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Wang LL, Tuohy S, Xu KL, Nace A, Yang R, Zheng Y, Burdick JA, Cotsarelis G. Local and Sustained Baricitinib Delivery to the Skin through Injectable Hydrogels Containing Reversible Thioimidate Adducts. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303256. [PMID: 38207170 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are approved for many dermatologic disorders, but their use is limited by systemic toxicities including serious cardiovascular events and malignancy. To overcome these limitations, injectable hydrogels are engineered for the local and sustained delivery of baricitinib, a representative JAK inhibitor. Hydrogels are formed via disulfide crosslinking of thiolated hyaluronic acid macromers. Dynamic thioimidate bonds are introduced between the thiolated hyaluronic acid and nitrile-containing baricitinib for drug tethering, which is confirmed with 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Release of baricitinib is tunable over six weeks in vitro and active in inhibiting JAK signaling in a cell line containing a luciferase reporter reflecting interferon signaling. For in vivo activity, baricitinib hydrogels or controls are injected intradermally into an imiquimod-induced mouse model of psoriasis. Imiquimod increases epidermal thickness in mice, which is unaffected when treated with baricitinib or hydrogel alone. Treatment with baricitinib hydrogels suppresses the increased epidermal thickness in mice treated with imiquimod, suggesting that the sustained and local release of baricitinib is important for a therapeutic outcome. This study is the first to utilize a thioimidate chemistry to deliver JAK inhibitors to the skin through injectable hydrogels, which has translational potential for treating inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo L Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1053 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Spencer Tuohy
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1053 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 220 South 33rd Street, 107 Towne Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6391, USA
| | - Karen L Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 220 South 33rd Street, 107 Towne Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6391, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Arben Nace
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1053 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ruifeng Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1053 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1053 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 220 South 33rd Street, 107 Towne Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6391, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - George Cotsarelis
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1053 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Pu LY, Li Z, Huang F, Li L, Ma Y, Ma M, Hu S, Wu Z. Efficient synthesis of novel colchicine-magnolol hybrids and evaluation of their inhibitory activity on key proteases of 2019-nCoV replication and acute lung injury. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1238-1247. [PMID: 36302171 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2138870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV), is a life-threatening infectious condition. Acute lung injury is a common complication in patients with COVID-19. 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) of 2019-nCoV and neutrophil elastase are critical targets of COVID-19 and acute lung injury, respectively. Colchicine and magnolol are reported to exert inhibitory effects on inflammatory response, the severe comorbidity in both COVID-19 and acute lung injury. We thus designed and synthesized a series of novel colchicine-magnolol hybrids based on a two-step synthetic sequence. It was found that these novel hybrids provided unexpected inhibition on 3CLpro and neutrophil elastase, a bioactivity that colchicine and magnolol did not possess. These findings not only provide perquisites for further in vitro and in vivo investigation to confirm the therapeutic potentiality of novel colchicine-magnolol hybrids, but also suggest that the concurrent inhibition of 3CLpro and neutrophil elastase may enable novel colchicine-magnolol hybrids as effective multi-target drug compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiyue Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feijuan Huang
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Limin Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yucui Ma
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Ma
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengquan Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, China
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Robb I, Murphy JA. Direct, Selective α-Aryloxyalkyl Radical Cyanation and Allylation of Aryl Alkyl Ethers. Org Lett 2024; 26:2218-2222. [PMID: 38452273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
We report the site-selective α-aryloxyalkyl C-H cyanation and allylation of aryl alkyl ethers using an acridinium photocatalyst with phosphate base under LED irradiation (456 nm). Oxidation of the aryl alkyl ether to its corresponding radical cation by the excited stated photocatalyst allowed facile deprotonation of the ArOC(sp3)-H bond to afford an α-aryloxyalkyl radical, which was trapped with sulfone substrates, resulting in expulsion of a sulfonyl radical and formation of allylated or cyanated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Robb
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland
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Yu YJ, Zheng T, Perret JL, Han Y, Li H, Meng W, Bui D, Wu QZ, Dong C, Fang QL, Li Z, Kuang H, Chen X, Xiang M, Qin X, Dharmage SC, Dong GH, Zhou Y. Comprehensive analysis of environmental exposure to hazardous trace elements and lung function: a national cross-sectional study. Thorax 2024:thorax-2022-219839. [PMID: 38388490 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2022-219839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest in the joint effects of hazardous trace elements (HTEs) on lung function deficits, but the data are limited. This is a critical research gap given increased global industrialisation. METHODS A national cross-sectional study including spirometry was performed among 2112 adults across 11 provinces in China between 2020 and 2021. A total of 27 HTEs were quantified from urine samples. Generalised linear models and quantile-based g-computation were used to explore the individual and joint effects of urinary HTEs on lung function, respectively. RESULTS Overall, there were negative associations between forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and urinary arsenic (As) (z-score coefficient, -0.150; 95% CI, -0.262 to -0.038 per 1 ln-unit increase), barium (Ba) (-0.148, 95% CI: -0.258 to -0.039), cadmium (Cd) (-0.132, 95% CI: -0.236 to -0.028), thallium (Tl) (-0.137, 95% CI: -0.257 to -0.018), strontium (Sr) (-0.147, 95% CI: -0.273 to -0.022) and lead (Pb) (-0.121, 95% CI: -0.219 to -0.023). Similar results were observed for forced vital capacity (FVC) with urinary As, Ba and Pb and FEV1/FVC with titanium (Ti), As, Sr, Cd, Tl and Pb. We found borderline associations between the ln-quartile of joint HTEs and decreased FEV1 (-20 mL, 95% CI: -48 to +8) and FVC (-14 mL, 95% CI: -49 to+2). Ba and Ti were assigned the largest negative weights for FEV1 and FVC within the model, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study investigating a wide range of HTEs in a highly polluted setting suggests that higher urinary HTE concentrations are associated with lower lung function, especially for emerging Ti and Ba, which need to be monitored or regulated to improve lung health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tong Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jennifer L Perret
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yajing Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjie Meng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dinh Bui
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qi-Zhen Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenyin Dong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiu-Ling Fang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenchi Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongxuan Kuang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodi Qin
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Tian L, Cao M, Cheng H, Wang Y, He C, Shi X, Li T, Li Z. Plasmon-Stimulated Colorimetry Biosensor Array for the Identification of Multiple Metabolites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6849-6858. [PMID: 38293917 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Rationally designing highly catalytic and stable nanozymes for metabolite monitoring is of great importance because of their huge potential in early disease diagnosis. Herein, a novel nanozyme based on hierarchically structured CuS/ZnS with a highly efficient peroxidase (POD)-mimic capability was developed and synthesized for multiple metabolite determination and recognition via the plasmon-stimulated biosensor array strategy. The designed nanozyme can simultaneously harvest plasmon triggered hot electron-hole pairs and generate photothermal properties, leading to a sharply boosted POD-mimic capability under 808 nm laser irradiation. Interestingly, because of the interaction diversity of the metabolite with POD-like nanomaterials, the unique inhibitory effect of metabolites on the POD-mimic activity could be the signal response as the differentiation. Thus, utilizing TMB as a typical chromogenic substrate in the addition of H2O2, the designed colorimetric biosensor array can produce diverse fingerprints for the three vital metabolisms (cysteine (Cys), ascorbic acid (AA), and glutathione (GSH)), which can be precisely identified by principal component analysis (PCA). Notably, a distinct fingerprint of a single metabolite with different levels and metabolite mixtures is also achieved with a detection limit of 1 μM. Most importantly, cell lysis could be effectively discriminated by the biosensor assay, implying its great potential in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tian
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
- School of Food (Biology) Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Ming Cao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Haorong Cheng
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Changchun He
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Xinxin Shi
