1
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Hale WD, Montaño Romero A, Gonzalez CU, Jayaraman V, Lau AY, Huganir RL, Twomey EC. Allosteric competition and inhibition in AMPA receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01328-0. [PMID: 38834914 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Excitatory neurotransmission is principally mediated by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Negative allosteric modulators are therapeutic candidates that inhibit AMPAR activation and can compete with positive modulators to control AMPAR function through unresolved mechanisms. Here we show that allosteric inhibition pushes AMPARs into a distinct state that prevents both activation and positive allosteric modulation. We used cryo-electron microscopy to capture AMPARs bound to glutamate, while a negative allosteric modulator, GYKI-52466, and positive allosteric modulator, cyclothiazide, compete for control of the AMPARs. GYKI-52466 binds in the ion channel collar and inhibits AMPARs by decoupling the ligand-binding domains from the ion channel. The rearrangement of the ligand-binding domains ruptures the cyclothiazide site, preventing positive modulation. Our data provide a framework for understanding allostery of AMPARs and for rational design of therapeutics targeting AMPARs in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dylan Hale
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alejandra Montaño Romero
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cuauhtemoc U Gonzalez
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert Y Lau
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Edward C Twomey
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Beckman Center for Cryo-EM at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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2
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Witkin JM, Radin DP, Rana S, Fuller DD, Fusco AF, Demers JC, Pradeep Thakre P, Smith JL, Lippa A, Cerne R. AMPA receptors play an important role in the biological consequences of spinal cord injury: Implications for AMPA receptor modulators for therapeutic benefit. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116302. [PMID: 38763261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) afflicts millions of individuals globally. There are few therapies available to patients. Ascending and descending excitatory glutamatergic neural circuits in the central nervous system are disrupted by SCI, making α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) a potential therapeutic drug target. Emerging research in preclinical models highlights the involvement of AMPARs in vital processes following SCI including breathing, pain, inflammation, bladder control, and motor function. However, there are no clinical trial data reported in this patient population to date. No work on the role of AMPA receptors in sexual dysfunction after SCI has been disclosed. Compounds with selective antagonist and potentiating effects on AMPA receptors have benefit in animal models of SCI, with antagonists generally showing protective effects early after injury and potentiators (ampakines) producing improved breathing and bladder function. The role of AMPARs in pathophysiology and recovery after SCI depends upon the time post injury, and the timing of AMPAR augmentation or antagonism. The roles of inflammation, synaptic plasticity, sensitization, neurotrophic factors, and neuroprotection are considered in this context. The data summarized and discussed in this paper document proof of principle and strongly encourage additional studies on AMPARs as novel gateways to therapeutic benefit for patients suffering from SCI. The availability of both AMPAR antagonists such as perampanel and AMPAR allosteric modulators (i.e., ampakines) such as CX1739, that have been safely administered to humans, provides an expedited means of clinical inquiry for possible therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA; RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Sabhya Rana
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David D Fuller
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna F Fusco
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julie C Demers
- Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Prajwal Pradeep Thakre
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA
| | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA; RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Goodell DJ, Whitby FG, Mellem JE, Lei N, Brockie PJ, Maricq AJ, Eckert DM, Hill CP, Madsen DM, Maricq AV. Mechanistic and structural studies reveal NRAP-1-dependent coincident activation of NMDARs. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113694. [PMID: 38265937 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type ionotropic glutamate receptors have essential roles in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Previously, we identified an evolutionarily conserved protein, NRAP-1, that is required for NMDA receptor (NMDAR) function in C. elegans. Here, we demonstrate that NRAP-1 was sufficient to gate NMDARs and greatly enhanced glutamate-mediated NMDAR gating, thus conferring coincident activation properties to the NMDAR. Intriguingly, vertebrate NMDARs-and chimeric NMDARs where the amino-terminal domain (ATD) of C. elegans NMDARs was replaced by the ATD from vertebrate receptors-were spontaneously active when ectopically expressed in C. elegans neurons. Thus, the ATD is a primary determinant of NRAP-1- and glutamate-mediated gating of NMDARs. We determined the crystal structure of NRAP-1 at 1.9-Å resolution, which revealed two distinct domains positioned around a central low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain. The NRAP-1 structure, combined with chimeric and mutational analyses, suggests a model where the three NRAP-1 domains work cooperatively to modify the gating of NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayton J Goodell
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-9458, USA
| | - Frank G Whitby
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, USA
| | - Jerry E Mellem
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-9458, USA
| | - Ning Lei
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-9458, USA
| | - Penelope J Brockie
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-9458, USA
| | | | - Debra M Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, USA
| | - Christopher P Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, USA
| | - David M Madsen
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-9458, USA
| | - Andres V Maricq
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-9458, USA.
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4
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Hale WD, Romero AM, Gonzalez CU, Jayaraman V, Lau AY, Huganir RL, Twomey EC. Allosteric Competition and Inhibition in AMPA Receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.28.569057. [PMID: 38076818 PMCID: PMC10705377 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.28.569057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Excitatory neurotransmission is principally mediated by AMPA-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Dysregulation of AMPARs is the cause of many neurological disorders and how therapeutic candidates such as negative allosteric modulators inhibit AMPARs is unclear. Here, we show that non-competitive inhibition desensitizes AMPARs to activation and prevents positive allosteric modulation. We dissected the noncompetitive inhibition mechanism of action by capturing AMPARs bound to glutamate and the prototypical negative allosteric modulator, GYKI-52466, with cryo-electron microscopy. Noncompetitive inhibition by GYKI-52466, which binds in the transmembrane collar region surrounding the ion channel, negatively modulates AMPARs by decoupling glutamate binding in the ligand binding domain from the ion channel. Furthermore, during allosteric competition between negative and positive modulators, negative allosteric modulation by GKYI-52466 outcompetes positive allosteric modulators to control AMPAR function. Our data provide a new framework for understanding allostery of AMPARs and foundations for rational design of therapeutics targeting AMPARs in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Dylan Hale
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Alejandra Montaño Romero
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Cuauhtemoc U. Gonzalez
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert Y. Lau
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Richard L. Huganir
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Edward C. Twomey
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- The Beckman Center for Cryo-EM at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA USA
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5
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Vukolova MN, Yen LY, Khmyz MI, Sobolevsky AI, Yelshanskaya MV. Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-emerging role of AMPA and kainate subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1252953. [PMID: 38033869 PMCID: PMC10683763 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1252953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission and are implicated in various neurological disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of the two fastest iGluRs subtypes, namely, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptors, in the pathogenesis and treatment of Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although both AMPA and kainate receptors represent promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of these diseases, many of their antagonists show adverse side effects. Further studies of factors affecting the selective subunit expression and trafficking of AMPA and kainate receptors, and a reasonable approach to their regulation by the recently identified novel compounds remain promising directions for pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N. Vukolova
- Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Laura Y. Yen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Graduate Program, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Margarita I. Khmyz
- N. V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander I. Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria V. Yelshanskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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6
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Zhang D, Lape R, Shaikh SA, Kohegyi BK, Watson JF, Cais O, Nakagawa T, Greger IH. Modulatory mechanisms of TARP γ8-selective AMPA receptor therapeutics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1659. [PMID: 36966141 PMCID: PMC10039940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission throughout the brain. Their signalling is uniquely diversified by brain region-specific auxiliary subunits, providing an opportunity for the development of selective therapeutics. AMPARs associated with TARP γ8 are enriched in the hippocampus, and are targets of emerging anti-epileptic drugs. To understand their therapeutic activity, we determined cryo-EM structures of the GluA1/2-γ8 receptor associated with three potent, chemically diverse ligands. We find that despite sharing a lipid-exposed and water-accessible binding pocket, drug action is differentially affected by binding-site mutants. Together with patch-clamp recordings and MD simulations we also demonstrate that ligand-triggered reorganisation of the AMPAR-TARP interface contributes to modulation. Unexpectedly, one ligand (JNJ-61432059) acts bifunctionally, negatively affecting GluA1 but exerting positive modulatory action on GluA2-containing AMPARs, in a TARP stoichiometry-dependent manner. These results further illuminate the action of TARPs, demonstrate the sensitive balance between positive and negative modulatory action, and provide a mechanistic platform for development of both positive and negative selective AMPAR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Zhang
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Remigijus Lape
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Saher A Shaikh
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bianka K Kohegyi
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jake F Watson
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ondrej Cais
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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7
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Golubeva EA, Lavrov MI, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA. Diversity of AMPA Receptor Ligands: Chemotypes, Binding Modes, Mechanisms of Action, and Therapeutic Effects. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010056. [PMID: 36671441 PMCID: PMC9856200 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Glutamic acid is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Its associated receptors localized on neuronal and non-neuronal cells mediate rapid excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS and regulate a wide range of processes in the brain, spinal cord, retina, and peripheral nervous system. In particular, the glutamate receptors selective to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) also play an important role in numerous neurological disorders and attract close attention as targets for the creation of new classes of drugs for the treatment or substantial correction of a number of serious neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. For this reason, the search for various types of AMPA receptor ligands and studies of their properties are attracting considerable attention both in academic institutions and in pharmaceutical companies around the world. This review focuses mainly on the advances in this area published since 2017. Particular attention is paid to the structural diversity of new chemotypes of agonists, competitive AMPA receptor antagonists, positive and negative allosteric modulators, transmembrane AMPA regulatory protein (TARP) dependent allosteric modulators, ion channel blockers as well as their binding sites. This review also presents the studies of the mechanisms of action of AMPA receptor ligands that mediate their therapeutic effects.
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8
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Yamamoto T, Fukuta K, Kariya Y, Matsuura T, Hagiwara H, Uno B, Esaka Y. Synthetic and computational investigation of neighboring group participation by a nucleophilic disulfide bond. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 21:65-68. [PMID: 36445233 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds of 2-isocyanatophenyl methyl disulfide and 2-endo-isocyanato-6-endo-(methyldisulfanyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane showed neighboring group participation in the formation of thiocarbamates. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analyses revealed that the unusual nucleophilicity requires a rigid through-space interaction between a lone pair of the disulfide bond and an antibonding orbital of isocyanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuhei Yamamoto
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanaido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Koki Fukuta
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yuki Kariya
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Taiki Matsuura
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hagiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanaido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Bunji Uno
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science, 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani, Gifu 509-0923, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Esaka
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanaido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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9
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Yu Q, Kumata K, Rong J, Chen Z, Yamasaki T, Chen J, Xiao Z, Ishii H, Hiraishi A, Shao T, Zhang Y, Hu K, Xie L, Fujinaga M, Zhao C, Mori W, Collier T, Haider A, Tomita S, Zhang MR, Liang S. Imaging of Transmembrane AMPA Receptor Regulatory Proteins by Positron Emission Tomography. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9144-9158. [PMID: 35762919 PMCID: PMC10448436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor regulatory protein γ-8 (TARP γ-8) constitutes an auxiliary subunit of AMPA receptors, which mediates various brain functions including learning and memory. TARP γ-8 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders. Despite considerable efforts, previously reported TARP γ-8 PET radioligands, such as [11C]TARP-1903 and [11C]TARP-1811 series, were plagued by limited brain uptake and/or high nonspecific binding in vivo. Herein, we developed two novel 11C-labeled probes, [11C]8 and [11C]15 (also named as [11C]TARP-2105), of which the latter exhibited a reasonable brain uptake as well as specific binding toward TARP γ-8 both in vitro and in vivo, as confirmed by blocking experiments with the commercially available TARP γ-8 inhibitor, JNJ-55511118 in the TARP γ-8-rich hippocampus. Overall, [11C]15 exhibited promising tracer characteristics and proved to be a lead positron-emission tomography ligand for the non-invasive quantification of TARP γ-8 in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhen Yu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Medical Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital & School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Hideki Ishii
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuto Hiraishi
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tuo Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kuan Hu
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Thomas Collier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Susumu Tomita
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Steven Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
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10
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Postsynaptic signaling at glutamatergic synapses as therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 75:102585. [PMID: 35738196 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of glutamatergic synapses plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. In addition to mediating excitatory synaptic transmission, postsynaptic glutamate receptors interact with various membrane and intracellular proteins. They form structural and/or signaling synaptic protein complexes and thereby play diverse postsynaptic functions. Recently, several postsynaptic protein complexes have been associated with various neurological diseases and hence, have been characterized as important therapeutic targets. Moreover, novel small molecules and therapeutic peptides targeting and modulating the activities of these protein complexes have been discovered, some of which have advanced through preclinical translational research and/or clinical studies. This article describes the recent investigation of eight key protein complexes associated with the postsynaptic ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets for central nervous system diseases.
