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Amudala S, Sumit, Aidhen IS. LpxC inhibition: Potential and opportunities with carbohydrate scaffolds. Carbohydr Res 2024; 537:109057. [PMID: 38402732 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-3-O-(hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A, an essential building block, for the construction and assembly of the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria. The enzyme is highly conserved in almost all Gram-negative bacteria and hence has emerged as a promising target for drug discovery in the fight against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative infections. Since the first nanomolar LpxC inhibitor, L-161,240, an oxazoline-based hydroxamate, the two-decade-long ongoing search has provided valuable information regarding essential features necessary for inhibition. Although the design and structure optimization for arriving at the most efficacious inhibitor of this enzyme has made good use of different heterocyclic moieties, the use of carbohydrate scaffold is scant. This review briefly covers the advancement and progress made in LpxC inhibition. The field awaits the use of potential associated with carbohydrate-based scaffolds for LpxC inhibition and the discovery of anti-bacterial agents against Gram-negative infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam Amudala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Sumit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Indrapal Singh Aidhen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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2
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Theuretzbacher U, Blasco B, Duffey M, Piddock LJV. Unrealized targets in the discovery of antibiotics for Gram-negative bacterial infections. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:957-975. [PMID: 37833553 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Advances in areas that include genomics, systems biology, protein structure determination and artificial intelligence provide new opportunities for target-based antibacterial drug discovery. The selection of a 'good' new target for direct-acting antibacterial compounds is the first decision, for which multiple criteria must be explored, integrated and re-evaluated as drug discovery programmes progress. Criteria include essentiality of the target for bacterial survival, its conservation across different strains of the same species, bacterial species and growth conditions (which determines the spectrum of activity of a potential antibiotic) and the level of homology with human genes (which influences the potential for selective inhibition). Additionally, a bacterial target should have the potential to bind to drug-like molecules, and its subcellular location will govern the need for inhibitors to penetrate one or two bacterial membranes, which is a key challenge in targeting Gram-negative bacteria. The risk of the emergence of target-based drug resistance for drugs with single targets also requires consideration. This Review describes promising but as-yet-unrealized targets for antibacterial drugs against Gram-negative bacteria and examples of cognate inhibitors, and highlights lessons learned from past drug discovery programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Blasco
- Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maëlle Duffey
- Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura J V Piddock
- Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), Geneva, Switzerland.
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3
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Yu T, Chong LC, Nantasenamat C, Anuwongcharoen N, Piacham T. Machine learning approaches to study the structure-activity relationships of LpxC inhibitors. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:975-991. [PMID: 38023567 PMCID: PMC10630528 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the global threats to human health in the 21st century. Drug discovery of inhibitors against novel targets rather than conventional bacterial targets has been considered an inevitable strategy for the growing threat of AMR infections. In this study, we applied quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling to the LpxC inhibitors to predict the inhibitory activity. In addition, we performed various cheminformatics analysis consisting of the exploration of the chemical space, identification of chemotypes, performing structure-activity landscape and activity cliffs as well as construction of the Structure-Activity Similarity (SAS) map. We built a total of 24 QSAR classification models using PubChem and MACCS fingerprint with 12 various machine learning algorithms. The best model with PubChem fingerprint is the Extremely Gradient Boost model (accuracy on the training set: 0.937; accuracy on the 10-fold cross-validation set: 0.795; accuracy on the test set: 0.799). Furthermore, it was found that the best model using the MACCS fingerprint was the Random Forest model (accuracy on the training set: 0.955; accuracy on the 10-fold cross-validation set: 0.803; accuracy on the test set: 0.785). In addition, we have identified eight consensus activity cliff generators that are highly informative for further SAR investigations. It is hoped that findings presented herein can provide guidance for further lead optimization of LpxC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshi Yu
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Li Chuin Chong
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Beykoz, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Streamlit Open Source, Snowflake Inc., San Mateo, California 94402, United States
| | - Nuttapat Anuwongcharoen
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Theeraphon Piacham