- School of Food (Biology) Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Tongxiang Li
- School of Food (Biology) Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Zhao Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
- School of Food (Biology) Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
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Aghdassi AA, Pham C, Zierke L, Mariaule V, Korkmaz B, Rhimi M. Cathepsin C role in inflammatory gastroenterological, renal, rheumatic, and pulmonary disorders. Biochimie 2024; 216:175-180. [PMID: 37758158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (CatC, syn. Dipeptidyl peptidase I) is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase expressed in several tissues including inflammatory cells. This enzyme is important for maintaining multiple cellular functions and for processing immune cell-derived proteases. While mutations in the CatC gene were reported in Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder featuring hyperkeratosis and periodontitis, evidence from clinical and preclinical studies points toward pro-inflammatory effects of CatC in various disease processes that are mainly mediated by the activation of neutrophil serine proteinases. Moreover, tumor-promoting effects were ascribed to CatC. The aim of this review is to highlight current knowledge of the CatC as a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Aghdassi
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christine Pham
- Division of Rheumatology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lukas Zierke
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vincent Mariaule
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Chalmers JD, Kettritz R, Korkmaz B. Dipeptidyl peptidase 1 inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach in neutrophil-mediated inflammatory disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239151. [PMID: 38162644 PMCID: PMC10755895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have a critical role in the innate immune response to infection and the control of inflammation. A key component of this process is the release of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs), primarily neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G, and NSP4, which have essential functions in immune modulation and tissue repair following injury. Normally, NSP activity is controlled and modulated by endogenous antiproteases. However, disruption of this homeostatic relationship can cause diseases in which neutrophilic inflammation is central to the pathology, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis, as well as many non-pulmonary pathologies. Although the pathobiology of these diseases varies, evidence indicates that excessive NSP activity is common and a principal mediator of tissue damage and clinical decline. NSPs are synthesized as inactive zymogens and activated primarily by the ubiquitous enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 1, also known as cathepsin C. Preclinical data confirm that inactivation of this protease reduces activation of NSPs. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 potentially reduces the contribution of aberrant NSP activity to the severity and/or progression of multiple inflammatory diseases. Initial clinical data support this view. Ongoing research continues to explore the role of NSP activation by dipeptidyl peptidase 1 in different disease states and the potential clinical benefits of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Chalmers
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph Kettritz
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, University of Tours, Tours, France
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Liu B, Korkmaz B, Kraft P, Mayer T, Sayour AA, Grundl MA, Domain R, Karck M, Szabó G, Korkmaz-Icöz S. Pharmacological inhibition of the cysteine protease cathepsin C improves graft function after heart transplantation in rats. J Transl Med 2023; 21:799. [PMID: 37946197 PMCID: PMC10636924 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart transplantation (HTX) is the standard treatment for end-stage heart failure. However, reperfusion following an ischemic period can contribute to myocardial injury. Neutrophil infiltration, along with the subsequent release of tissue-degrading neutrophil elastase (NE)-related serine proteases and oxygen-derived radicals, is associated with adverse graft outcomes. The inhibition of cathepsin C (CatC) has been shown to block NE-related protease activation. We hypothesized that the CatC inhibitor BI-9740 improves graft function after HTX. METHODS In a rat model of HTX, the recipient Lewis rats were orally administered with either a placebo (n = 12) or BI-9740 (n = 11, 20 mg/kg) once daily for 12 days. Donor hearts from untreated Lewis rats were explanted, preserved in a cardioplegic solution, and subsequently heterotopically implanted. In vivo left-ventricular (LV) graft function was assessed after 1 h of reperfusion. The proteolytic activity of neutrophil serine proteases was determined in bone marrow lysates from BI-9740-treated and control rats. Additionally, myocardial morphological changes were examined, and heart samples underwent immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. RESULTS The NE-related proteolytic activity in bone marrow cell lysates was markedly decreased in the BI-9740-treated rats compared to those of the placebo group. Histopathological lesions, elevated CatC and myeloperoxidase-positive cell infiltration, and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity with an increased number of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1-positive cells were lowered in the hearts of animals treated with BI-9740 compared to placebo groups. Regarding the functional parameters of the implanted graft, improvements were observed in both systolic function (LV systolic pressure 110 ± 6 vs 74 ± 6 mmHg; dP/dtmax 2782 ± 149 vs 2076 ± 167 mmHg/s, LV developed pressure, at an intraventricular volume of 200 µl, p < 0.05) and diastolic function in the hearts of BI-9740 treated animals compared with those receiving the only placebo. Furthermore, the administration of BI-9740 resulted in a shorter graft re-beating time compared to the placebo group. However, this study did not provide evidence of DNA fragmentation, the generation of both superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, correlating with the absence of protein alterations related to apoptosis, as evidenced by western blot in grafts after HTX. CONCLUSIONS We provided experimental evidence that pharmacological inhibition of CatC improves graft function following HTX in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoer Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Halle (Saale), 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Patricia Kraft
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Mayer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alex A Sayour
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Marc A Grundl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, 88397, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - Roxane Domain
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Matthias Karck
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Halle (Saale), 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sevil Korkmaz-Icöz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Halle (Saale), 06120, Halle, Germany.
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Katarzyna Lesiów M, Witwicki M, Tan NK, Graziotto ME, New EJ. Unravelling the Mystery of COVID-19 Pathogenesis: Spike Protein and Cu Can Synergize to Trigger ROS Production. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301530. [PMID: 37414735 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on global health, highlighting the need to understand how the SARS-CoV-2 virus damages the lungs in order to develop effective treatments. Recent research has shown that patients with COVID-19 experience severe oxidative damage to various biomolecules. We propose that the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SARS-CoV-2 infection involves an interaction between copper ions and the virus's spike protein. We tested two peptide fragments, Ac-ELDKYFKNH-NH2 (L1) and Ac-WSHPQFEK-NH2 (L2), derived from the spike protein of the Wuhan strain and the β variant, respectively, and found that they bind Cu(II) ions and form a three-nitrogen complexes at lung pH. Our research demonstrates that these complexes trigger the overproduction of ROS, which can break both DNA strands and transform DNA into its linear form. Using A549 cells, we demonstrated that ROS overproduction occurs in the mitochondria, not in the cytoplasm. Our findings highlight the importance of the interaction between copper ions and the virus's spike protein in the development of lung damage and may aid in the development of therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Witwicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Nian Kee Tan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for, Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth Joy New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for, Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Abideen SA, Khan M, Al-Harbi AI, Ahmad S. Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin C (CatC) as a potential approach for cancer therapeutics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8682-8689. [PMID: 36264138 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2135603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies have established that proteolytic enzyme inhibition holds significant promise in cancer prevention and treatment. Cathepsin C (CatC) is conserved lysosomal cysteine dipeptidyl aminopeptidase, which is the key for pro-inflammatory neutrophil serine protease activation and biological functioning. This makes CatC as a promising therapeutic drug target for the management of different cancer types. Considering this, using a wide range of computer aided drug-designing applications, several inhibitors are shortlisted against CatC active pocket, which interact with the enzyme with high affinity and form strong intermolecular interaction network. Compared to control, three molecules ASN_06916232, ASN_06917112 and ASN_06916892 are filtered as best binders of the CatC active pocket with binding energy value of -10.9 kcal/mol, -10.9 kcal/mol and -10.7 kcal/mol, respectively. These compounds interact with several important active side residues of CatC such as Ser233, Cys234, Gly277, Asn380 and His38. Furthermore, the complexes of these compounds with CatC reveal very stable dynamics with average RMSD value less than 3 Å. The binding energy analysis further indicates the compounds to have very stable van der Waals and electrostatic energies. In conclusion, these molecules are promising and require experimental validation to prove them as anti-CatC molecules.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ainul Abideen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Murad Khan
