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Shi Z, Zhang J, Tian L, Xin L, Liang C, Ren X, Li M. A Comprehensive Overview of the Antibiotics Approved in the Last Two Decades: Retrospects and Prospects. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36838752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the overuse of antibiotics, bacterial resistance has markedly increased to become a global problem and a major threat to human health. Fortunately, in recent years, various new antibiotics have been developed through both improvements to traditional antibiotics and the discovery of antibiotics with novel mechanisms with the aim of addressing the decrease in the efficacy of traditional antibiotics. This manuscript reviews the antibiotics that have been approved for marketing in the last 20 years with an emphasis on the antibacterial properties, mechanisms, structure-activity relationships (SARs), and clinical safety of these antibiotics. Furthermore, the current deficiencies, opportunities for improvement, and prospects of antibiotics are thoroughly discussed to provide new insights for the design and development of safer and more potent antibiotics.
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Sun Y, Tang H, Wang X, Feng F, Fan T, Zhao D, Xiong B, Xie H, Liu T. Identification of 1 H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives as novel and potent TBK1 inhibitors: design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking study. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1411-1425. [PMID: 35587686 PMCID: PMC9132415 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2076674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), a noncanonical member of the inhibitor-kappaB kinases (IKKs) family, plays a vital role in coordinating the signalling pathways of innate immunity, involving in the process of neuroinflammation, autophagy, and oncogenesis. In current study, based on rational drug design strategy, we discovered a series of 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives as potent TBK1 inhibitors and dissected the structure–activity relationships (SARs). Through the several rounds of optimisation, compound 15y stood out as a potent inhibitor on TBK1 with an IC50 value of 0.2 nM and also displayed good selectivity. The mRNA detection of TBK1 downstream genes showed that compound 15y effectively inhibited TBK1 downstream IFN signalling in stimulated THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells. Meanwhile, compound 15y exhibited a micromolar antiproliferation effect on A172, U87MG, A375, A2058, and Panc0504 cell lines. Together, current results provided a promising TBK1 inhibitor 15y as lead compound for immune- and cancer-related drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Fang Feng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Fan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Bing Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hua Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Tongchao Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Mori M, Villa S, Ciceri S, Colombo D, Ferraboschi P, Meneghetti F. An Outline of the Latest Crystallographic Studies on Inhibitor-Enzyme Complexes for the Design and Development of New Therapeutics against Tuberculosis. Molecules 2021; 26:7082. [PMID: 34885662 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The elucidation of the structure of enzymes and their complexes with ligands continues to provide invaluable insights for the development of drugs against many diseases, including bacterial infections. After nearly three decades since the World Health Organization’s (WHO) declaration of tuberculosis (TB) as a global health emergency, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) continues to claim millions of lives, remaining among the leading causes of death worldwide. In the last years, several efforts have been devoted to shortening and improving treatment outcomes, and to overcoming the increasing resistance phenomenon. The structural elucidation of enzyme-ligand complexes is fundamental to identify hot-spots, define possible interaction sites, and elaborate strategies to develop optimized molecules with high affinity. This review offers a critical and comprehensive overview of the most recent structural information on traditional and emerging mycobacterial enzymatic targets. A selection of more than twenty enzymes is here discussed, with a special emphasis on the analysis of their binding sites, the definition of the structure–activity relationships (SARs) of their inhibitors, and the study of their main intermolecular interactions. This work corroborates the potential of structural studies, substantiating their relevance in future anti-mycobacterial drug discovery and development efforts.
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