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Breijyeh Z, Karaman R. Design and Synthesis of Novel Antimicrobial Agents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030628. [PMID: 36978495 PMCID: PMC10045396 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The necessity for the discovery of innovative antimicrobials to treat life-threatening diseases has increased as multidrug-resistant bacteria has spread. Due to antibiotics' availability over the counter in many nations, antibiotic resistance is linked to overuse, abuse, and misuse of these drugs. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized 12 families of bacteria that present the greatest harm to human health, where options of antibiotic therapy are extremely limited. Therefore, this paper reviews possible new ways for the development of novel classes of antibiotics for which there is no pre-existing resistance in human bacterial pathogens. By utilizing research and technology such as nanotechnology and computational methods (such as in silico and Fragment-based drug design (FBDD)), there has been an improvement in antimicrobial actions and selectivity with target sites. Moreover, there are antibiotic alternatives, such as antimicrobial peptides, essential oils, anti-Quorum sensing agents, darobactins, vitamin B6, bacteriophages, odilorhabdins, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, and cannabinoids. Additionally, drug repurposing (such as with ticagrelor, mitomycin C, auranofin, pentamidine, and zidovudine) and synthesis of novel antibacterial agents (including lactones, piperidinol, sugar-based bactericides, isoxazole, carbazole, pyrimidine, and pyrazole derivatives) represent novel approaches to treating infectious diseases. Nonetheless, prodrugs (e.g., siderophores) have recently shown to be an excellent platform to design a new generation of antimicrobial agents with better efficacy against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Ultimately, to combat resistant bacteria and to stop the spread of resistant illnesses, regulations and public education regarding the use of antibiotics in hospitals and the agricultural sector should be combined with research and technological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Breijyeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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2
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Yan W, Zheng Y, Dou C, Zhang G, Arnaout T, Cheng W. The pathogenic mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: implication for new drug development. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:48. [PMID: 36547804 PMCID: PMC9780415 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a tenacious pathogen that has latently infected one third of the world's population. However, conventional TB treatment regimens are no longer sufficient to tackle the growing threat of drug resistance, stimulating the development of innovative anti-tuberculosis agents, with special emphasis on new protein targets. The Mtb genome encodes ~4000 predicted proteins, among which many enzymes participate in various cellular metabolisms. For example, more than 200 proteins are involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, which assists in the construction of the cell envelope, and is closely related to the pathogenesis and resistance of mycobacteria. Here we review several essential enzymes responsible for fatty acid and nucleotide biosynthesis, cellular metabolism of lipids or amino acids, energy utilization, and metal uptake. These include InhA, MmpL3, MmaA4, PcaA, CmaA1, CmaA2, isocitrate lyases (ICLs), pantothenate synthase (PS), Lysine-ε amino transferase (LAT), LeuD, IdeR, KatG, Rv1098c, and PyrG. In addition, we summarize the role of the transcriptional regulator PhoP which may regulate the expression of more than 110 genes, and the essential biosynthesis enzyme glutamine synthetase (GlnA1). All these enzymes are either validated drug targets or promising target candidates, with drugs targeting ICLs and LAT expected to solve the problem of persistent TB infection. To better understand how anti-tuberculosis drugs act on these proteins, their structures and the structure-based drug/inhibitor designs are discussed. Overall, this investigation should provide guidance and support for current and future pharmaceutical development efforts against mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhu Yan
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yanhui Zheng
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Chao Dou
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Gastric Cancer center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37. Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Toufic Arnaout
- Kappa Crystals Ltd., Dublin, Ireland ,MSD Dunboyne BioNX, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Wei Cheng
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
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5
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Yang L, Hu X, Chai X, Ye Q, Pang J, Li D, Hou T. Opportunities for overcoming tuberculosis: Emerging targets and their inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:326-336. [PMID: 34537334 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an airborne infectious disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Given the alarming rise of resistance to anti-TB drugs and latent TB infection (LTBI), new targets and novel bioactive compounds are urgently needed for the treatment of this disease. We provide an overview of the recent advances in anti-TB drug discovery, emphasizing several newly validated targets for which an inhibitor has been reported in the past five years. Our review presents several attractive directions that have potential for the development of next-generation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xueping Hu
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xin Chai
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jinping Pang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Dan Li