- Shanghai Center for System Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alhanouf I Al-Harbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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11
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Holland DC, Schroder WA, Calcott MJ, Kaemmerer E, Avery VM, Ekins MG, Carroll AR. Cyclotheonellazoles D-I, Potent Elastase Inhibitory Thiazole-Containing Cyclic Peptides from Theonella sp. (2131). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:2216-2227. [PMID: 37609780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Six new thiazole-containing cyclic peptides, the cyclotheonellazoles D-I (1-6), were isolated from the Australian marine sponge Theonella sp. (2131) with their structures assigned by comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and MS spectrometric analyses, Marfey's derivatization studies, and comparison with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculated ECD data. The Type 2 azole-homologated peptides herein comprise up to five nonproteinogenic amino acids, including the protease transition state mimic α-keto-β-amino acid residue 3-amino-4-methyl-2-oxohexanoic acid (Amoha), while 1-3 also contain a terminal hydantoin residue not previously found in cyclotheonellazoles. The keramamides A (7) and L (8) were reisolated affording expanded exploration of their biological activities. The peptides were examined for protease inhibitory activities against two mammalian serine proteases (elastase and chymotrypsin) and SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), a validated antiviral therapeutic target for COVID-19. Peptides 1-6 and keramamide A (7) displayed potent nanomolar inhibition of elastase (IC50 16.0 to 61.8 nM), while 7 also contained modest inhibition of chymotrypsin and SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro (IC50 0.73 and 1.1 μM, respectively). The cyclotheonellazoles D-E (1-3) do not affect the viability of human breast, ovarian, and colon cancer cells (>100 μM), with the cytotoxicity previously reported for keramamide L (8) not replicated (inactive >20 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C Holland
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University,Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Wayne A Schroder
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Mark J Calcott
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6102, New Zealand
| | - Elke Kaemmerer
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University,Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Merrick G Ekins
- Queensland Museum, South Brisbane BC, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University,Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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12
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Jiang H, Dong Z, Xia X, Li X. Cathepsins in oral diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203071. [PMID: 37334378 PMCID: PMC10272612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are a type of lysosomal globulin hydrolase and are crucial for many physiological processes, including the resorption of bone matrix, innate immunity, apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis, autophagy, and angiogenesis. Findings regarding their functions in human physiological processes and disorders have drawn extensive attention. In this review, we will focus on the relationship between cathepsins and oral diseases. We highlight the structural and functional properties of cathepsins related to oral diseases, as well as the regulatory mechanisms in tissue and cells and their therapeutic uses. Elucidating the associated mechanism between cathepsins and oral diseases is thought to be a promising strategy for the treatment of oral diseases and may be a starting point for further studies at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zuoxiang Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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13
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Carla Guarino, Seren S, Lemoine R, Hummel A, Margotin JE, El-Benna J, Hoarau C, Specks U, Jenne D, Korkmaz B. Constitutive and induced forms of membrane-bound proteinase 3 interact with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and promote immune activation of neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103072. [PMID: 36849007 PMCID: PMC10124916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3) is the main target antigen of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in PR3-ANCA-associated vasculitis. A small fraction of PR3 is constitutively exposed on the surface of quiescent blood neutrophils in a proteolytically inactive form. When activated, neutrophils expose an induced form of membrane-bound PR3 (PR3mb) on their surface as well, which is enzymatically less active than unbound PR3 in solution due to its altered conformation. In this work, our objective was to understand the respective role of constitutive and induced PR3mb in the immune activation of neutrophils triggered by murine anti-PR3 mAbs and human PR3-ANCA. We quantified immune activation of neutrophils by the measurement of the production of superoxide anions and secreted protease activity in the cell supernatant before and after treatment of the cells by alpha-1 protease inhibitor (α1PI) that clears induced PR3mb from the cell surface. Incubation of TNFα-primed neutrophils with anti-PR3 antibodies resulted in a significant increase in superoxide anion production, membrane activation marker exposition, and secreted protease activity. When primed neutrophils were first treated with α1PI, we observed a partial reduction in antibody-induced neutrophil activation, suggesting that constitutive PR3mb is sufficient to activate neutrophils. The pre-treatment of primed neutrophils with purified antigen-binding fragments used as competitor significantly reduced cell activation by whole antibodies. This led us to the conclusion that PR3mb promoted immune activation of neutrophils. We propose that blocking and/or elimination of PR3mb offers a new therapeutic strategy to attenuate neutrophil activation in patients with PR3-ANCA-associated vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Guarino
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Seda Seren
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Roxane Lemoine
- EA4245 "Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation", University of Tours, France and Clinical immunology and allergology Service, Tours University Hospital, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - AmberM Hummel
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jean-Edouard Margotin
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Hoarau
- EA4245 "Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation", University of Tours, France and Clinical immunology and allergology Service, Tours University Hospital, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Ulrich Specks
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - DieterE Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, F-37032, Tours, France.
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14
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Nesterova IV, Atazhakhova MG, Teterin YV, Matushkina VA, Chudilova GA, Mitropanova MN. THE ROLE OF NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS (NETS)
IN THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF SEVERE COVID-19: POTENTIAL IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES REGULATING NET FORMATION AND ACTIVITY. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2023. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-tro-2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of neutrophil granulocytes (NG) in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is associated with the recruitment of NG into inflammatory foci, activation of their functions and enhanced formation of neutrophil extracellular networks (NETs). In this review, we analyzed a fairly large volume of scientific literature devoted to the peculiarities of the formation of NETs, their role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, participation in the occurrence of immunothrombosis, vasculitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm syndrome, multi-organ lesions. Convincing data are presented that clearly indicate the significant involvement of NETs in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 and the associated severe complications resulting from the intensification of the inflammation process, which is key for the course of infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The presented role of NG and NETs, along with the role of other immune system cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines, is extremely important in understanding the development of an overactive immune response in severe COVID-19. The obtained scientific results, available today, allow identifying the possibilities of regulatory effects on hyperactivated NG, on the formation of NETs at various stages and on limiting the negative impact of already formed NETs on various tissues and organs. All of the above should help in the creation of new, specialized immunotherapy strategies designed to increase the chances of survival, reduce the severity of clinical manifestations in patients with COVID-19, as well as significantly reduce mortality rates. Currently, it is possible to use existing drugs and a number of new drugs are being developed, the action of which can regulate the amount of NG, positively affect the functions of NG and limit the intensity of NETs formation. Continuing research on the role of hyperactive NG and netosis, as well as understanding the mechanisms of regulation of the phenomenon of formation and restriction of NETs activity in severe COVID-19, apparently, are a priority, since in the future the new data obtained could become the basis for the development of targeted approaches not only to immunotherapy aimed at limiting education and blocking negative effects already formed NETs in severe COVID-19, but also to immunotherapy, which could be used in the complex treatment of other netopathies, first of all, autoimmune diseases, auto-inflammatory syndromes, severe purulent-inflammatory processes, including bacterial sepsis and hematogenous osteomyelitis.