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11
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Coombs ID, Sexton CA, Cull-Candy SG, Farrant M. Influence of the TARP γ8-Selective Negative Allosteric Modulator JNJ-55511118 on AMPA Receptor Gating and Channel Conductance. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 101:343-356. [PMID: 35246481 PMCID: PMC7615793 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA-type gultamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate excitatory signaling in the brain and are therapeutic targets for the treatment of diverse neurological disorders. The receptors interact with a variety of auxiliary subunits, including the transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs). The TARPs influence AMPAR biosynthesis and trafficking and enhance receptor responses by slowing desensitization and deactivation and increasing single-channel conductance. TARP γ8 has an expression pattern that is distinct from that of other TARPs, being enriched in the hippocampus. Recently, several compounds have been identified that selectivity inhibit γ8-containing AMPARs. One such inhibitor, JNJ-55511118, has shown considerable promise for the treatment of epilepsy. However, key details of its mechanism of action are still lacking. Here, using patch-clamp electrophysiological recording from heterologously expressed AMPARs, we show that JNJ-55511118 inhibits peak currents of γ8-containing AMPARs by decreasing their single-channel conductance. The drug also modifies hallmark features of AMPAR pharmacology, including the TARP-dependent actions of intracellular polyamines and the partial agonist kainate. Moreover, we find that JNJ-55511118 reduces the influence of γ8 on all biophysical measures, aside from its effect on the recovery from desensitization. The drug is also effective when applied intracellularly, suggesting it may access its binding site from within the membrane. Additionally, we find that AMPARs incorporating TARP γ2 mutated to contain the JNJ-55511118 binding site, exhibit greater block than seen with AMPARs containing γ8, potentially reflecting differences in TARP stoichiometry. Taken together, our data provide new insight into the mechanism by which γ8-selective drugs inhibit AMPARs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although modulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors shows promise for the treatment various neurological conditions, the absence of subtype-selective drugs has hindered adoption of this therapeutic strategy. We made patch-clamp recordings to characterize the actions of the γ8-selective AMPAR inhibitor JNJ-55511118 on GluA2(Q) receptors expressed in HEK cells. We report that JNJ-55511118 inhibits AMPAR-mediated currents by reducing single-channel conductance, providing clear insight into the mechanism of action of this important class of AMPAR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Coombs
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig A Sexton
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart G Cull-Candy
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Farrant
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Patent highlights August-September 2021. Pharm Pat Anal 2022; 11:1-8. [PMID: 35109702 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2021-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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13
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Hansen KB, Wollmuth LP, Bowie D, Furukawa H, Menniti FS, Sobolevsky AI, Swanson GT, Swanger SA, Greger IH, Nakagawa T, McBain CJ, Jayaraman V, Low CM, Dell'Acqua ML, Diamond JS, Camp CR, Perszyk RE, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:298-487. [PMID: 34753794 PMCID: PMC8626789 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These ligand-gated ion channels are critical to brain function and are centrally implicated in numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. There are different classes of iGluRs with a variety of receptor subtypes in each class that play distinct roles in neuronal functions. The diversity in iGluR subtypes, with their unique functional properties and physiologic roles, has motivated a large number of studies. Our understanding of receptor subtypes has advanced considerably since the first iGluR subunit gene was cloned in 1989, and the research focus has expanded to encompass facets of biology that have been recently discovered and to exploit experimental paradigms made possible by technological advances. Here, we review insights from more than 3 decades of iGluR studies with an emphasis on the progress that has occurred in the past decade. We cover structure, function, pharmacology, roles in neurophysiology, and therapeutic implications for all classes of receptors assembled from the subunits encoded by the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glutamate receptors play important roles in virtually all aspects of brain function and are either involved in mediating some clinical features of neurological disease or represent a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of this class of receptors will advance our understanding of many aspects of brain function at molecular, cellular, and system levels and provide new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Derek Bowie
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Frank S Menniti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chris J McBain
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chad R Camp
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
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14
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Radchenko EV, Tarakanova AS, Karlov DS, Lavrov MI, Palyulin VA. [Ligands of the AMPA-subtype glutamate receptors: mechanisms of action and novel chemotypes]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2021; 67:187-200. [PMID: 34142526 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216703187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) subtype play a key role in synaptic plasticity representing one of the mechanisms for learning and memory formation. They can also serve as targets for the development of novel classes of pharmaceuticals for the treatment or substantive correction of many serious neurodegenerative and psychoneurological disorders. The search and studies of various types of AMPA receptor ligands attract considerable attention from academic organizations and pharmaceutical companies all over the world. This review mainly focuses on recent advances in this field. The architecture and operational mechanism of the receptor as well as its major binding sites and ligand types are considered. Special attention is paid to the studies of mechanisms of action and novel chemotypes of AMPA receptor agonists and competitive antagonists, positive and negative allosteric modulators, auxiliary protein-dependent allosteric modulators, and ion channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D S Karlov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M I Lavrov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Palyulin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Hardt S, Tascio D, Passlick S, Timmermann A, Jabs R, Steinhäuser C, Seifert G. Auxiliary Subunits Control Function and Subcellular Distribution of AMPA Receptor Complexes in NG2 Glia of the Developing Hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:669717. [PMID: 34177466 PMCID: PMC8222826 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.669717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic and axonal glutamatergic signaling to NG2 glia in white matter is critical for the cells' differentiation and activity dependent myelination. However, in gray matter the impact of neuron-to-NG2 glia signaling is still elusive, because most of these cells keep their non-myelinating phenotype throughout live. Early in postnatal development, hippocampal NG2 glia express AMPA receptors with a significant Ca2+ permeability allowing for plasticity of the neuron-glia synapses, but whether this property changes by adulthood is not known. Moreover, it is unclear whether NG2 glia express auxiliary transmembrane AMPA receptor related proteins (TARPs), which modify AMPA receptor properties, including their Ca2+ permeability. Through combined molecular and functional analyses, here we show that hippocampal NG2 glia abundantly express TARPs γ4, γ7, and γ8 as well as cornichon (CNIH)-2. TARP γ8 undergoes profound downregulation during development. Receptors of adult NG2 glia showed an increased sensitivity to blockers of Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors, but this increase mainly concerned receptors located close to the soma. Evoked synaptic currents of NG2 glia were also sensitive to blockers of Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors. The presence of AMPA receptors with varying Ca2+ permeability during postnatal maturation may be important for the cells' ability to sense and respond to local glutamatergic activity and for regulating process motility, differentiation, and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hardt
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dario Tascio
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Passlick
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aline Timmermann
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ronald Jabs
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerald Seifert
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Cull‐Candy SG, Farrant M. Ca 2+ -permeable AMPA receptors and their auxiliary subunits in synaptic plasticity and disease. J Physiol 2021; 599:2655-2671. [PMID: 33533533 PMCID: PMC8436767 DOI: 10.1113/jp279029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors are tetrameric glutamate-gated ion channels that mediate a majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. They exist as calcium-impermeable (CI-) and calcium-permeable (CP-) subtypes, the latter of which lacks the GluA2 subunit. CP-AMPARs display an array of distinctive biophysical and pharmacological properties that allow them to be functionally identified. This has revealed that they play crucial roles in diverse forms of central synaptic plasticity. Here we summarise the functional hallmarks of CP-AMPARs and describe how these are modified by the presence of auxiliary subunits that have emerged as pivotal regulators of AMPARs. A lasting change in the prevalence of GluA2-containing AMPARs, and hence in the fraction of CP-AMPARs, is a feature in many maladaptive forms of synaptic plasticity and neurological disorders. These include modifications of glutamatergic transmission induced by inflammatory pain, fear conditioning, cocaine exposure, and anoxia-induced damage in neurons and glia. Furthermore, defective RNA editing of GluA2 can cause altered expression of CP-AMPARs and is implicated in motor neuron damage (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and the proliferation of cells in malignant gliomas. A number of the players involved in CP-AMPAR regulation have been identified, providing useful insight into interventions that may prevent the aberrant CP-AMPAR expression. Furthermore, recent molecular and pharmacological developments, particularly the discovery of TARP subtype-selective drugs, offer the exciting potential to modify some of the harmful effects of increased CP-AMPAR prevalence in a brain region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G. Cull‐Candy
