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Bai S, Wei Y, Liu R, Chen Y, Ma W, Wang M, Chen L, Luo Y, Du J. The role of transient receptor potential channels in metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114074. [PMID: 36493698 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the hallmark of failed tumor treatment and is typically associated with death due to cancer. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels affect changes in intracellular calcium concentrations and participate at every stage of metastasis. Further, they increase the migratory ability of tumor cells, promote angiogenesis, regulate immune function, and promote the growth of tumor cells through changes in gene expression and function. In this review, we explore the potential mechanisms of action of TRP channels, summarize their role in tumor metastasis, compile inhibitors of TRP channels relevant in tumors, and discuss current challenges in research on TRP channels involved in tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Bai
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanling Ma
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhenyuan Rd, Guangming Dist., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Yumei Luo
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Juan Du
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China.
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2
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Francesconi O, Corzana F, Kontogianni GI, Pesciullesi G, Gualdani R, Supuran CT, Angeli A, Kavasi RM, Chatzinikolaidou M, Nativi C. Lipoyl-Based Antagonists of Transient Receptor Potential Cation A (TRPA1) Downregulate Osteosarcoma Cell Migration and Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1119-1127. [PMID: 36407953 PMCID: PMC9667541 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a heterogeneous tumor intimately linked to its microenvironment, which promotes its growth and spread. It is generally accompanied by cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP), whose main component is neuropathic pain. The TRPA1 ion channel plays a key role in metastasis and is increasingly expressed in bone cancer. Here, a novel TRPA1 inhibitor is described and tested together with two other known TRPA1 antagonists. The novel lipoyl derivative has been successfully assessed for its ability to reduce human osteosarcoma MG-63 cell viability, motility, and gene expression of the CIBP pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). A putative three-dimensional (3D) model of the inhibitor covalently bound to TRPA1 is also proposed. The in vitro data suggest that the novel inhibitor described here may be highly interesting and stimulating for new strategies to treat osteosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Francesconi
- Department
of Chemistry, DICUS, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019Florence, Italy
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis
Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Giorgio Pesciullesi
- Department
of Chemistry, DICUS, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Gualdani
- Department
of Chemistry, DICUS, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA
Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA
Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019Florence, Italy
| | - Rafaela Maria Kavasi
- Foundation
for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), 70013Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, University
of Crete, 70013Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation
for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), 70013Heraklion, Greece
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department
of Chemistry, DICUS, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019Florence, Italy
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3
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Comments to the Editor Due to the Response by the Supuran Group to Our Article. Biophys J 2020; 120:182-183. [PMID: 33308476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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4
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Angeli A, Carta F, Nocentini A, Winum JY, Zalubovskis R, Onnis V, Eldehna WM, Capasso C, Carradori S, Donald WA, Dedhar S, Supuran CT. Response to Perspectives on the Classical Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase and the Search for Inhibitors. Biophys J 2020; 120:178-181. [PMID: 33296668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Raivis Zalubovskis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia; Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Scientific Research and Innovation Support Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - William A Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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5
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Jonsson BH, Liljas A. Perspectives on the Classical Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase and the Search for Inhibitors. Biophys J 2020; 119:1275-1280. [PMID: 32910900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a thoroughly studied enzyme. Its primary role is the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in the cells, where carbon dioxide is produced, and in the lungs, where it is released from the blood. At the same time, it regulates pH homeostasis. The inhibitory function of sulfonamides on CA was discovered some 80 years ago. There are numerous physiological-therapeutic conditions in which inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase have a positive effect, such as glaucoma, or act as diuretics. With the realization that several isoenzymes of carbonic anhydrase are associated with the development of several types of cancer, such as brain and breast cancer, the development of inhibitor drugs specific to those enzyme forms has exploded. We would like to highlight the breadth of research on the enzyme as well as draw the attention to some problems in recent published work on inhibitor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt-Harald Jonsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Division of Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Liljas
- Departments of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Janoniene A, Petrikaite V. In Search of Advanced Tumor Diagnostics and Treatment: Achievements and Perspectives of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Targeted Delivery. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1800-1815. [PMID: 32374612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The research of how cells sense and adapt the oxygen deficiency has been recognized as worth winning a Nobel Prize in 2019. Understanding hypoxia-driven molecular machinery paved a path for novel strategies in fighting hypoxia-related diseases including cancer. The oxygen depletion inside the tumor provokes HIF-1 dependent gene and protein expression which helps the tumor to survive. For this reason, tumor related molecules are in the spotlight for scientists developing anticancer agents. One such target is carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX)-a protein located on the outer cell membrane of most hypoxic tumor cells. This offers the opportunity to exploit it as a target for delivery of cytotoxic drugs, dyes, or radioisotopes to cancer cells. Therefore, researchers investigate CA IX specific small molecules and antibodies as tumor-targeting moieties in nanosystems and conjugates which are expected to overcome the limitations of some existing diagnostic and treatment strategies. This review covers the vast majority of CA IX-targeted systems (nanoparticle and conjugate based) for both therapeutic and imaging purposes published up to now. Furthermore, it shows their stage of development and gives an assessment of their clinical translation possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Janoniene