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15
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Senjor E, Kos J, Nanut MP. Cysteine Cathepsins as Therapeutic Targets in Immune Regulation and Immune Disorders. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020476. [PMID: 36831012 PMCID: PMC9953096 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins, as the most abundant proteases found in the lysosomes, play a vital role in several processes-such as protein degradation, changes in cell signaling, cell morphology, migration and proliferation, and energy metabolism. In addition to their lysosomal function, they are also secreted and may remain functional in the extracellular space. Upregulation of cathepsin expression is associated with several pathological conditions including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune-system dysregulation. In this review, we present an overview of cysteine-cathepsin involvement and possible targeting options for mitigation of aberrant function in immune disorders such as inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and immune response in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Senjor
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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16
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Cesta MC, Zippoli M, Marsiglia C, Gavioli EM, Cremonesi G, Khan A, Mantelli F, Allegretti M, Balk R. Neutrophil activation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in COVID-19 ARDS and immunothrombosis. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250010. [PMID: 36239164 PMCID: PMC9874644 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute inflammatory condition with a dramatic increase in incidence since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Neutrophils play a vital role in the immunopathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by triggering the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), producing cytokines including interleukin-8 (CXCL8), and mediating the recruitment of other immune cells to regulate processes such as acute and chronic inflammation, which can lead to ARDS. CXCL8 is involved in the recruitment, activation, and degranulation of neutrophils, and therefore contributes to inflammation amplification and severity of disease. Furthermore, activation of neutrophils also supports a prothrombotic phenotype, which may explain the development of immunothrombosis observed in COVID-19 ARDS. This review aims to describe hyperinflammatory ARDS due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, we address the critical role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, inflammatory cytokines, and the potential targeting of CXCL8 in treating the hyperinflammatory ARDS population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Akram Khan
- Division of Pulmonary, and Critical Care MedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | | | | | - Robert Balk
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of MedicineRush Medical College and Rush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
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17
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Rajoria S, Nair D, Suvarna K, Pai MGJ, Salkar A, Palanivel V, Verma A, Barpanda A, Awasthi G, Doshi H, Dhara V, Burli A, Agrawal S, Shrivastav O, Shastri J, Srivastava S. Proteomic Investigation of COVID-19 Severity During the Tsunamic Second Wave in Mumbai. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1412:175-195. [PMID: 37378767 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-28012-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Maharashtra was severely affected during the noxious second wave of COVID-19, with the highest number of cases recorded across India. The emergence of new symptoms and dysregulation of multiple organs resulted in high disease severity during the second wave which led to increased difficulties in understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the disease pathology. Exploring the underlying factors can help to relieve the burden on the medical communities to some extent by prioritizing the patients and, at the same time, opening avenues for improved treatments. In the current study, we have performed a mass-spectrometry-based proteomic analysis to investigate the disease pathology using nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from the COVID-19 patients in the Mumbai region of Maharashtra over the period of March-June 2021, the peak of the second wave. A total of 59 patients, including 32 non-severe and 27 severe cases, were considered for this proteomic study. We identified 23 differentially regulated proteins in severe patients as a host response to infection. In addition to the previously identified innate mechanisms of neutrophil and platelet degranulation, this study revealed significant alterations of anti-microbial peptide pathways in severe conditions, illustrating its role in the severity of the infectious strain of COVID-19 during the second wave. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, and profilin-1 were identified as potential therapeutic targets of the FDA-approved drugs dabrafenib, ZINC4097343, and ritonavir. This study has enlightened the role of the anti-microbial peptide pathway associated with the second wave in India and proposed its importance in potential therapeutics for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Rajoria
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Divya Nair
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Kruthi Suvarna
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Medha Gayathri J Pai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Akanksha Salkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Viswanthram Palanivel
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Ayushi Verma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhilash Barpanda
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Gaurav Awasthi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Hastyn Doshi
- Department of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Vivek Dhara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Ananya Burli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sachee Agrawal
- Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Chinchpokli, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Om Shrivastav
- Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Chinchpokli, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Chinchpokli, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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18
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Structure determinants defining the specificity of papain-like cysteine proteases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6552-6569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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19
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Ventura-Santana E, Ninan JR, Snyder CM, Okeke EB. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, Sepsis and COVID-19 - A Tripod Stand. Front Immunol 2022; 13:902206. [PMID: 35757734 PMCID: PMC9226304 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Majority of COVID-19 patients have mild disease but about 20% of COVID-19 patients progress to severe disease. These patients end up in the intensive care unit (ICU) with clinical manifestations of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has also been associated with severe COVID-19. Understanding of the immunopathology of COVID-19 is critical for the development of effective therapeutics. In this article, we discuss evidence indicating that severe COVID-19 has clinical presentations consistent with the definitions of viral sepsis. We highlight the role of neutrophils and NETs formation in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. Finally, we highlight the potential of therapies inhibiting NETs formation for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeiry Ventura-Santana
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY, United States
| | - Joshua R Ninan
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY, United States
| | - Caitlin M Snyder
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY, United States
| | - Emeka B Okeke
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY, United States
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20
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Chen X, Yan Y, Du J, Shen X, He C, Pan H, Zhu J, Liu X. Non-peptidyl non-covalent cathepsin C inhibitoEEr bearing a unique thiophene-substituted pyridine: Design, structure-activity relationship and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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21
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Jewgiński MP, Makowski M, Pawełczak M, Goldeman W, Trojanowska-Laskowska A, Kafarski P, Latajka R. Synthesis of Hybrid Tripeptide Peptidomimetics Containing Dehydroamino Acid and Aminophosphonic Acid in the Chain and Evaluation of Their Activity toward Cathepsin C. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202101019. [PMID: 35343636 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a new group of hybrid phosphonodehydropeptides composed of glycyl-(Z)-dehydrophenylalanine and structurally variable aminophosphonates alongside with investigations of their activity towards cathepsin C are presented. Obtained results suggest that the introduction of (Z)-dehydrophenylalanine residue into the short phosphonopeptide chain does induce the ordered conformation. Investigated peptides appeared to act as weak or moderate inhibitors of cathepsin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Paweł Jewgiński
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Makowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | | | - Waldemar Goldeman
- Department of Organic and Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Kafarski
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Rafał Latajka
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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22
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Kain R, Nackenhorst MC. A View on Cathepsin C as a Target for Therapy in AAV. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:875-878. [PMID: 35396261 PMCID: PMC9063890 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Fassan M, Collesei A, Angerilli V, Sbaraglia M, Fortarezza F, Pezzuto F, De Gaspari M, Businello G, Moni M, Rizzo S, Traverso G, Colosso V, Taschin E, Lunardi F, Valls AF, Schiavi F, Basso C, Calabrese F, Dei Tos AP. Multi-Design Differential Expression Profiling of COVID-19 Lung Autopsy Specimens Reveals Significantly Deregulated Inflammatory Pathways and SFTPC Impaired Transcription. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061011. [PMID: 35326463 PMCID: PMC8947344 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptomic profiling of lung damage associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to the development of effective therapies to prevent COVID-19-related deaths. We selected a series of 21 autoptic lung samples, 14 of which had positive nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 and a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19-related death; their pulmonary viral load was quantified with a specific probe for SARS-CoV-2. The remaining seven cases had no documented respiratory disease and were used as controls. RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples was extracted to perform gene expression profiling by means of targeted (Nanostring) and comprehensive RNA-Seq. Two differential expression designs were carried out leading to relevant results in terms of deregulation. SARS-CoV-2 positive specimens presented a significant overexpression in genes of the type I interferon signaling pathway (IFIT1, OAS1, ISG15 and RSAD2), complement activation (C2 and CFB), macrophage polarization (PKM, SIGLEC1, CD163 and MS4A4A) and Cathepsin C (CTSC). CD163, Siglec-1 and Cathepsin C overexpression was validated by immunohistochemistry. SFTPC, the encoding gene for pulmonary-associated surfactant protein C, emerged as a key identifier of COVID-19 patients with high viral load. This study successfully recognized SARS-CoV-2 specific immune signatures in lung samples and highlighted new potential therapeutic targets. A better understanding of the immunopathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced lung damage is required to develop effective individualized pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (F.P.); (F.C.)
- Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0498217931
| | - Antonio Collesei
- Familial Cancer Clinics, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, 35127 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (V.C.); (E.T.); (F.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Angerilli
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
| | - Marta Sbaraglia
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (F.P.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Fortarezza
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (F.P.); (F.C.)
| | - Federica Pezzuto
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (F.P.); (F.C.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Monica De Gaspari
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Gianluca Businello
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
| | - Margherita Moni
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
| | - Stefania Rizzo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.R.); (C.B.)
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Traverso
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
| | - Veronica Colosso
- Familial Cancer Clinics, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, 35127 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (V.C.); (E.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Elisa Taschin
- Familial Cancer Clinics, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, 35127 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (V.C.); (E.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesca Lunardi
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Aida Freire Valls
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., 530 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Francesca Schiavi
- Familial Cancer Clinics, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, 35127 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (V.C.); (E.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.R.); (C.B.)
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (F.P.); (F.C.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (F.P.); (F.C.)
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24
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Zhao X, Zhou L, Kou Y, Kou J. Activated neutrophils in the initiation and progression of COVID-19: hyperinflammation and immunothrombosis in COVID-19. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:1454-1468. [PMID: 35422922 PMCID: PMC8991139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). COVID-19 is typically associated with fever and influenza-like symptoms in its early stages. Severe cases progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury (ARDS/ALI), multiple organ damage, and even death. Until now, there has been a lack of specific and definitive treatment for COVID-19, which further challenges the situation. Previous clinical and laboratory data showed that neutrophils were significantly decreased in patients who died from COVID-19 in the early stages of disease; when patients were admitted to the hospital the number of neutrophils increased dramatically from 7 to 14 days after admission, which is correlated to myocardial and liver injury, thromboembolic complications, and poor prognosis. Autopsy findings revealed abundant neutrophil infiltration in the pulmonary capillaries and exudation into the alveolar cavity. Therefore, we speculate that neutrophils may play an important role in the initiation and progression of COVID-19. In this review, the relationship among the dynamic changes in neutrophils, cytokine storms, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) with the progression of COVID-19 was elucidated in detail. With a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms this can lead to improved clinical applications which are identified and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Hospital, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lijin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Hospital, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Kou
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Hospital, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Junjie Kou
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Hospital, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
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25
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Boraldi F, Lofaro FD, Cossarizza A, Quaglino D. The "Elastic Perspective" of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031559. [PMID: 35163482 PMCID: PMC8835950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastin represents the structural component of the extracellular matrix providing elastic recoil to tissues such as skin, blood vessels and lungs. Elastogenic cells secrete soluble tropoelastin monomers into the extracellular space where these monomers associate with other matrix proteins (e.g., microfibrils and glycoproteins) and are crosslinked by lysyl oxidase to form insoluble fibres. Once elastic fibres are formed, they are very stable, highly resistant to degradation and have an almost negligible turnover. However, there are circumstances, mainly related to inflammatory conditions, where increased proteolytic degradation of elastic fibres may lead to consequences of major clinical relevance. In severely affected COVID-19 patients, for instance, the massive recruitment and activation of neutrophils is responsible for the profuse release of elastases and other proteolytic enzymes which cause the irreversible degradation of elastic fibres. Within the lungs, destruction of the elastic network may lead to the permanent impairment of pulmonary function, thus suggesting that elastases can be a promising target to preserve the elastic component in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, intrinsic and extrinsic factors additionally contributing to damaging the elastic component and to increasing the spread and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (F.D.L.)
| | - Francesco Demetrio Lofaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (F.D.L.)
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.B.); (F.D.L.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Lu F, Gong H, Lei H, Li J. Downregulation of cathepsin C alleviates endothelial cell dysfunction by suppressing p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway in preeclampsia. Bioengineered 2022; 13:3019-3028. [PMID: 35037834 PMCID: PMC8974117 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2023994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell dysfunction is an essential pathophysiological feature of preeclampsia (PE). It has been reported that cathepsin C is upregulated in the maternal vascular endothelium of PE patients. The excessive activation of p38 MAPK leads to various diseases, including PE. NF-κB pathway can promote uteroplacental dysfunction, endothelial stress and development of PE. Moreover, it has been verified that cathepsin C can activate p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway. In the present work, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury model of HUVECs was established to discuss the biological functions of cathepsin C in endothelial cell dysfunction and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. The correlation between cathepsin C and p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway in H/R-stimulated HUVECs as well as the effects of cathepsin C and p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway on viability, apoptosis, invasion, in vitro angiogenesis of HUVECs and oxidative stress were assessed. The results revealed that H/R injury elevated cathepsin C expression and activated p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway in HUVECs and cathepsin C knockdown inhibited the activity of p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway in H/R-stimulated HUVECs. Downregulation of cathepsin C improved viability, inhibited apoptosis and enhanced invasion of H/R-stimulated HUVECs. In addition, downregulation of cathepsin C alleviated oxidative stress and induced stronger HUVEC angiogenesis in vitro. Furthermore, the protective effects of cathepsin C knockdown against endothelial cell dysfunction were reversed by p38 MAPK activator anisomycin. In other words, downregulation of cathepsin C could improve HUVEC viability and enhance anti-apoptotic capacity, anti-oxidative capability, invasive ability, as well as angiogenic potential of H/R-stimulated HUVECs by repressing p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Han Gong
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Houkang Lei
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Obstetrics, The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, Province, China
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27
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Emrani J, Ahmed M, Jeffers-Francis L, Teleha JC, Mowa N, Newman RH, Thomas MD. SARS-COV-2, infection, transmission, transcription, translation, proteins, and treatment: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1249-1273. [PMID: 34756970 PMCID: PMC8552795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the key molecular entities involved in the process of infection by SARS-CoV-2, while also detailing how those key entities influence the spread of the disease. We further introduce the molecular mechanisms of preventive and treatment strategies including drugs, antibodies, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Emrani
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States of America.
| | - Maryam Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, United States of America
| | - Liesl Jeffers-Francis
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States of America
| | - John C Teleha
- Department of Reference and Instruction, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States of America
| | - Nathan Mowa
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, United States of America
| | - Robert H Newman
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States of America
| | - Misty D Thomas
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States of America
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28
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Shen XB, Chen X, Zhang ZY, Wu FF, Liu XH. Cathepsin C inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drug discovery: Challenges and opportunities. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113818. [PMID: 34492551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C, an important lysosomal cysteine protease, mediates the maturation process of neutrophil serine proteases, and participates in the inflammation and immune regulation process associated with polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Therefore, cathepsin C is considered to be an attractive target for treating inflammatory diseases. With INS1007 (trade name: brensocatib) being granted a breakthrough drug designation by FDA for the treatment of Adult Non-cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis and Coronavirus Disease 2019, the development of cathepsin C inhibitor will attract attentions from medicinal chemists in the future soon. Here, we summarized the research results of cathepsin C as a therapeutic target, focusing on the development of cathepsin C inhibitor, and provided guidance and reference opinions for the upcoming development boom of cathepsin C inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Bao Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhao Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fu Fang Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China.
| | - Xin Hua Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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29
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Woodall M, Reidel B, Kesimer M, Tarran R, Baines DL. Culture with apically applied healthy or disease sputum alters the airway surface liquid proteome and ion transport across human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C954-C963. [PMID: 34613844 PMCID: PMC8714986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00234.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Airway secretions contain many signaling molecules and peptides/proteins that are
not found in airway surface liquid (ASL) generated by normal human bronchial
epithelial cells (NHBEs) in vitro. These play a key role in innate defense and
mediate communication between the epithelium, the immune cells, and the external
environment. We investigated how culture of NHBE with apically applied
secretions from healthy or diseased (cystic fibrosis, CF) lungs affected
epithelial function with a view to providing better in vitro models of the in
vivo environment. NHBEs from 6 to 8 different donors were cultured at air-liquid
interface (ALI), with apically applied sputum from normal healthy donors (normal
lung sputum; NLS) or CF donors (CFS) for 2–4 h, 48 h, or with sputum
reapplied over 48 h. Proteomics analysis was carried out on the sputa and on the
NHBE ASL before and after culture with sputa. Transepithelial electrical
resistance (TEER), short circuit current (Isc), and changes to ASL
height were measured. There were 71 proteins common to both sputa but not ASL.