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Mark Farrant
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
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17
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Rosenbaum MI, Clemmensen LS, Bredt DS, Bettler B, Strømgaard K. Targeting receptor complexes: a new dimension in drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:884-901. [PMID: 33177699 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeting receptor proteins, such as ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors, has directly enabled the discovery of most drugs developed to modulate receptor signalling. However, as the search for novel and improved drugs continues, an innovative approach - targeting receptor complexes - is emerging. Receptor complexes are composed of core receptor proteins and receptor-associated proteins, which have profound effects on the overall receptor structure, function and localization. Hence, targeting key protein-protein interactions within receptor complexes provides an opportunity to develop more selective drugs with fewer side effects. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of ligand-gated ion channel and G protein-coupled receptor complexes and discuss strategies for their pharmacological modulation. Although such strategies are still in preclinical development for most receptor complexes, they exemplify how receptor complexes can be drugged, and lay the groundwork for this nascent area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Ishøy Rosenbaum
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise S Clemmensen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David S Bredt
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Dohrke JN, Watson JF, Birchall K, Greger IH. Characterizing the binding and function of TARP γ8-selective AMPA receptor modulators. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14565-14577. [PMID: 32747446 PMCID: PMC7586208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid(AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain, where they mediate synaptic transmission and plasticity. Excessive AMPAR activation leads to diseases such as epilepsy. AMPAR properties are modulated by auxiliary proteins and foremost by the transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs). These distribute in unique expression patterns across the brain, rendering AMPAR/TARP complexes promising targets for region-specific therapeutic intervention. TARP γ8 is predominantly expressed in the forebrain and is enriched in the hippocampus, a region associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. Recent high-throughput medicinal chemistry screens have identified multiple promising compounds that selectively target AMPARs associated with γ8 and hold promise for epilepsy treatment. However, how these modulators target the receptor complex is currently unknown. Here, we use a combination of ligand docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and electrophysiology to address this question. We identify a conserved oxindole isostere, shared between three structurally diverse modulators (LY-3130481, JNJ-55511118, and JNJ-61432059) as the major module engaging γ8 by an H-bond to Asn-172 (γ8). The remaining variable region of each molecule likely targets the receptor complex in ligand-selective modes. Functional data reveal parallels in the underlying modulatory action of two prominent compounds. This work will aid development of refined AMPAR epilepsy therapeutics and facilitate to uncover the mechanisms by which TARPs modulate the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Niklas Dohrke
- Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jake F Watson
- Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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19
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Kamalova A, Nakagawa T. AMPA receptor structure and auxiliary subunits. J Physiol 2020; 599:453-469. [PMID: 32004381 DOI: 10.1113/jp278701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain is largely mediated by AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs), which are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate. In synapses, the function of AMPARs is tuned by their auxiliary subunits, a diverse set of membrane proteins associated with the core pore-forming subunits of the AMPARs. Each auxiliary subunit provides distinct functional modulation of AMPARs, ranging from regulation of trafficking to shaping ion channel gating kinetics. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the function of these complexes is key to decoding synaptic modulation and their global roles in cognitive activities, such as learning and memory. Here, we review the structural and molecular complexity of AMPAR-auxiliary subunit complexes, as well as their functional diversity in different brain regions. We suggest that the recent structural information provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic functions of AMPAR-auxiliary subunit complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aichurok Kamalova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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20
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Yu Q, Kumata K, Li H, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Zhang X, Shao T, Hatori A, Yamasaki T, Xie L, Hu K, Wang G, Josephson L, Sun S, Zhang MR, Liang SH. Synthesis and evaluation of 6-( 11C-methyl(4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-one for imaging γ-8 dependent transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein by PET. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126879. [PMID: 31879207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) are a recently discovered family of proteins that modulate AMPA receptors activity. Based on a potent and selective TARP subtype γ-8 antagonist, 6-(methyl(4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-one (compound 9), we perform the radiosynthesis of its 11C-isotopologue 1 and conduct preliminary PET evaluation to test the feasibility of imaging TARP γ-8 dependent receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhen Yu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Tuo Shao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kuan Hu
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Gangqiang Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Non-power Nuclear Technology, College of Nuclear Technology & Chemistry and Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Lee Josephson
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Shaofa Sun
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Non-power Nuclear Technology, College of Nuclear Technology & Chemistry and Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China.
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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21
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Stenum-Berg C, Musgaard M, Chavez-Abiega S, Thisted CL, Barrella L, Biggin PC, Kristensen AS. Mutational Analysis and Modeling of Negative Allosteric Modulator Binding Sites in AMPA Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:835-850. [PMID: 31582576 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) constitute a subclass of the ionotropic glutamate receptor superfamily, which functions as glutamate-gated cation channels to mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. AMPARs are therapeutic targets in a range of brain disorders associated with abnormal glutamate hyperactivity. Multiple classes of AMPAR inhibitors have been developed during the past decades, including competitive antagonists, ion channel blockers, and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs). At present, the NAM is the only class of AMPAR ligands that have been developed into safe and useful drugs in humans in the form of perampanel (Fycompa), which was recently approved for treatment of epilepsy. Compared with the detailed understanding of other AMPAR ligand classes, surprisingly little information has been available regarding the molecular mechanism of perampanel and other classes of NAMs at AMPARs; including the location and structure of NAM binding pockets in the receptor complex. However, structures of the AMPAR GluA2 in complex with NAMs were recently reported that unambiguously identified the NAM binding sites. In parallel with this work, our aim with the present study was to identify specific residues involved in the formation of the NAM binding site for three prototypical AMPAR NAMs. Hence, we have performed a mutational analysis of the AMPAR region that links the four extracellular ligand-binding domains to the central ion channel in the transmembrane domain region. Furthermore, we perform computational ligand docking of the NAMs into structural models of the homomeric GluA2 receptor and optimize side chain conformations around the NAMs to model how NAMs bind in this specific site. The new insights provide potentially valuable input for structure-based drug design of new NAMs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors are glutamate-gated ion channels that mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. Negative allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors are considered to have significant therapeutic potential in diseases linked to glutamate hyperactivity. The present work employs mutational analysis and molecular modeling of the binding site for prototypical NAMs to provide new molecular insight into how NAMs interact with the AMPA receptor, which is of potential use for future design of new types of NAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Stenum-Berg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.S.-B., S.C.-A., C.L.T., L.B., A.S.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M., P.C.B.)
| | - Maria Musgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.S.-B., S.C.-A., C.L.T., L.B., A.S.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M., P.C.B.)
| | - Sergei Chavez-Abiega
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.S.-B., S.C.-A., C.L.T., L.B., A.S.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M., P.C.B.)
| | - Christine L Thisted
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.S.-B., S.C.-A., C.L.T., L.B., A.S.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M., P.C.B.)
| | - Lorenzo Barrella
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.S.-B., S.C.-A., C.L.T., L.B., A.S.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M., P.C.B.)
| | - Philip C Biggin
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.S.-B., S.C.-A., C.L.T., L.B., A.S.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M., P.C.B.)
| | - Anders S Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.S.-B., S.C.-A., C.L.T., L.B., A.S.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M., P.C.B.)
