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Collins JE, Jiang T, Lee JW, Wendt K, Nardella F, Jeon J, Paes R, Santos NM, Rocamora F, Chang M, Schaefer S, Cichewicz RH, Winzeler EA, Chakrabarti D. Understanding the Antiplasmodial Action of Resistance-Refractory Xanthoquinodin A1. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 38810215 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Our previous work identified a series of 12 xanthoquinodin analogues and 2 emodin-dianthrones with broad-spectrum activities against Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Plasmodium falciparum. Analyses conducted in this study revealed that the most active analogue, xanthoquinodin A1, also inhibits Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and the liver stage of Plasmodium berghei, with no cross-resistance to the known antimalarial targets PfACS, PfCARL, PfPI4K, or DHODH. In Plasmodium, inhibition occurs prior to multinucleation and induces parasite death following 12 h of compound exposure. This moderately fast activity has impeded resistance line generation, with xanthoquinodin A1 demonstrating an irresistible phenotype in both T. gondii and P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Collins
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 12722 Research Parkway, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Tiantian Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Karen Wendt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Natural Products Applications & Research Technologies, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Flore Nardella
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 12722 Research Parkway, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Jin Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Raphaella Paes
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 12722 Research Parkway, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Natalia Mojica Santos
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 12722 Research Parkway, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Frances Rocamora
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Maya Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Samuel Schaefer
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Robert H Cichewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Natural Products Applications & Research Technologies, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Debopam Chakrabarti
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 12722 Research Parkway, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
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Jiang T, Godinez-Macias KP, Collins JE, Lee JW, Wendt KL, Carolino K, Chakrabarti D, Cichewicz RH, Winzeler EA. Identification of fungal natural products with potent inhibition in Toxoplasma gondii. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0414223. [PMID: 38421191 PMCID: PMC10986609 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04142-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In an effort to identify novel compounds with potent inhibition against Toxoplasma gondii, a phenotypic screen was performed utilizing a library of 683 pure compounds derived primarily from terrestrial and marine fungi. An initial screen with a fixed concentration of 5 µM yielded 91 hits with inhibition comparable to an equal concentration of artemisinin. These compounds were then triaged based on known biological and chemical concerns and liabilities. From these, 49 prioritized compounds were tested in a dose response format with T. gondii and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) for cytotoxicity. Ten compounds were identified with an IC50 less than 150 nM and a selectivity index (SI) greater than 100. An additional eight compounds demonstrated submicromolar IC50 and SI values equal to or greater than 35. While the majority of these scaffolds have been previously implicated against apicomplexan parasites, their activities in T. gondii were largely unknown. Herein, we report the T. gondii activity of these compounds with chemotypes including xanthoquinodins, peptaibols, heptelidic acid analogs, and fumagillin analogs, with multiple compounds demonstrating exceptional potency in T. gondii and limited toxicity to HFFs at the highest concentrations tested. IMPORTANCE Current therapeutics for treating toxoplasmosis remain insufficient, demonstrating high cytotoxicity, poor bioavailability, limited efficacy, and drug resistance. Additional research is needed to develop novel compounds with high efficacy and low cytotoxicity. The success of artemisinin and other natural products in treating malaria highlights the potential of natural products as anti-protozoan therapeutics. However, the exploration of natural products in T. gondii drug discovery has been less comprehensive, leaving untapped potential. By leveraging the resources available for the malaria drug discovery campaign, we conducted a phenotypic screen utilizing a set of natural products previously screened against Plasmodium falciparum. Our study revealed 18 compounds with high potency and low cytotoxicity in T. gondii, including four novel scaffolds with no previously reported activity in T. gondii. These new scaffolds may serve as starting points for the development of toxoplasmosis therapeutics but could also serve as tool compounds for target identification studies using chemogenomic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karla P. Godinez-Macias
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Collins
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Karen L. Wendt
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Krypton Carolino
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Debopam Chakrabarti
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Robert H. Cichewicz
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Sritharan T, Salim AA, Khalil ZG, Capon RJ. Jugiones A-D: Antibacterial Xanthone-Anthraquinone Heterodimers from Australian Soil-Derived Penicillium shearii CMB-STF067. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:97. [PMID: 38247656 PMCID: PMC10812710 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Australian roadside soil-derived fungus Penicillium shearii CMB-STF067 was prioritized for chemical investigation based on an SDA cultivation extract exhibiting both antibacterial properties and natural products with unprecedented molecular formulae (GNPS). Subsequent miniaturized 24-well plate cultivation profiling (MATRIX) identified red rice as optimal for the production of the target chemistry, with scaled-up cultivation, extraction and fractionation yielding four new xanthone-anthraquinone heterodimers, jugiones A-D (1-4), whose structures were assigned by detailed spectroscopic analysis and biosynthetic considerations. Of note, where 1-2 and 4 were active against the Gram-positive bacteria vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (IC50 2.6-3.9 μM) and multiple-drug-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (IC50 1.8-6.4 μM), and inactive against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (IC50 > 30 μM), the closely related analog 3 exhibited no antibacterial properties (IC50 > 30 μM). Furthermore, where 1 was cytotoxic to human carcinoma (IC50 9.0-9.8 μM) and fungal (IC50 4.1 μM) cells, 2 and 4 displayed no such cytotoxicity (IC50 > 30 μM), revealing an informative structure activity relationship (SAR). We also extended the SAR study to other known compounds of this heterodimer class, which showed that the modification of ring G can reduce or eliminate the cytotoxicity while retaining the antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.S.); (A.A.S.); (Z.G.K.)
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