The protease:protease inhibitor balance was increased in CFS compared with NLS
and ASL. Culture of NHBE with sputa for 48 h identified additional factors not
present in NLS, CFS, or ASL alone. Culture with either NLS or CFS for 48 h
increased cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) activity,
calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) activity, and changed ASL height.
These data indicate that culture with healthy or disease sputum changes the
proteomic profile of ASL and ion transport properties of NHBE and this may
increase physiological relevance when using in vitro airway models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian Woodall
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Reidel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mehmet Kesimer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Deborah L Baines
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Burster T, Mustafa Z, Myrzakhmetova D, Zhanapiya A, Zimecki M. Hindrance of the Proteolytic Activity of Neutrophil-Derived Serine Proteases by Serine Protease Inhibitors as a Management of Cardiovascular Diseases and Chronic Inflammation. Front Chem 2021; 9:784003. [PMID: 34869231 PMCID: PMC8634265 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.784003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During inflammation neutrophils become activated and segregate neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) to the surrounding environment in order to support a natural immune defense. However, an excess of proteolytic activity of NSPs can cause many complications, such as cardiovascular diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders, which will be elucidated on a biochemical and immunological level. The application of selective serine protease inhibitors is the logical consequence in the management of the indicated comorbidities and will be summarized in this briefing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhadyra Mustafa
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara Myrzakhmetova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Anuar Zhanapiya
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Michal Zimecki
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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31
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Patients with COVID-19: in the dark-NETs of neutrophils. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3125-3139. [PMID: 34031543 PMCID: PMC8142290 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection poses a major threat to the lungs and multiple other organs, occasionally causing death. Until effective vaccines are developed to curb the pandemic, it is paramount to define the mechanisms and develop protective therapies to prevent organ dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. Individuals that develop severe manifestations have signs of dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses. Emerging evidence implicates neutrophils and the disbalance between neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and degradation plays a central role in the pathophysiology of inflammation, coagulopathy, organ damage, and immunothrombosis that characterize severe cases of COVID-19. Here, we discuss the evidence supporting a role for NETs in COVID-19 manifestations and present putative mechanisms, by which NETs promote tissue injury and immunothrombosis. We present therapeutic strategies, which have been successful in the treatment of immunο-inflammatory disorders and which target dysregulated NET formation or degradation, as potential approaches that may benefit patients with severe COVID-19.
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32
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Korinek M, Handoussa H, Tsai YH, Chen YY, Chen MH, Chiou ZW, Fang Y, Chang FR, Yen CH, Hsieh CF, Chen BH, El-Shazly M, Hwang TL. Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Volatile Oils: Fennel and Cumin Inhibit Neutrophilic Inflammation via Regulating Calcium and MAPKs. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:674095. [PMID: 34707494 PMCID: PMC8545060 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophilic inflammatory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or psoriasis, exert a huge burden on the global health system due to the lack of safe and effective treatments. Volatile oils from terrestrial plants showed impressive therapeutic effects against disorders of the skin, digestive system, lungs, liver, metabolism, and nervous system. However, their effect on the immune system and neutrophil function is still elusive. Fennel, cumin, marjoram, lavender, caraway, and anise are the common nutraceuticals that are widely used in the Mediterranean diet. The volatile oils of these herbs were screened for various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antimicrobial, and antiviral effects. Several oils showed anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potential. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) fruits' volatile oils significantly suppressed the activation of human neutrophils, including respiratory burst and the degranulation induced by formyl peptide receptor agonists fMLF/CB and MMK1 in the human neutrophils (IC50, 3.8–17.2 µg/ml). The cytotoxic effect and free-radical scavenging effects (ABTS, DPPH) of these oils did not account for the observed effects. Both fennel and cumin volatile oils significantly shortened calcium influx recovery time and inhibited phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38, JNK, and ERK) expression. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of these oils revealed the presence of estragole and cuminaldehyde as the major components of fennel and cumin volatile oils, respectively. Our findings suggested that cumin and fennel, common in the Mediterranean diet, hold the potential to be applied for the treatment of neutrophilic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Korinek
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Heba Handoussa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yi-Hong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - You-Ying Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hua Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zan-Wei Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu Fang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Fan Hsieh
- The Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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33
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Korkmaz B, Lamort AS, Domain R, Beauvillain C, Gieldon A, Yildirim AÖ, Stathopoulos GT, Rhimi M, Jenne DE, Kettritz R. Cathepsin C inhibition as a potential treatment strategy in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114803. [PMID: 34678221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies established an association between chronic inflammation and higher risk of cancer. Inhibition of proteolytic enzymes represents a potential treatment strategy for cancer and prevention of cancer metastasis. Cathepsin C (CatC) is a highly conserved lysosomal cysteine dipeptidyl aminopeptidase required for the activation of pro-inflammatory neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs, elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G and NSP-4). NSPs are locally released by activated neutrophils in response to pathogens and non-infectious danger signals. Activated neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that are decorated with several neutrophil proteins, including NSPs. NSPs are not only NETs constituents but also play a role in NET formation and release. Although immune cells harbor large amounts of CatC, additional cell sources for this protease exists. Upregulation of CatC expression was observed in different tissues during carcinogenesis and correlated with metastasis and poor patient survival. Recent mechanistic studies indicated an important interaction of tumor-associated CatC, NSPs, and NETs in cancer development and metastasis and suggested CatC as a therapeutic target in a several cancer types. Cancer cell-derived CatC promotes neutrophil recruitment in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Because the clinical consequences of genetic CatC deficiency in humans resulting in the elimination of NSPs are mild, small molecule inhibitors of CatC are assumed as safe drugs to reduce the NSP burden. Brensocatib, a nitrile CatC inhibitor is currently tested in a phase 3 clinical trial as a novel anti-inflammatory therapy for patients with bronchiectasis. However, recently developed CatC inhibitors possibly have protective effects beyond inflammation. In this review, we describe the pathophysiological function of CatC and discuss molecular mechanisms substantiating pharmacological CatC inhibition as a potential strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Lamort
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria 81377, Germany(2)
| | - Roxane Domain
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Céline Beauvillain
- University of Angers, University of Nantes, Angers University Hospital, INSERM UMR-1232, CRCINA, Innate Immunity and Immunotherapy, SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Artur Gieldon
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria 81377, Germany(2)
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria 81377, Germany(2)
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria 81377, Germany(2); Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ralph Kettritz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité und Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin, Germany; Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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34