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22
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Witkin JM, Ping X, Cerne R, Mouser C, Jin X, Hobbs J, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Li G, Jahan R, Rashid F, Kumar Golani L, Cook JM, Smith JL. The value of human epileptic tissue in the characterization and development of novel antiepileptic drugs: The example of CERC-611 and KRM-II-81. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146356. [PMID: 31369732 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The need for improved antiepileptics is clearly mandated despite the existence of multiple existing medicines from different chemical and mechanistic classes. Standard of care agents do not fully control epilepsies and have a variety of side-effect and safety issues. Patients typically take multiple antiepileptic drugs and yet many continue to have seizures. Antiepileptic-unresponsive seizures are life-disrupting and life-threatening. One approach to seizure control is surgical resection of affected brain tissue and associated neural circuits. Although non-human brain studies can provide insight into novel antiepileptic mechanisms, human epileptic brain is the bottom-line biological substrate. Human epileptic brain can provide definitive information on the presence or absence of the putative protein targets of interest in the patient population, the potential changes in these proteins in the epileptic state, and the engagement of novel molecules and their functional impact in target tissue. In this review, we discuss data on two novel potential antiepileptic drugs. CERC-611 (LY3130481) is an AMPA receptor antagonist that selectively blocks AMPA receptors associated with the auxiliary protein TARP γ-8 and is in clinical development. KRM-II-81 is a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors selectively associated with protein subunits α2 and α 3. Preclinical data on these compounds argue that patient-based biological data increase the probability that a newly discovered molecule will translate its antiepileptic potential to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rok Cerne
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Claire Mouser
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jon Hobbs
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Lalit Kumar Golani
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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23
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Inami H, Shishikura JI, Yasunaga T, Hirano M, Kimura T, Yamashita H, Ohno K, Sakamoto S. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 3-[(4-Oxo-4H-pyrido[3,2-e][1,3]thiazin-2-yl)(phenyl)amino]propanenitrile Derivatives as Orally Active AMPA Receptor Antagonists. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:699-706. [PMID: 31257325 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In our search for novel orally active α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonists, we found that conversion of an allyl group in the lead compound 2-[allyl(4-methylphenyl)amino]-4H-pyrido[3,2-e][1,3]thiazin-4-one (4) to a 2-cyanoethyl group significantly increased inhibitory activity against AMPA receptor-mediated kainate-induced toxicity in rat hippocampal cultures. Here, we synthesized 10 analogs bearing a 2-cyanoethyl group and administered them to mice to evaluate their anticonvulsant activity in maximal electroshock (MES)- and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure tests, and their effects on motor coordination in a rotarod test. 3-{(4-Oxo-4H-pyrido[3,2-e][1,3]thiazin-2-yl)[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]amino}propanenitrile (25) and 3-[(2,2-difluoro-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)(4-oxo-4H-pyrido[3,2-e][1,3]thiazin-2-yl)amino]propanenitrile (27) exhibited potent anticonvulsant activity in both seizure tests and induced minor motor disturbances as indicated in the rotarod test. The protective index values of 25 and 27 for MES-induced seizures (10.7 and 12.0, respectively) and PTZ-induced seizures (6.0 and 5.6, respectively) were considerably higher compared with those of YM928 (5) and talampanel (1).
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24
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Knopp KL, Simmons RMA, Guo W, Adams BL, Gardinier KM, Gernert DL, Ornstein PL, Porter W, Reel J, Ding C, Wang H, Qian Y, Burris KD, Need A, Barth V, Swanson S, Catlow J, Witkin JM, Zwart R, Sher E, Choong KC, Wall TM, Schober D, Felder CC, Kato AS, Bredt DS, Nisenbaum ES. Modulation of TARP γ8–Containing AMPA Receptors as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Chronic Pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:345-363. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.250126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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25
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Savall BM, Wu D, Swanson DM, Seierstad M, Wu N, Vives Martinez J, García Olmos B, Lord B, Coe K, Koudriakova T, Lovenberg TW, Carruthers NI, Maher MP, Ameriks MK. Discovery of Imidazo[1,2- a]pyrazines and Pyrazolo[1,5- c]pyrimidines as TARP γ-8 Selective AMPAR Negative Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:267-272. [PMID: 30891124 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This report discloses the discovery and characterization of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines as selective negative modulators of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptors (AMPARs) associated with transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein γ-8. Imidazopyrazine 5 was initially identified as a promising γ-8 selective high-throughput screening hit, and subsequent structure-activity relationship optimization yielded subnanomolar, brain penetrant leads. Replacement of the imidazopyrazine core with an isosteric pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold improved microsomal stability and efflux liabilities to provide 26, JNJ-61432059. Following oral administration, 26 exhibited time- and dose-dependent AMPAR/γ-8 receptor occupancy in mouse hippocampus, which resulted in robust seizure protection in corneal kindling and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) anticonvulsant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M. Savall
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dongpei Wu
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Devin M. Swanson
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Mark Seierstad
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Nyantsz Wu
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Jorge Vives Martinez
- Eurofins-Villapharma Research S.L., Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Alamo, Carretera El Estrecho-Lobosilo, Km. 2,5, E-30320 Fuente Alamo (Murcia), Spain
| | - Beatriz García Olmos
- Eurofins-Villapharma Research S.L., Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Alamo, Carretera El Estrecho-Lobosilo, Km. 2,5, E-30320 Fuente Alamo (Murcia), Spain
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Kevin Coe
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Tatiana Koudriakova
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Timothy W. Lovenberg
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Nicholas I. Carruthers
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Michael P. Maher
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Michael K. Ameriks
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121 United States
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26
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Brogi S, Campiani G, Brindisi M, Butini S. Allosteric Modulation of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors: An Outlook on New Therapeutic Approaches To Treat Central Nervous System Disorders. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:228-236. [PMID: 30891118 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The allosteric targeting of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) is a valuable approach for treating various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this frame, this Innovations provides a summary of the state-of-the art in the development of allosteric modulators for iGluRs and offers an outlook regarding innovative strategies for treating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brogi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, DoE Department of Excellence 2018−2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, DoE Department of Excellence 2018−2022, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, DoE Department of Excellence 2018−2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, DoE Department of Excellence 2018−2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, DoE Department of Excellence 2018−2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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27
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Fu H, Chen Z, Josephson L, Li Z, Liang SH. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Ligand Development for Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors: Challenges and Opportunities for Radiotracer Targeting N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA), and Kainate Receptors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:403-419. [PMID: 30110164 PMCID: PMC6393217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission within the mammalian central nervous system. iGluRs exist as three main groups: N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), and kainate receptors. The past decades have witnessed a remarkable development of PET tracers targeting different iGluRs including NMDARs and AMPARs, and several of the tracers have advanced to clinical imaging studies. Here, we assess the recent development of iGluR PET probes, focusing on tracer design, brain kinetics, and performance in PET imaging studies. Furthermore, this review will not only present challenges in the tracer development but also provide novel approaches in conjunction with most recent drug discovery efforts on these iGluRs, including subtype-selective NMDAR and transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein modulators and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of AMPARs. These approaches, if successful as PET tracers, may provide fundamental knowledge to understand the roles of iGluR receptors under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Fu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Zijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology, Molecular Diagnosis & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
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28
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Zwart R, Mazzo F, Sher E. Microtransplantation of human brain receptors into oocytes to tackle key questions in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:533-543. [PMID: 30395928 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is important in drug discovery to demonstrate that activity of novel drugs found by screening on recombinant receptors translates to activity on native human receptors in brain areas affected by disease. In this review, we summarise the development and use of the microtransplantation technique. Native receptors are reconstituted from human brain tissues into oocytes from the frog Xenopus laevis where they can be functionally assessed. Oocytes microtransplanted with hippocampal tissue from an epileptic patient were used to demonstrate that new antiepileptic agents act on receptors in diseased tissue. Furthermore, frozen post-mortem human tissues were used to show that drugs are active on receptors in brain areas associated with a disease; but not in areas associated with side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Zwart
- Eli Lilly, Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK.