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zhao J, Cochrane CS, Najeeb J, Gooden D, Sciandra C, Fan P, Lemaitre N, Newns K, Nicholas RA, Guan Z, Thaden JT, Fowler VG, Spasojevic I, Sebbane F, Toone EJ, Duncan C, Gammans R, Zhou P. Preclinical safety and efficacy characterization of an LpxC inhibitor against Gram-negative pathogens. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf5668. [PMID: 37556556 PMCID: PMC10785772 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxyacyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase LpxC is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of lipid A, the outer membrane anchor of lipopolysaccharide and lipooligosaccharide in Gram-negative bacteria. The development of LpxC-targeting antibiotics toward clinical therapeutics has been hindered by the limited antibiotic profile of reported non-hydroxamate inhibitors and unexpected cardiovascular toxicity observed in certain hydroxamate and non-hydroxamate-based inhibitors. Here, we report the preclinical characterization of a slow, tight-binding LpxC inhibitor, LPC-233, with low picomolar affinity. The compound is a rapid bactericidal antibiotic, unaffected by established resistance mechanisms to commercial antibiotics, and displays outstanding activity against a wide range of Gram-negative clinical isolates in vitro. It is orally bioavailable and efficiently eliminates infections caused by susceptible and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens in murine soft tissue, sepsis, and urinary tract infection models. It displays exceptional in vitro and in vivo safety profiles, with no detectable adverse cardiovascular toxicity in dogs at 100 milligrams per kilogram. These results establish the feasibility of developing oral LpxC-targeting antibiotics for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshi Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Javaria Najeeb
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Current address: Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Gooden
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Small Molecule Synthesis Facility, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Carly Sciandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ping Fan
- Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) Core Laboratory, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nadine Lemaitre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Kate Newns
- Departments of Pharmacology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Current address: Envision Pharma Group, Philadelphia, PA 19109, USA
| | - Robert A. Nicholas
- Departments of Pharmacology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua T. Thaden
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Vance G. Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) Core Laboratory, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Florent Sebbane
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eric J. Toone
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Current address: Breakthrough Energy Ventures, 4110 Carillon Point Kirkland, WA 98033 USA
| | | | | | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Di Leo R, Cuffaro D, Rossello A, Nuti E. Bacterial Zinc Metalloenzyme Inhibitors: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114378. [PMID: 37298854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human deaths caused by Gram-negative bacteria keep rising due to the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon. Therefore, it is a priority to develop novel antibiotics with different mechanisms of action. Several bacterial zinc metalloenzymes are becoming attractive targets since they do not show any similarities with the human endogenous zinc-metalloproteinases. In the last decades, there has been an increasing interest from both industry and academia in developing new inhibitors against those enzymes involved in lipid A biosynthesis, and bacteria nutrition and sporulation, e.g., UDP-[3-O-(R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC), thermolysin (TLN), and pseudolysin (PLN). Nevertheless, targeting these bacterial enzymes is harder than expected and the lack of good clinical candidates suggests that more effort is needed. This review gives an overview of bacterial zinc metalloenzyme inhibitors that have been synthesized so far, highlighting the structural features essential for inhibitory activity and the structure-activity relationships. Our discussion may stimulate and help further studies on bacterial zinc metalloenzyme inhibitors as possible novel antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Leo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Doretta Cuffaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Romano K, Hung D. Targeting LPS biosynthesis and transport in gram-negative bacteria in the era of multi-drug resistance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119407. [PMID: 36543281 PMCID: PMC9922520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria pose a major threat to human health in an era fraught with multi-drug resistant bacterial infections. Despite extensive drug discovery campaigns over the past decades, no new antibiotic target class effective against gram-negative bacteria has become available to patients since the advent of the carbapenems in 1985. Antibiotic discovery efforts against gram-negative bacteria have been hampered by limited intracellular accumulation of xenobiotics, in large part due to the impermeable cell envelope comprising lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, as well as a panoply of efflux pumps. The biosynthesis and transport of LPS are essential to the viability and virulence of most gram-negative bacteria. Thus, both LPS biosynthesis and transport are attractive pathways to target therapeutically. In this review, we summarize the LPS biosynthesis and transport pathways and discuss efforts to find small molecule inhibitors against targets within these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.P. Romano
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D.T. Hung
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author at: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. (D.T. Hung)
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7
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Fragment-Based Lead Discovery Strategies in Antimicrobial Drug Discovery. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020315. [PMID: 36830226 PMCID: PMC9951956 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragment-based lead discovery (FBLD) is a powerful application for developing ligands as modulators of disease targets. This approach strategy involves identification of interactions between low-molecular weight compounds (100-300 Da) and their putative targets, often with low affinity (KD ~0.1-1 mM) interactions. The focus of this screening methodology is to optimize and streamline identification of fragments with higher ligand efficiency (LE) than typical high-throughput screening. The focus of this review is on the last half decade of fragment-based drug discovery strategies that have been used for antimicrobial drug discovery.