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Khalil A, Tazeddinova D, Aljoumaa K, Kazhmukhanbetkyzy ZA, Orazov A, Toshev AD. Carotenoids: Therapeutic Strategy in the Battle against Viral Emerging Diseases, COVID-19: An Overview. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2021; 26:241-261. [PMID: 34737985 PMCID: PMC8531419 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2021.26.3.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids, a group of phytochemicals, are naturally found in the Plant kingdom, particularly in fruits, vegetables, and algae. There are more than 600 types of carotenoids, some of which are thought to prevent disease, mainly through their antioxidant properties. Carotenoids exhibit several biological and pharmaceutical benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunity booster properties, particularly as some carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A in the body. However, humans cannot synthesize carotenoids and need to obtain them from their diets or via supplementation. The emerging zoonotic virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), originated in bats, and was transmitted to humans. COVID-19 continues to cause devastating international health problems worldwide. Therefore, natural preventive therapeutic strategies from bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, should be appraised for strengthening physiological functions against emerging viruses. This review summarizes the most important carotenoids for human health and enhancing immunity, and their potential role in COVID-19 and its related symptoms. In conclusion, promising roles of carotenoids as treatments against emerging disease and related symptoms are highlighted, most of which have been heavily premeditated in studies conducted on several viral infections, including COVID-19. Further in vitro and in vivo research is required before carotenoids can be considered as potent drugs against such emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Khalil
- Department of Food technology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Diana Tazeddinova
- Department of Food technology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Khaled Aljoumaa
- Department of Food technology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russian Federation
| | | | - Ayan Orazov
- Higher School of Technologies of Food and Processing Productions, Zhangir Khan University, Uralsk 090009, The Republic of Kazakhstan
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35
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Sun J, Fahmi NA, Nassereddeen H, Cheng S, Martinez I, Fan D, Yong J, Zhang W. Computational Methods to Study Human Transcript Variants in COVID-19 Infected Lung Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9684. [PMID: 34575842 PMCID: PMC8464664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes and viruses are known to alter host transcriptomes by means of infection. In light of recent challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, a deeper understanding of the disease at the transcriptome level is needed. However, research about transcriptome reprogramming by post-transcriptional regulation is very limited. In this study, computational methods developed by our lab were applied to RNA-seq data to detect transcript variants (i.e., alternative splicing (AS) and alternative polyadenylation (APA) events). The RNA-seq data were obtained from a publicly available source, and they consist of mock-treated and SARS-CoV-2 infected (COVID-19) lung alveolar (A549) cells. Data analysis results show that more AS events are found in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells than in mock-treated cells, whereas fewer APA events are detected in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. A combination of conventional differential gene expression analysis and transcript variants analysis revealed that most of the genes with transcript variants are not differentially expressed. This indicates that no strong correlation exists between differential gene expression and the AS/APA events in the mock-treated or SARS-CoV-2 infected samples. These genes with transcript variants can be applied as another layer of molecular signatures for COVID-19 studies. In addition, the transcript variants are enriched in important biological pathways that were not detected in the studies that only focused on differential gene expression analysis. Therefore, the pathways may lead to new molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Sun
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (J.S.); (N.A.F.)
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Naima Ahmed Fahmi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (J.S.); (N.A.F.)
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Heba Nassereddeen
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Sze Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Irene Martinez
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Deliang Fan
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Jeongsik Yong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (J.S.); (N.A.F.)
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
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36
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Banerjee A, Velagaleti R, Patil S, Pawar M, Yadav P, Kadam P, Qadri MM, Chakraborti S, Saini JS, Behera DB, Karanjai K, Iyer PS, Gharat LA, Das S. Development of potent and selective Cathepsin C inhibitors free of aortic binding liability by application of a conformational restriction strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128202. [PMID: 34139325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C plays a key role in the activation of several degradative enzymes linked to tissue destruction in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, Cathepsin C inhibitors could potentially be effective therapeutics for the treatment of diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In our efforts towards the development of a novel series of Cathepsin C inhibitors, we started working around AZD5248 (1), an α-amino acid based scaffold having potential liability of aortic binding. A novel series of amidoacetonitrile based Cathepsin C inhibitors were developed by the application of a conformational restriction strategy on 1. In particular, this work led to the development of a potent and selective Cathepsin C inhibitor 3p, free of aortic binding liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Banerjee
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Ranganadh Velagaleti
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Sandip Patil
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Mahesh Pawar
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Pravin Yadav
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Pradip Kadam
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Mohammad Mohsin Qadri
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Samitabh Chakraborti
- Pharmacology Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Jagmohan S Saini
- Computational Chemistry, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Dayanidhi B Behera
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Keya Karanjai
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Pravin S Iyer
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India.; Pharmacology Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India.; Computational Chemistry, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India.; Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Laxmikant A Gharat
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Sanjib Das
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India..
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37
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Rahbar Saadat Y, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Zununi Vahed S, Ardalan M. Host Serine Proteases: A Potential Targeted Therapy for COVID-19 and Influenza. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:725528. [PMID: 34527703 PMCID: PMC8435734 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.725528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic illustrates limited therapeutic options for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections, calling a need for additional therapeutic targets. The viral spike S glycoprotein binds to the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and then is activated by the host proteases. Based on the accessibility of the cellular proteases needed for SARS-S activation, SARS-CoV-2 entrance and activation can be mediated by endosomal (such as cathepsin L) and non-endosomal pathways. Evidence indicates that in the non-endosomal pathway, the viral S protein is cleaved by the furin enzyme in infected host cells. To help the virus enter efficiently, the S protein is further activated by the serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), provided that the S has been cleaved by furin previously. In this review, important roles for host proteases within host cells will be outlined in SARS-CoV-2 infection and antiviral therapeutic strategies will be highlighted. Although there are at least five highly effective vaccines at this time, the appearance of the new viral mutations demands the development of therapeutic agents. Targeted inhibition of host proteases can be used as a therapeutic approach for viral infection.