- Vilnius University Life Science Center, Institute of Biotechnology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Petrikaite
- Vilnius University Life Science Center, Institute of Biotechnology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.,Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiology, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
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7
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Maestrelli F, Landucci E, De Luca E, Nerli G, Bergonzi MC, Piazzini V, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Gullo F, Becchetti A, Tadini-Buoninsegni F, Francesconi O, Nativi C. Niosomal Formulation of a Lipoyl-Carnosine Derivative Targeting TRPA1 Channels in Brain. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E669. [PMID: 31835593 PMCID: PMC6956366 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential akyrin type-1 (TRPA1) is a non-selective cation channel playing a pivotal role in pain sensation and neurogenic inflammation. TRPA1 channels expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) have a critical role in the modulation of cortical spreading depression (CSD), which is a key pathophysiological basis of migraine pain. ADM_09 is a recently developed lipoic acid-based TRPA1 antagonist that is able to revert oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain and inflammatory trigeminal allodynia. In this context, aiming at developing drugs that are able to target TRPA1 channels in the CNS and promote an antioxidant effect, permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a central issue. Niosomes are nanovesicles that can be functionalized with specific ligands selectively recognized by transporters expressed on the BBB. In this work, the activity of ADM_09 on neocortex cultures was studied, and an efficient formulation to cross the BBB was developed with the aim of increasing the concentration of ADM_09 into the brain and selectively delivering it to the CNS rapidly after parenteral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maestrelli
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.)
| | - Enrico De Luca
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Giulia Nerli
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Maria Camilla Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Vieri Piazzini
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Domenico E. Pellegrini-Giampietro
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.)
| | - Francesca Gullo
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Becchetti
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesco Tadini-Buoninsegni
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Oscar Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
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Hydrogen sulfide releasing enmein-type diterpenoid derivatives as apoptosis inducers through mitochondria-related pathways. Bioorg Chem 2019; 82:192-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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9
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Cantini F, Calderone V, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Korsak M, Gonnelli L, Francesconi O, Ghelardini C, Banci L, Nativi C. Interaction of Half Oxa-/Half cis-Platin Complex with Human Superoxide Dismutase and Induced Reduction of Neurotoxicity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1094-1098. [PMID: 30429951 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of amorphous protein aggregates containing human superoxide dismutase (hSOD1) is thought to be involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis onset. cis-Platin inhibits the oligomerization of apo hSOD1, but its toxicity precludes any possible use in therapy. Herein, we propose a less toxic platinum complex, namely oxa/cis-platin, as hSOD1 antiaggregation lead compound. Oxa/cis-platin is able to interact with hSOD1 in the disulfide oxidized apo form by binding cysteine 111 (Cys111). The mild neurotoxic phenomena induced in vitro and in vivo by oxa/cis-platin can be successfully reverted by using lypoyl derivatives, which do not interfere with the antiaggregation properties of the platin derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- CERM, University of Florence, via L. Sacconi, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Vito Calderone
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- CERM, University of Florence, via L. Sacconi, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | | | - Magdalena Korsak
- CERM, University of Florence, via L. Sacconi, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Leonardo Gonnelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- CERM, University of Florence, via L. Sacconi, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Oscar Francesconi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, v.le Pieraccini, 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Lucia Banci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- CERM, University of Florence, via L. Sacconi, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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Demartini C, Greco R, Zanaboni AM, Francesconi O, Nativi C, Tassorelli C, Deseure K. Antagonism of Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin Type-1 Channels as a Potential Target for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain: Study in an Animal Model. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113320. [PMID: 30366396 PMCID: PMC6274796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin type-1 (TRPA1) channels are known to actively participate in different pain conditions, including trigeminal neuropathic pain, whose clinical treatment is still unsatisfactory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of TRPA1 channels by means of the antagonist ADM_12 in trigeminal neuropathic pain, in order to identify possible therapeutic targets. A single treatment of ADM_12 in rats 4 weeks after the chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (IoN-CCI) significantly reduced the mechanical allodynia induced in the IoN-CCI rats. Additionally, ADM_12 was able to abolish the increased levels of TRPA1, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and cytokines gene expression in trigeminal ganglia, cervical spinal cord, and medulla induced in the IoN-CCI rats. By contrast, no significant differences between groups were seen as regards CGRP and SP protein expression in the pars caudalis of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. ADM_12 also reduced TRP vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) gene expression in the same areas after IoN-CCI. Our findings show the involvement of both TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels in trigeminal neuropathic pain, and in particular, in trigeminal mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, they provide grounds for the use of ADM_12 in the treatment of trigeminal neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Demartini
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Greco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Oscar Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Kristof Deseure
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory for Pain Research, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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