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; State Key Lab of Computer-aided Design and Computer Graphics (CAD&CG), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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6
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Cardoso IA, de Souza AKL, Burgess AMG, Chalmers IW, Hoffmann KF, Nonato MC. Characterization of class II fumarase from Schistosoma mansoni provides the molecular basis for selective inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:406-421. [PMID: 33549669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects more than 250 million people worldwide. The only drug available for its treatment undergoes first-pass hepatic metabolism and is not capable of preventing reinfection, which makes the search of new therapies urgently needed. Due to the essential role of fumarases in metabolism, these enzymes represent potential targets for developing novel schistosomiasis treatments. Here, we evaluate the expression profiles for class I and class II fumarases from Schistosoma mansoni (SmFHI and SmFHII, respectively), and report the complete characterization of SmFHII. The first SmFHII structure in complex with L-malate was determined at 1.85 Å resolution. The significant thermoshift observed for SmFHII in the presence of identified ligands makes the differential scanning fluorimetry an adequate technique for ligand screening. A complete kinetic characterization of SmFHII was performed, and comparison with the human fumarase (HsFH) revealed differences regarding the turnover number (kcat). Structural characterization allowed us to identify differences between SmFHII and HsFH that could be explored to design new selective inhibitors. This work represents the very first step towards validate the fumarases as drug targets to treat schistosomiasis. Our results provide the structural basis to rational search for selective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Aimê Cardoso
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Kusumota Luiz de Souza
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adam Muslem George Burgess
- The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Wyllie Chalmers
- The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Francis Hoffmann
- The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Vanden Eynde JJ, Mangoni AA, Rautio J, Leprince J, Azuma YT, García-Sosa AT, Hulme C, Jampilek J, Karaman R, Li W, Gomes PAC, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Capasso R, Geronikaki A, Cerchia L, Sabatier JM, Ragno R, Tuccinardi T, Trabocchi A, Winum JY, Luque FJ, Prokai-Tatrai K, Spetea M, Gütschow M, Kosalec I, Guillou C, Vasconcelos MH, Kokotos G, Rastelli G, de Sousa ME, Manera C, Gemma S, Mangani S, Siciliano C, Galdiero S, Liu H, Scott PJH, de los Ríos C, Agrofoglio LA, Collina S, Guedes RC, Muñoz-Torrero D. Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes-6. Molecules 2019; 25:E119. [PMID: 31905602 PMCID: PMC6983133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes is a series of Editorials that is published on a biannual basis by the Editorial Board of the Medicinal Chemistry section of the journal Molecules [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Jacques Vanden Eynde
- Formerly head of the Department of Organic Chemistry (FS), University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Arduino A. Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park 5042, Adelaide, Australia;
- Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Normandie University, 76000 Rouen, France;
- UNIROUEN, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Normandie University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Yasu-Taka Azuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 1-58 Rinku-ohraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan;
| | | | - Christopher Hulme
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Biological Sciences West Room 351, 1041 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine;
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viadell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Paula A. C. Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.H.-L.) (A.G.)
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy;
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.H.-L.) (A.G.)
| | - Laura Cerchia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, UMR 7051, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, 51, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, 13344-Marseille CEDEX 15, France;
| | - Rino Ragno
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (T.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), École nationale supérieure de chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 05, 34296 Montpellier, France;
| | - F. Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTC), University of Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain;
| | - Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Ivan Kosalec
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Catherine Guillou
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Unversité de Paris-Saclay, 1 av. de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group-IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Maria Emília de Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências, Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Clementina Manera
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (T.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Carlo Siciliano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy;
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy;
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
| | - Cristóbal de los Ríos
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luigi A. Agrofoglio
- ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d’Orleans, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orleans CEDEX 2, France;
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Rita C. Guedes
- iMed.Ulisboa and Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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