| | - Francesca Mazzo
- Eli Lilly, Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Emanuele Sher
- Eli Lilly, Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, GU20 6PH, UK
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29
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Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Koepp MJ, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Fourteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XIV). I. Drugs in preclinical and early clinical development. Epilepsia 2018; 59:1811-1841. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.14557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meir Bialer
- Faculty of Medicine; School of Pharmacy and David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy; Institute for Drug Research; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Svein I. Johannessen
- National Center for Epilepsy; Sandvika Norway
- Department of Pharmacology; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Matthias J. Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
| | - René H. Levy
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Neurological Surgery; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation; Pavia Italy
| | - Torbjörn Tomson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - H. Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy; School of Pharmacy; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
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30
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Ravula S, Savall BM, Wu N, Lord B, Coe K, Wang K, Seierstad M, Swanson DM, Ziff J, Nguyen M, Leung P, Rynberg R, La D, Pippel DJ, Koudriakova T, Lovenberg TW, Carruthers NI, Maher MP, Ameriks MK. Lead Optimization of 5-Aryl Benzimidazolone- and Oxindole-Based AMPA Receptor Modulators Selective for TARP γ-8. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:821-826. [PMID: 30128074 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate mediates fast excitatory neurotransmission via ionotropic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. The trafficking and gating properties of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) can be amplified by transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs), which are often expressed in localized brain regions. Herein, we describe the discovery, lead optimization, and preclinical characterization of 5-arylbenzimidazolone and oxindole-based negative modulators of AMPARs associated with TARP γ-8, the primary TARP found in hippocampus. High-throughput screen lead 4 was optimized for potency and brain penetration to provide benzimidazolone 3, JNJ-55511118.1 Replacement of the benzimidazolone core in 3 with an oxindole mitigated reactive metabolite formation and led to the identification of 18 (GluA1/γ-8 pIC50 = 9.7). Following oral dosing in rats, 18 demonstrated robust target engagement in hippocampus as assessed by ex vivo autoradiography (ED50 = 0.6 mg/kg, plasma EC50 = 9 ng/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Ravula
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brad M. Savall
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nyantsz Wu
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin Coe
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Seierstad
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Devin M. Swanson
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jeannie Ziff
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Perry Leung
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ray Rynberg
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David La
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel J. Pippel
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tatiana Koudriakova
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Timothy W. Lovenberg
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicholas I. Carruthers
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael P. Maher
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael K. Ameriks
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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31
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Chen Z, Mori W, Zhang X, Yamasaki T, Dunn PJ, Zhang G, Fu H, Shao T, Zhang Y, Hatori A, Ma L, Fujinaga M, Xie L, Deng X, Li H, Yu Q, Rong J, Josephson L, Ma JA, Shao Y, Tomita S, Zhang MR, Liang SH. Synthesis, pharmacology and preclinical evaluation of 11C-labeled 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-ones for imaging γ8-dependent transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:898-908. [PMID: 30145376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
a-Amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors are implicated in the pathology of neurological diseases such as epilepsy and schizophrenia. As pan antagonists for this target are often accompanied with undesired effects at high doses, one of the recent drug discovery approaches has shifted to subtype-selective AMPA receptor (AMPAR) antagonists, specifically, via modulating transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs). The quantification of AMPARs by positron emission tomography (PET) would help obtain insights into disease conditions in the living brain and advance the translational development of AMPAR antagonists. Herein we report the design, synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a series of TARP γ-8 antagonists, amenable for radiolabeling, for the development of subtype-selective AMPAR PET imaging agents. Based on the pharmacology evaluation, molecular docking studies and physiochemical properties, we have identified several promising lead compounds 3, 17-19 and 21 for in vivo PET studies. All candidate compounds were labeled with [11C]COCl2 in high radiochemical yields (13-31% RCY) and high molar activities (35-196 GBq/μmol). While tracers 30 ([11C]17) &32 ([11C]21) crossed the blood-brain barrier and showed heterogeneous distribution in PET studies, consistent with TARP γ-8 expression, high nonspecific binding prevented further evaluation. To our delight, tracer 31 ([11C]3) showed good in vitro specific binding and characteristic high uptake in the hippocampus in rat brain tissues, which provides the guideline for further development of a new generation subtype selective TARP γ-8 dependent AMPAR tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Patrick J Dunn
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Genwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Hualong Fu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tuo Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Longle Ma
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Qingzhen Yu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Susumu Tomita
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Kiyonaka S, Sakamoto S, Wakayama S, Morikawa Y, Tsujikawa M, Hamachi I. Ligand-Directed Chemistry of AMPA Receptors Confers Live-Cell Fluorescent Biosensors. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1880-1889. [PMID: 29437380 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Dysregulation of AMPAR function is associated with many kinds of neurological, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. As a result, molecules capable of controlling AMPAR functions are potential therapeutic agents. Fluorescent semisynthetic biosensors have attracted considerable interest for the discovery of ligands selectively acting on target proteins. Given the large protein complex formation of AMPARs in live cells, biosensors using full-length AMPARs retaining original functionality are ideal for drug screening. Here, we demonstrate that fluorophore-labeled AMPARs prepared by ligand-directed acyl imidazole chemistry can act as turn-on fluorescent biosensors for AMPAR ligands in living cells. These biosensors selectively detect orthosteric ligands of AMPARs among the glutamate receptor family. Notably, the dissociation constants of agonists and antagonists for AMPARs were determined in live cells, which revealed that the ligand-binding properties of AMPARs to agonists are largely different in living cells, compared with noncellular conditions. We also show that these sensors can be applied to detecting allosteric modulators or subunit-selective ligands of AMPARs. Thus, our protein-based biosensors can be useful for discovering pharmaceutical agents to treat AMPAR-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kiyonaka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Seiji Sakamoto
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Sho Wakayama
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuma Morikawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Muneo Tsujikawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- CREST(Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, JST), Chiyodaku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
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Lee MR, Gardinier KM, Gernert DL, Schober DA, Wright RA, Wang H, Qian Y, Witkin JM, Nisenbaum ES, Kato AS. Structural Determinants of the γ-8 TARP Dependent AMPA Receptor Antagonist. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2631-2647. [PMID: 28825787 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The forebrain specific AMPA receptor antagonist, LY3130481/CERC-611, which selectively antagonizes the AMPA receptors associated with TARP γ-8, an auxiliary subunit enriched in the forebrain, has potent antiepileptic activities without motor side effects. We designated the compounds with such activities as γ-8 TARP dependent AMPA receptor antagonists (γ-8 TDAAs). In this work, we further investigated the mechanisms of action using a radiolabeled γ-8 TDAA and ternary structural modeling with mutational validations to characterize the LY3130481 binding to γ-8. The radioligand binding to the cells heterologously expressing GluA1 and/or γ-8 revealed that γ-8 TDAAs binds to γ-8 alone without AMPA receptors. Homology modeling of γ-8, based on the crystal structures of a distant TARP homologue, murine claudin 19, in conjunction with knowledge of two γ-8 residues previously identified as critical for the LY3130481 TARP-dependent selectivity provided the basis for a binding mode prediction. This allowed further rational mutational studies for characterization of the structural determinants in TARP γ-8 for LY3130481 activities, both thermodynamically as well as kinetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Lee
- Lilly
Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, 10300 Campus Point Dr. #200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin M. Gardinier
- Neuroscience
Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratory, 355 E Merril St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Douglas L. Gernert
- Neuroscience
Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratory, 355 E Merril St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Douglas A. Schober
- Neuroscience
Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratory, 355 E Merril St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Wright
- Neuroscience
Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratory, 355 E Merril St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - He Wang
- Neuroscience
Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratory, 355 E Merril St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yuewei Qian
- Neuroscience
Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratory, 355 E Merril St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Witkin
- Neuroscience
Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratory, 355 E Merril St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Eric S. Nisenbaum
- Neuroscience
Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratory, 355 E Merril St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Akihiko S. Kato
- Neuroscience
Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratory, 355 E Merril St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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Maher MP, Matta JA, Gu S, Seierstad M, Bredt DS. Getting a Handle on Neuropharmacology by Targeting Receptor-Associated Proteins. Neuron 2017; 96:989-1001. [PMID: 29216460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy for neuropsychiatric disorders requires selective modulation of dysfunctional neuronal pathways. Receptors relevant to CNS disorders typically have associated proteins discretely expressed in specific neuronal pathways; these accessory proteins provide a new dimension for drug discovery. Recent studies show that targeting a TARP auxiliary subunit of AMPA receptors selectively modulates neuronal excitability in specific forebrain pathways relevant to epilepsy. Other medicinally important ion channels, gated by glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholine, also have associated proteins, which may be druggable. This emerging pharmacology of receptor-associated proteins provides a new approach for improving drug efficacy while mitigating side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Maher
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jose A Matta
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Shenyan Gu
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mark Seierstad
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David S Bredt
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Kato AS, Witkin JM. Auxiliary subunits of AMPA receptors: The discovery of a forebrain-selective antagonist, LY3130481/CERC-611. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 147:191-200. [PMID: 28987594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drugs originate from the discovery of compounds, natural or synthetic, that bind to proteins (receptors, enzymes, transporters, etc.), the interaction of which modulates biological cascades that have potential therapeutic benefit. Rational strategies for identifying novel drug therapies are typically based on knowledge of the structure of the target proteins and the design of new chemical entities that modulate these proteins in a beneficial manner. The present review discusses a novel approach to drug discovery based on the identification and characterization of auxiliary proteins, the transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) that are associated with AMPA receptors. Utilizing these auxiliary proteins in compound screening led to the discovery of the TARP-dependent-AMPA forebrain selective receptor antagonist (TDAA), LY3130481/CERC-611 that is currently in clinical development for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko S Kato
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285-0510, United States.