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38
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Chen X, Yan Y, Zhang Z, Zhang F, Liu M, Du L, Zhang H, Shen X, Zhao D, Shi JB, Liu X. Discovery and In Vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity Evaluation of a Novel Non-peptidyl Non-covalent Cathepsin C Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11857-11885. [PMID: 34374541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (Cat C) participates in inflammation and immune regulation by affecting the activation of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs). Therefore, cathepsin C is an attractive target for treatment of NSP-related inflammatory diseases. Here, the complete discovery process of the first potent "non-peptidyl non-covalent cathepsin C inhibitor" was described with hit finding, structure optimization, and lead discovery. Starting with hit 14, structure-based optimization and structure-activity relationship study were comprehensively carried out, and lead compound 54 was discovered as a potent drug-like cathepsin C inhibitor both in vivo and in vitro. Also, compound 54 (with cathepsin C Enz IC50 = 57.4 nM) exhibited effective anti-inflammatory activity in an animal model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These results confirmed that the non-peptidyl and non-covalent derivative could be used as an effective cathepsin C inhibitor and encouraged us to continue further drug discovery on the basis of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Faming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Leran Du
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobao Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Dahai Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital 2, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Jing Bo Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
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39
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You J, Seok JH, Joo M, Bae JY, Kim JI, Park MS, Kim K. Multifactorial Traits of SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Related to Diverse Host Proteases and Proteins. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:249-262. [PMID: 33875625 PMCID: PMC8094071 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The most effective way to control newly emerging infectious disease, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, is to strengthen preventative or therapeutic public health strategies before the infection spreads worldwide. However, global health systems remain at the early stages in anticipating effective therapeutics or vaccines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. While maintaining social distance is the most crucial metric to avoid spreading the virus, symptomatic therapy given to patients on the clinical manifestations helps save lives. The molecular properties of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been quickly elucidated, paving the way to therapeutics, vaccine development, and other medical interventions. Despite this progress, the detailed biomolecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains elusive. Given virus invasion of cells is a determining factor for virulence, understanding the viral entry process can be a mainstay in controlling newly emerged viruses. Since viral entry is mediated by selective cellular proteases or proteins associated with receptors, identification and functional analysis of these proteins could provide a way to disrupt virus propagation. This review comprehensively discusses cellular machinery necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding multifactorial traits of the virus entry will provide a substantial guide to facilitate antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan You
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeon Seok
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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40
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Seren S, Derian L, Keleş I, Guillon A, Lesner A, Gonzalez L, Baranek T, Si-Tahar M, Marchand-Adam S, Jenne DE, Paget C, Jouan Y, Korkmaz B. Proteinase release from activated neutrophils in mechanically ventilated patients with non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.03755-2020. [PMID: 33419887 PMCID: PMC8082325 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03755-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe cases of pneumonia are frequently associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which carries a mortality rate of about 40% [1]. Uncontrolled host inflammatory response in the lung is a key factor in the transition from pneumonia to ARDS, with alveolocapillary membrane disruption leading to interstitial and alveolar oedema [2]. Neutrophils are part of the innate immune system and are the first responders to local tissue damage and infection. Recruited neutrophils are considered important actors in lung tissue injury [3]. Indeed, their broad arsenal of antimicrobial weaponry can cause direct and indirect collateral damage. Neutrophil serine proteinases (NSPs), including elastase (NE), proteinase 3 (PR3) and cathepsin G (CatG), are released from activated cells and play a part in ARDS pathophysiology, as illustrated in both preclinical and clinical studies [4]. Thus, NSPs emerge as an untapped point for therapeutic interventions in pneumonia-induced ARDS [4]. These NSPs are readily synthesised in neutrophil precursors within the bone marrow and are converted into their active form by cathepsin C (CatC) [5]. They are stored together in cytoplasmic granules and secreted into the extracellular compartment upon stimulation [6]. COVID-19 ARDS is associated with release of biologically active neutrophil elastase-related proteinases to the airways and blood at a comparable level to non-COVID ARDShttps://bit.ly/3nihveh
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Seren
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lohann Derian
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France.,Equal contribution
| | - Irem Keleş
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France.,Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Equal contribution
| | - Antoine Guillon
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Loïc Gonzalez
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France.,Dept of Pneumology and Respiratory Functional Exploration, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) 81377 Munich and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christophe Paget
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Youenn Jouan
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France
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41
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Long-COVID and Post-COVID Health Complications: An Up-to-Date Review on Clinical Conditions and Their Possible Molecular Mechanisms. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040700. [PMID: 33919537 PMCID: PMC8072585 DOI: 10.3390/v13040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions worldwide, leaving a global burden for long-term care of COVID-19 survivors. It is thus imperative to study post-COVID (i.e., short-term) and long-COVID (i.e., long-term) effects, specifically as local and systemic pathophysiological outcomes of other coronavirus-related diseases (such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)) were well-cataloged. We conducted a comprehensive review of adverse post-COVID health outcomes and potential long-COVID effects. We observed that such adverse outcomes were not localized. Rather, they affected different human systems, including: (i) immune system (e.g., Guillain–Barré syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndromes such as Kawasaki disease), (ii) hematological system (vascular hemostasis, blood coagulation), (iii) pulmonary system (respiratory failure, pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, pulmonary vascular damage, pulmonary fibrosis), (iv) cardiovascular system (myocardial hypertrophy, coronary artery atherosclerosis, focal myocardial fibrosis, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy), (v) gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal systems (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, acid reflux, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, lack of appetite/constipation), (vi) skeletomuscular system (immune-mediated skin diseases, psoriasis, lupus), (vii) nervous system (loss of taste/smell/hearing, headaches, spasms, convulsions, confusion, visual impairment, nerve pain, dizziness, impaired consciousness, nausea/vomiting, hemiplegia, ataxia, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage), (viii) mental health (stress, depression and anxiety). We additionally hypothesized mechanisms of action by investigating possible molecular mechanisms associated with these disease outcomes/symptoms. Overall, the COVID-19 pathology is still characterized by cytokine storm that results to endothelial inflammation, microvascular thrombosis, and multiple organ failures.
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42
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Cuesta SA, Mora JR, Márquez EA. In Silico Screening of the DrugBank Database to Search for Possible Drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2021; 26:1100. [PMID: 33669720 PMCID: PMC7923184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus desease 2019 (COVID-19) is responsible for more than 1.80 M deaths worldwide. A Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) model is developed based on experimental pIC50 values reported for a structurally diverse dataset. A robust model with only five descriptors is found, with values of R2 = 0.897, Q2LOO = 0.854, and Q2ext = 0.876 and complying with all the parameters established in the validation Tropsha's test. The analysis of the applicability domain (AD) reveals coverage of about 90% for the external test set. Docking and molecular dynamic analysis are performed on the three most relevant biological targets for SARS-CoV-2: main protease, papain-like protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. A screening of the DrugBank database is executed, predicting the pIC50 value of 6664 drugs, which are IN the AD of the model (coverage = 79%). Fifty-seven possible potent anti-COVID-19 candidates with pIC50 values > 6.6 are identified, and based on a pharmacophore modelling analysis, four compounds of this set can be suggested as potent candidates to be potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, the biological activity of the compounds was related to the frontier molecular orbitals shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A. Cuesta
- Grupo de Química Computacional y Teórica (QCT-USFQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Colegio Politécnico, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador;
| | - José R. Mora
- Grupo de Química Computacional y Teórica (QCT-USFQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Colegio Politécnico, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador;
| | - Edgar A. Márquez
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Química y Biología, Departamento de Química y Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad del Norte, Carrera 51B, Km 5, vía Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
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Shagufta, Ahmad I. The race to treat COVID-19: Potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113157. [PMID: 33486200 PMCID: PMC7802596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unforeseen emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the Wuhan province of China in December 2019, subsequently its abrupt spread across the world has severely affected human life. In a short span of time, COVID-19 has sacked more than one million human lives and marked as a severe global pandemic, which is drastically accountable for the adverse effect directly to the human society, particularly the health care system and the economy. The unavailability of approved and effective drugs or vaccines against COVID-19 further created conditions more adverse and terrifying. To win the war against this pandemic within time there is a desperate need for the most adequate therapeutic treatment, which can be achieved by the collaborative research work among scientists worldwide. In continuation of our efforts to support the scientific community, a review has been presented which discusses the structure and the activity of numerous molecules exhibiting promising SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs inhibition activities. Furthermore, this review offers an overview of the structure, a plausible mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2, and crucial structural features substantial to inhibit the primary virus-based and host-based targets involved in SARS-CoV-2 treatment. We anticipate optimistically that this perspective will provide the reader and researcher’s better understanding regarding COVID-19 and pave the path in the direction of COVID-19 drug discovery and development paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
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Patel RI, Sharma S, Sharma A. Cyanation: a photochemical approach and applications in organic synthesis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises the photocatalytic cyanation strategies to construct C(sp2)–CN, C(sp3)–CN and X–CN (X = N, S) bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan I. Patel
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
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Chiang CC, Korinek M, Cheng WJ, Hwang TL. Targeting Neutrophils to Treat Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Coronavirus Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:572009. [PMID: 33162887 PMCID: PMC7583590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.572009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes targeting neutrophils as a potential therapeutic strategy for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Neutrophil counts are significantly elevated in patients with COVID-19 and significantly correlated with disease severity. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio can serve as a clinical marker for predicting fatal complications related to ARDS in patients with COVID-19. Neutrophil-associated inflammation plays a critical pathogenic role in ARDS. The effector functions of neutrophils, acting as respiratory burst oxidants, granule proteases, and neutrophil extracellular traps, are linked to the pathogenesis of ARDS. Hence, neutrophils can not only be used as pathogenic markers but also as candidate drug targets for COVID-19 associated ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Puxin Fengze Chinese Medicine Clinic, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Michal Korinek
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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