (DF), or echium oil (EO). After 13 mo, tissues were collected to determine FAs via gas-liquid chromatography. Tissue FAs were analyzed via 2-factor ANOVA, and relationships between FA intake and tissue content were assessed with Spearman correlations. RESULTS As anticipated, 20:5n-3 (ω-3) tissue content was ≤32-fold greater in FO- compared with CON-fed mice (P < 0.05). In addition, 20:5n-3 intake strongly correlated with its content in all tissues (ρ = 0.67-0.76; P < 0.05). Echium oil intake also influenced tissue FA content in mice as expected. For example, 18:3n-6 was ≤25-fold greater in adipose, muscle, and liver tissues of EO-fed compared with CON-fed mice (P < 0.05). Tissue content of FAs typically considered biomarkers of dairy fat intake (15:0, 16:1 t9, and 17:0) was often not greater in mice fed DF than other diet groups, although 18:2 c9, t11 content was ≤6-fold greater in tissues from DF-fed compared with CON-fed mice (P < 0.05). The content of dairy-derived FAs in blood fractions of females was up to 2-fold greater compared with males, whereas docosapentaenoic acid content was up to 1-fold greater in all blood fractions and in liver tissue of males compared with females (P < 0.05). In adipose, muscle, and liver tissue, the content of γ-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid was less than 1-fold greater in females than in males (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that the distribution of dietary FAs is tissue and sex dependent in aged CD-1 mice. Research using FA biomarkers should assess a combination of FA biomarkers to accurately validate patterns of FA intake and source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Unger
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Thomas L Jetton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, USA
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, USA
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11
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Taormina VM, Unger AL, Schiksnis MR, Torres-Gonzalez M, Kraft J. Branched-Chain Fatty Acids-An Underexplored Class of Dairy-Derived Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2875. [PMID: 32962219 PMCID: PMC7551613 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy fat and its fatty acids (FAs) have been shown to possess pro-health properties that can support health maintenance and disease prevention. In particular, branched-chain FAs (BCFAs), comprising approximately 2% of dairy fat, have recently been proposed as bioactive molecules contributing to the positive health effects associated with the consumption of full-fat dairy products. This narrative review evaluates human trials assessing the relationship between BCFAs and metabolic risk factors, while potential underlying biological mechanisms of BCFAs are explored through discussion of studies in animals and cell lines. In addition, this review details the biosynthetic pathway of BCFAs as well as the content and composition of BCFAs in common retail dairy products. Research performed with in vitro models demonstrates the potent, structure-specific properties of BCFAs to protect against inflammation, cancers, and metabolic disorders. Yet, human trials assessing the effect of BCFAs on disease risk are surprisingly scarce, and to our knowledge, no research has investigated the specific role of dietary BCFAs. Thus, our review highlights the critical need for scientific inquiry regarding dairy-derived BCFAs, and the influence of this overlooked FA class on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M. Taormina
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
| | - Allison L. Unger
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (A.L.U.); (M.R.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Morgan R. Schiksnis
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (A.L.U.); (M.R.S.); (J.K.)
| | | | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (A.L.U.); (M.R.S.); (J.K.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
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