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285-0510, United States.
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Hawken NM, Zaika EI, Nakagawa T. Engineering defined membrane-embedded elements of AMPA receptor induces opposing gating modulation by cornichon 3 and stargazin. J Physiol 2017; 595:6517-6539. [PMID: 28815591 DOI: 10.1113/jp274897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate the majority of excitatory synaptic transmission and their function impacts learning, cognition and behaviour. The gating of AMPARs occurs in milliseconds, precisely controlled by a variety of auxiliary subunits that are expressed differentially in the brain, but the difference in mechanisms underlying AMPAR gating modulation by auxiliary subunits remains elusive and is investigated. The elements of the AMPAR that are functionally recruited by auxiliary subunits, stargazin and cornichon 3, are located not only in the extracellular domains but also in the lipid-accessible surface of the AMPAR. We reveal that the two auxiliary subunits require a shared surface on the transmembrane domain of the AMPAR for their function, but the gating is influenced by this surface in opposing directions for each auxiliary subunit. Our results provide new insights into the mechanistic difference of AMPAR modulation by auxiliary subunits and a conceptual framework for functional engineering of the complex. ABSTRACT During excitatory synaptic transmission, various structurally unrelated transmembrane auxiliary subunits control the function of AMPA receptors (AMPARs), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We identified lipid-exposed residues in the transmembrane domain (TMD) of the GluA2 subunit of AMPARs that are critical for the function of AMPAR auxiliary subunits, stargazin (Stg) and cornichon 3 (CNIH3). These residues are essential for stabilizing the AMPAR-CNIH3 complex in detergents and overlap with the contacts made between GluA2 TMD and Stg in the cryoEM structures. Mutating these residues had opposite effects on gating modulation and complex stability when Stg- and CNIH3-bound AMPARs were compared. Specifically, in detergent the GluA2-A793F formed an unstable complex with CNIIH3 but in the membrane the GluA2-A793F-CNIH3 complex expressed a gain of function. In contrast, the GluA2-A793F-Stg complex was stable, but had diminished gating modulation. GluA2-C528L destabilized the AMPAR-CNIH3 complex but stabilized the AMPAR-Stg complex, with overall loss of function in gating modulation. Furthermore, loss-of-function mutations in this TMD region cancelled the effects of a gain-of-function Stg carrying mutation in its extracellular loop, demonstrating that both the extracellular and the TMD elements contribute independently to gating modulation. The elements of AMPAR functionally recruited by auxiliary subunits are, therefore, located not only in the extracellular domains but also in the lipid accessible surface of the AMPAR. The TMD surface we defined is a potential target for auxiliary subunit-specific compounds, because engineering of this hotspot induces opposing functional outcomes by Stg and CNIH3. The collection of mutant-phenotype mapping provides a framework for engineering AMPAR gating using auxiliary subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Hawken
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Elena I Zaika
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Witkin JM, Li J, Gilmour G, Mitchell SN, Carter G, Gleason SD, Seidel WF, Eastwood BJ, McCarthy A, Porter WJ, Reel J, Gardinier KM, Kato AS, Wafford KA. Electroencephalographic, cognitive, and neurochemical effects of LY3130481 (CERC-611), a selective antagonist of TARP-γ8-associated AMPA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2017; 126:257-270. [PMID: 28757050 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
6-[(1S)-1-[1-[5-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-pyridyl]pyrazol-3-yl]ethyl]-3H-1,3-benzothiazol-2-one (LY3130481 or CERC-611) is a selective antagonist of AMPA receptors containing transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein (TARP) γ-8. This molecule has been characterized as a potent and efficacious anticonvulsant in an array of acute and chronic epilepsy models in rodents. The present set of experiments was designed to assess the effects of LY3130481 on the electroencephelogram (EEG), cognitive function, and neurochemical outflow. LY3130481 disrupted food-maintained responding in rats and spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze in mice. In rat fear conditioning, LY3130481 caused a deficit in trace (hippocampal-dependent), but not in delay fear conditioning. Although these effects on cognitive performances were observed, the known cognitive-impairing anticonvulsant, topiramate, did not always produce deficits under these assay conditions. LY3130481 produced modest increases in wake times in rats. In addition, LY3130481 was able to attenuate some impairing effects of standard antiepileptic drugs. The motor-impairing effects of the lacosamide were attenuated by LY3130481 as was the decrease in non-rapid-eye movement sleep induced by carbamazepine. Evaluation of the effect of LY3130481 on neurotransmitter and metabolite efflux in the rat medial prefrontal cortex, using in vivo microdialysis, revealed significant increases in the pro-cognitive and wake-promoting neurotransmitters, histamine and acetylcholine, as well as in serotonin, telemethylhistamine, 5-HIAA, HVA and MHPG. LY3130481 thus presents a novel behavioral profile that will have to be evaluated in patients to fully appreciate its implications for therapeutics. LY3130481 is currently under clinical development as CERC-611 as an antiepileptic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Jennifer Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Gary Gilmour
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Stephen N Mitchell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Guy Carter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Scott D Gleason
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Wesley F Seidel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Brian J Eastwood
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Andrew McCarthy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Warren J Porter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jon Reel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kevin M Gardinier
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Akihiko S Kato
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Keith A Wafford
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK.