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8
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Benzothiazole-tethered 1,2,3-triazoles: Synthesis, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and molecular docking studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Zhou J, Cai Y, Liu Y, An H, Deng K, Ashraf MA, Zou L, Wang J. Breaking down the cell wall: Still an attractive antibacterial strategy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:952633. [PMID: 36212892 PMCID: PMC9544107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.952633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of penicillin, humans have known about and explored the phenomenon of bacterial inhibition via antibiotics. However, with changes in the global environment and the abuse of antibiotics, resistance mechanisms have been selected in bacteria, presenting huge threats and challenges to the global medical and health system. Thus, the study and development of new antimicrobials is of unprecedented urgency and difficulty. Bacteria surround themselves with a cell wall to maintain cell rigidity and protect against environmental insults. Humans have taken advantage of antibiotics to target the bacterial cell wall, yielding some of the most widely used antibiotics to date. The cell wall is essential for bacterial growth and virulence but is absent from humans, remaining a high-priority target for antibiotic screening throughout the antibiotic era. Here, we review the extensively studied targets, i.e., MurA, MurB, MurC, MurD, MurE, MurF, Alr, Ddl, MurI, MurG, lipid A, and BamA in the cell wall, starting from the very beginning to the latest developments to elucidate antimicrobial screening. Furthermore, recent advances, including MraY and MsbA in peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide, and tagO, LtaS, LspA, Lgt, Lnt, Tol-Pal, MntC, and OspA in teichoic acid and lipoprotein, have also been profoundly discussed. The review further highlights that the application of new methods such as macromolecular labeling, compound libraries construction, and structure-based drug design will inspire researchers to screen ideal antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Zhou
- The People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Haoyue An
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Kaihong Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Awais Ashraf
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Lili Zou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wang,
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Khan K, Basharat Z, Jalal K, Mashraqi MM, Alzamami A, Alshamrani S, Uddin R. Identification of Therapeutic Targets in an Emerging Gastrointestinal Pathogen Campylobacter ureolyticus and Possible Intervention through Natural Products. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050680. [PMID: 35625323 PMCID: PMC9137744 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter ureolyticus is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacteria that causes gastrointestinal infections. Being the most prevalent cause of bacterial enteritis globally, infection by this bacterium is linked with significant morbidity and mortality in children and immunocompromised patients. No information on pan-therapeutic drug targets for this species is available yet. In the current study, a pan-genome analysis was performed on 13 strains of C. ureolyticus to prioritize potent drug targets from the identified core genome. In total, 26 druggable proteins were identified using subtractive genomics. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report on the mining of drug targets in C. ureolyticus. UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) was selected as a promiscuous pharmacological target for virtual screening of two bacterial-derived natural product libraries, i.e., postbiotics (n = 78) and streptomycin (n = 737) compounds. LpxC inhibitors from the ZINC database (n = 142 compounds) were also studied with reference to LpxC of C. ureolyticus. The top three docked compounds from each library (including ZINC26844580, ZINC13474902, ZINC13474878, Notoginsenoside St-4, Asiaticoside F, Paraherquamide E, Phytoene, Lycopene, and Sparsomycin) were selected based on their binding energies and validated using molecular dynamics simulations. To help identify potential risks associated with the selected compounds, ADMET profiling was also performed and most of the compounds were considered safe. Our findings may serve as baseline information for laboratory studies leading to the discovery of drugs for use against C. ureolyticus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Khan
- PCMD, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (K.K.); (R.U.)
| | - Zarrin Basharat
- Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Khurshid Jalal
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Mutaib M. Mashraqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Ahmad Alzamami
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Shaqra University, Al-Quwayiyah 11961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saleh Alshamrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Reaz Uddin
- PCMD, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (K.K.); (R.U.)