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TARP γ-2 Is Required for Inflammation-Associated AMPA Receptor Plasticity within Lamina II of the Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6007-6020. [PMID: 28559374 PMCID: PMC5481940 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0772-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) critically influence the distribution, gating, and pharmacology of AMPARs, but the contribution of these auxiliary subunits to AMPAR-mediated signaling in the spinal cord remains unclear. We found that the Type I TARP γ-2 (stargazin) is present in lamina II of the superficial dorsal horn, an area involved in nociception. Consistent with the notion that γ-2 is associated with surface AMPARs, CNQX, a partial agonist at AMPARs associated with Type I TARPs, evoked whole-cell currents in lamina II neurons, but such currents were severely attenuated in γ-2-lacking stargazer (stg/stg) mice. Examination of EPSCs revealed the targeting of γ-2 to be synapse-specific; the amplitude of spontaneously occurring miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) was reduced in neurons from stg/stg mice, but the amplitude of capsaicin-induced mEPSCs from C-fiber synapses was unaltered. This suggests that γ-2 is associated with AMPARs at synapses in lamina II but excluded from those at C-fiber inputs, a view supported by our immunohistochemical colabeling data. Following induction of peripheral inflammation, a model of hyperalgesia, there was a switch in the current-voltage relationships of capsaicin-induced mEPSCs, from linear to inwardly rectifying, indicating an increased prevalence of calcium-permeable (CP) AMPARs. This effect was abolished in stg/stg mice. Our results establish that, although γ-2 is not typically associated with calcium-impermeable AMPARs at C-fiber synapses, it is required for the translocation of CP-AMPARs to these synapses following peripheral inflammation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the brain, transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) critically determine the functional properties of AMPARs, but the contribution of these auxiliary subunits to AMPAR-mediated signaling in the spinal cord remains unclear. An increase in the excitability of neurons within the superficial dorsal horn (SDH) of the spinal cord is thought to underlie heighted pain sensitivity. One mechanism considered to contribute to such long-lived changes is the remodeling of the ionotropic AMPA-type glutamate receptors that underlie fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the SDH. Here we show that the TARP γ-2 (stargazin) is present in SDH neurons and is necessary in a form of inflammatory pain-induced plasticity, which involves an increase in the prevalence of synaptic calcium-permeable AMPARs.
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Azumaya CM, Days EL, Vinson PN, Stauffer S, Sulikowski G, Weaver CD, Nakagawa T. Screening for AMPA receptor auxiliary subunit specific modulators. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174742. [PMID: 28358902 PMCID: PMC5373622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPAR) are ligand gated ion channels critical for synaptic transmission and plasticity. Their dysfunction is implicated in a variety of psychiatric and neurological diseases ranging from major depressive disorder to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Attempting to potentiate or depress AMPAR activity is an inherently difficult balancing act between effective treatments and debilitating side effects. A newly explored strategy to target subsets of AMPARs in the central nervous system is to identify compounds that affect specific AMPAR-auxiliary subunit complexes. This exploits diverse spatio-temporal expression patterns of known AMPAR auxiliary subunits, providing means for designing brain region-selective compounds. Here we report a high-throughput screening-based pipeline that can identify compounds that are selective for GluA2-CNIH3 and GluA2-stargazin complexes. These compounds will help us build upon the growing library of AMPAR-auxiliary subunit specific inhibitors, which have thus far all been targeted to TARP γ-8. We used a cell-based assay combined with a voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) to identify changes in glutamate-gated cation flow across the membranes of HEK cells co-expressing GluA2 and an auxiliary subunit. We then used a calcium flux assay to further validate hits picked from the VSD assay. VU0612951 and VU0627849 are candidate compounds from the initial screen that were identified as negative and positive allosteric modulators (NAM and PAM), respectively. They both have lower IC50/EC50s on complexes containing stargazin and CNIH3 than GSG1L or the AMPAR alone. We have also identified a candidate compound, VU0539491, that has NAM activity in GluA2(R)-CNIH3 and GluA2(Q) complexes and PAM activity in GluA2(Q)-GSG1L complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleigh M Azumaya
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Emily L Days
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology High Throughput Screening Core, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paige N Vinson
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology High Throughput Screening Core, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shaun Stauffer
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gary Sulikowski
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - C David Weaver
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology High Throughput Screening Core, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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41
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Approaches for the discovery of novel positron emission tomography radiotracers for brain imaging. Clin Transl Imaging 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-017-0221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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42
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Forebrain-selective AMPA-receptor antagonism guided by TARP γ-8 as an antiepileptic mechanism. Nat Med 2016; 22:1496-1501. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Maher MP, Ameriks MK, Savall BM, Carruthers NI, Lovenberg TW. Reply to "A Comment on 'Discovery and Characterization of AMPA Receptor Modulators Selective for TARP-γ8'". J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:527. [PMID: 27528545 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Maher
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, San Diego, California
| | - Michael K Ameriks
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, San Diego, California
| | - Brad M Savall
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, San Diego, California
| | - Nicholas I Carruthers
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, San Diego, California
| | - Timothy W Lovenberg
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, San Diego, California
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Mazzo F, Zwart R, Serratto GM, Gardinier KM, Porter W, Reel J, Maraula G, Sher E. Reconstitution of synaptic Ion channels from rodent and human brain in Xenopus oocytes: a biochemical and electrophysiological characterization. J Neurochem 2016; 138:384-96. [PMID: 27216696 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disruption in the expression and function of synaptic proteins, and ion channels in particular, is critical in the pathophysiology of human neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very little is known regarding the functional and pharmacological properties of native synaptic human ion channels, and their potential changes in pathological conditions. Recently, an electrophysiological technique has been enabled for studying the functional and pharmacological properties of ion channels present in crude membrane preparation obtained from post-mortem frozen brains. We here extend these studies by showing that human synaptic ion channels also can be studied in this way. Synaptosomes purified from different regions of rodent and human brain (control and Alzheimer's) were characterized biochemically for enrichment of synaptic proteins, and expression of ion channel subunits. The same synaptosomes were also reconstituted in Xenopus oocytes, in which the functional and pharmacological properties of the native synaptic ion channels were characterized using the voltage clamp technique. We show that we can detect GABA, (RS)-α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, and NMDA receptors, and modulate them pharmacologically with selective agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators. Furthermore, changes in ion channel expression and function were detected in synaptic membranes from Alzheimer's brains. Our present results demonstrate the possibility to investigate synaptic ion channels from healthy and pathological brains. This method of synaptosomes preparation and injection into oocytes is a significant improvement over the earlier method. It opens the way to directly testing, on native ion channels, the effects of novel drugs aimed at modulating important classes of synaptic targets. Disruption in the expression and function of synaptic ion channels is critical in the pathophysiology of human neurodegenerative diseases. We here show that synaptosomes purified from rodent and human frozen brain (control and Alzheimer disease) can be studied both biochemically and functionally. This method opens the way to directly testing the effects of novel drugs on native ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mazzo
- Lilly Research Centre, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6HP, UK
| | - Ruud Zwart
- Lilly Research Centre, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6HP, UK
| | - Giulia Maia Serratto
- Lilly Research Centre, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6HP, UK
| | - Kevin M Gardinier
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Warren Porter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Jon Reel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Giovanna Maraula
- Lilly Research Centre, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6HP, UK
| | - Emanuele Sher
- Lilly Research Centre, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6HP, UK
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