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Saito R, Imai K, Takimoto D, Ezawa T, Sugiyama S, Takimoto-Kamimura M, Kurita N. Water molecule-mediated selective inhibition of bacterial zinc metalloproteinases by non-hydroxamate compounds: Ab initio molecular simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 114:108200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Arif SM, Floto RA, Blundell TL. Using Structure-guided Fragment-Based Drug Discovery to Target Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:857000. [PMID: 35433835 PMCID: PMC9006449 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.857000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is progressive genetic disease that predisposes lungs and other organs to multiple long-lasting microbial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most prevalent and deadly pathogen among these microbes. Lung function of CF patients worsens following chronic infections with P. aeruginosa and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Emergence of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa due to intrinsic and adaptive antibiotic resistance mechanisms has failed the current anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. Hence new antibacterials are urgently needed to treat P. aeruginosa infections. Structure-guided fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) is a powerful approach in the field of drug development that has succeeded in delivering six FDA approved drugs over the past 20 years targeting a variety of biological molecules. However, FBDD has not been widely used in the development of anti-pseudomonal molecules. In this review, we first give a brief overview of our structure-guided FBDD pipeline and then give a detailed account of FBDD campaigns to combat P. aeruginosa infections by developing small molecules having either bactericidal or anti-virulence properties. We conclude with a brief overview of the FBDD efforts in our lab at the University of Cambridge towards targeting P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Andres Floto
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine University of Cambridge, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tom L. Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Tom L. Blundell,
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Fujita K, Takata I, Yoshida I, Okumura H, Otake K, Takashima H, Sugiyama H. TP0586532, a non-hydroxamate LpxC inhibitor, has in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities against Enterobacteriaceae. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:98-107. [PMID: 34837061 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria, is a worldwide health problem. New antibiotics directed at previously unexplored targets are urgently needed to overcome resistance to existing antibiotic classes. UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is an attractive target for a new antibacterial agent. Although a number of LpxC inhibitors have been identified, none have been approved as antibacterial agents. These LpxC inhibitors contain a hydroxamate moiety, which is a robust zinc ion chelator. The nonspecific inhibition of metalloenzymes through zinc ion chelation is one of possibilities leading to unwanted side effects. Herein, we report that TP0586532, a non-hydroxamate LpxC inhibitor, has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The MIC90 of TP0586532 against clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was 4 μg ml-1. TP0586532 also showed an in vivo efficacy against murine systemic, urinary tract and lung infection models caused by meropenem- or ciprofloxacin-resistant strains. The estimated maximum unbound plasma concentration value at the effective dose of TP0586532 in murine infection models was around 13 μg ml-1. TP0586532 is predicted to exhibit a in vivo efficacy without cardiovascular toxicity and showed the potential of non-hydroxamate LpxC inhibitors as antibacterial agents against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
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de Esch IJP, Erlanson DA, Jahnke W, Johnson CN, Walsh L. Fragment-to-Lead Medicinal Chemistry Publications in 2020. J Med Chem 2022; 65:84-99. [PMID: 34928151 PMCID: PMC8762670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) continues to evolve and make an impact in the pharmaceutical sciences. We summarize successful fragment-to-lead studies that were published in 2020. Having systematically analyzed annual scientific outputs since 2015, we discuss trends and best practices in terms of fragment libraries, target proteins, screening technologies, hit-optimization strategies, and the properties of hit fragments and the leads resulting from them. As well as the tabulated Fragment-to-Lead (F2L) programs, our 2020 literature review identifies several trends and innovations that promise to further increase the success of FBDD. These include developing structurally novel screening fragments, improving fragment-screening technologies, using new computer-aided design and virtual screening approaches, and combining FBDD with other innovative drug-discovery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan J. P. de Esch
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life
Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel A. Erlanson
- Frontier
Medicines, 151 Oyster
Point Blvd., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wolfgang Jahnke
- Novartis
Institutes for Biomedical Research, Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher N. Johnson
- Astex
Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Walsh
- Astex
Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
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15
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Zhou P, Hong J. Structure- and Ligand-Dynamics-Based Design of Novel Antibiotics Targeting Lipid A Enzymes LpxC and LpxH in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1623-1634. [PMID: 33720682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections caused by multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens pose a serious threat to public health. Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by the enrichment of lipid A-anchored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS) in the outer leaflet of their outer membrane. Constitutive biosynthesis of lipid A via the Raetz pathway is essential for bacterial viability and fitness in the human host. The inhibition of early-stage lipid A enzymes such as LpxC not only suppresses the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., and other clinically important Gram-negative pathogens but also sensitizes these bacteria to other antibiotics. The inhibition of late-stage lipid A enzymes such as LpxH is uniquely advantageous because it has an extra mechanism of bacterial killing through the accumulation of toxic lipid A intermediates, rendering LpxH inhibition additionally lethal to Acinetobacter baumannii. Because essential enzymes of the Raetz pathway have never been exploited by commercial antibiotics, they are excellent targets for the development of novel antibiotics against multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative infections.This Account describes the ongoing research on characterizing the structure and inhibition of LpxC and LpxH, the second and fourth enzymes of the Raetz pathway of lipid A biosynthesis, in the laboratories of Dr. Pei Zhou and Dr. Jiyong Hong at Duke University. Our studies have elucidated the molecular basis of LpxC inhibition by the first broad-spectrum inhibitor, CHIR-090, as well as the mechanism underlying its spectrum of activity. Such an analysis has provided a molecular explanation for the broad-spectrum antibiotic activity of diacetylene-based LpxC inhibitors. Through the structural and biochemical investigation of LpxC inhibition by diacetylene LpxC inhibitors and the first nanomolar LpxC inhibitor, L-161,240, we have elucidated the intrinsic conformational and dynamics difference in individual LpxC enzymes near the active site. A similar approach has been taken to investigate LpxH inhibition, leading to the establishment of the pharmacophore model of LpxH inhibitors and subsequent structural elucidation of LpxH in complex with its first reported small-molecule inhibitor based on a sulfonyl piperazine scaffold.Intriguingly, although our crystallographic analysis of LpxC- and LpxH-inhibitor complexes detected only a single inhibitor conformation in the crystal lattice, solution NMR studies revealed the existence of multiple ligand conformations that together delineate a cryptic ligand envelope expanding the ligand-binding footprint beyond that observed in the crystal structure. By harnessing the ligand dynamics information and structural insights, we demonstrate the feasibility to design potent LpxC and LpxH inhibitors by merging multiple ligand conformations. Such an approach has enabled us to rationally design compounds with significantly enhanced potency in enzymatic assays and outstanding antibiotic activities in vitro and in animal models of bacterial infection. We anticipate that continued efforts with structure and ligand dynamics-based lead optimization will ultimately lead to the discovery of LpxC- and LpxH-targeting clinical antibiotics against a broad range of Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jiyong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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16
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Ushiyama F, Takashima H, Matsuda Y, Ogata Y, Sasamoto N, Kurimoto-Tsuruta R, Ueki K, Tanaka-Yamamoto N, Endo M, Mima M, Fujita K, Takata I, Tsuji S, Yamashita H, Okumura H, Otake K, Sugiyama H. Lead optimization of 2-hydroxymethyl imidazoles as non-hydroxamate LpxC inhibitors: Discovery of TP0586532. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 30:115964. [PMID: 33385955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by resistant Gram-negative bacteria have become a serious problem, and the development of therapeutic drugs with a novel mechanism of action and that do not exhibit cross-resistance with existing drugs has been earnestly desired. UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is a drug target that has been studied for a long time. However, no LpxC inhibitors are available on the market at present. In this study, we sought to create a new antibacterial agent without a hydroxamate moiety, which is a common component of the major LpxC inhibitors that have been reported to date and that may cause toxicity. As a result, a development candidate, TP0586532, was created that is effective against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and does not pose a cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihito Ushiyama
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
| | - Hajime Takashima
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yohei Matsuda
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yuya Ogata
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Naoki Sasamoto
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | | | - Kaori Ueki
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | | | - Mayumi Endo
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Masashi Mima
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Fujita
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Iichiro Takata
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsuji
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Yamashita
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Okumura
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Otake
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugiyama
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
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