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Trainito A, Gugliandolo A, Chiricosta L, Salamone S, Pollastro F, Mazzon E, Lui M. Cannabinol Regulates the Expression of Cell Cycle-Associated Genes in Motor Neuron-like NSC-34: A Transcriptomic Analysis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1340. [PMID: 38927547 PMCID: PMC11201772 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are reported to have neuroprotective properties and play a role in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in in vitro and in vivo models. Cannabinol (CBN) is a minor cannabinoid produced by the degradation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in Cannabis sativa L. and exhibits anti-oxidant, analgesic, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we explored the biological effects of 20 µM CBN (6.20 µg/mL) on differentiated NSC-34 cells by MTT assay and next-generation sequencing analysis on the transcriptome. KEGG and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses have been performed to evaluate potential CBN-associated processes. Our results highlighted the absence of any cytotoxic effect of CBN. The comparative transcriptomic analysis pointed out the downregulation of Cdkn2a, Cdkn2c and Cdkn2d genes, which are known to suppress the cell cycle. Ccne2, Cdk2, Cdk7, Anapc11, Anapc10, Cdc23, Cdc16, Anapc4, Cdc27, Stag1, Smc3, Smc1a, Nipbl, Pds5a, Pds5b, and Wapl genes, renowned for their role as cell cycle progression activators, were instead upregulated. Our work suggests that CBN regulates the expression of many genes related to the cell cycle, which are required for axonal maturation, migration, and synaptic plasticity, while not affecting the expression of genes involved in cell death or tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Trainito
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.T.); (A.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.T.); (A.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Luigi Chiricosta
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.T.); (A.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.T.); (A.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Maria Lui
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.T.); (A.G.); (M.L.)
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Capucciati A, Casali E, Bini A, Doria F, Merli D, Porta A. Easy and Accessible Synthesis of Cannabinoids from CBD. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:869-875. [PMID: 38427968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a prominent phytocannabinoid found in various Cannabis chemotypes, is under extensive investigation for its therapeutic potential. Moreover, because it is nonpsychoactive, it can also be utilized as a functional ingredient in foods and supplements in certain countries, depending on its legal status. From a chemical reactivity point of view, CBD can undergo conversion into different structurally related compounds both during storage and after the consumption of CBD-based products. The analytical determination of these compounds is of paramount concern due to potential toxicity and the risk of losing the active ingredient (CBD) title. Consequently, the complete stereoselective total synthesis of representative CBD-derived compounds has become a matter of great interest. The synthesis of pure CBD-derived compounds, achievable in a few synthetic steps, is essential for preparing analytical standards and facilitating biological studies. This paper details the transformation of the readily available CBD into Δ8-THC, Δ9-THC, Δ8-iso-THC, CBE, HCDN, CBDQ, Δ6-iso-CBD, and 1,8-cineol cannabinoid (CCB). The described protocols were executed without the extensive use of protecting groups, avoiding tedious purifications, and ensuring complete control over the structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Capucciati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Casali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Filippo Doria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Merli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio Porta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Gugliandolo A, Blando S, Salamone S, Pollastro F, Mazzon E, D’Angiolini S. Transcriptome Highlights Cannabinol Modulation of Mitophagy in a Parkinson's Disease In Vitro Model. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1163. [PMID: 37627228 PMCID: PMC10452113 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates, known as Lewy bodies. It is known that mitochondria dysfunctions, including impaired localization, transport and mitophagy, represent features of PD. Cannabinoids are arising as new therapeutic strategies against neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential protective effects of cannabinol (CBN) pre-treatment in an in vitro PD model, namely retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). With this aim, we performed a transcriptomic analysis through next-generation sequencing. We found that CBN counteracted the loss of cell viability caused by MPP+ treatment. Then, we focused on biological processes relative to mitochondria functions and found that CBN pre-treatment was able to attenuate the MPP+-induced changes in the expression of genes involved in mitochondria transport, localization and protein targeting. Notably, MPP+ treatment increased the expression of the genes involved in PINK1/Parkin mitophagy, while CBN pre-treatment reduced their expression. The results suggested that CBN can exert a protection against MPP+ induced mitochondria impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (S.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Santino Blando
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (S.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (S.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Simone D’Angiolini
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (S.B.); (S.D.)
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Maioli C, Mattoteia D, Amin HIM, Minassi A, Caprioglio D. Cannabinol: History, Syntheses, and Biological Profile of the Greatest "Minor" Cannabinoid. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2896. [PMID: 36365350 PMCID: PMC9658060 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is an outstanding source of bioactive natural products, with more than 150 different phytocannabinoids isolated throughout the decades; however, studies of their bioactivity have historically concentrated on the so-called "big four" [∆9-THC (1a), CBD (2a), CBG (3a) and CBC (4a)]. Among the remaining products, which have traditionally been referred to as "minor cannabinoids", cannabinol (CBN, 5a) stands out for its important repercussions and implications on the global scientific landscape. Throughout this review, we will describe why CBN (5a) deserves a prominent place within the so-called "cannabinome", providing an overview on its history, the syntheses developed, and its bioactivity, highlighting its promising pharmacological potential and the significant impact that the study of its chemistry had on the development of new synthetic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Guido Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daiana Mattoteia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Guido Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Guido Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Guido Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem SRLS, Via Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Guido Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Minor Phytocannabinoids: A Misleading Name but a Promising Opportunity for Biomedical Research. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081084. [PMID: 36008978 PMCID: PMC9406211 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the very large number of phytocannabinoids isolated from Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), bioactivity studies have long remained focused on the so called “Big Four” [Δ9-THC (1), CBD (2), CBG (3) and CBC (4)] because of their earlier characterization and relatively easy availability via isolation and/or synthesis. Bioactivity information on the chemical space associated with the remaining part of the cannabinome, a set of ca 150 compounds traditionally referred to as “minor phytocannabinoids”, is scarce and patchy, yet promising in terms of pharmacological potential. According to their advancement stage, we sorted the bioactivity data available on these compounds, better referred to as the “dark cannabinome”, into categories: discovery (in vitro phenotypical and biochemical assays), preclinical (animal models), and clinical. Strategies to overcome the availability issues associated with minor phytocannabinoids are discussed, as well as the still unmet challenges facing their development as mainstream drugs.
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Nguyen GN, Jordan EN, Kayser O. Synthetic Strategies for Rare Cannabinoids Derived from Cannabis sativa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1555-1568. [PMID: 35648593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient syntheses of eight key cannabinoids were established and optimized. Predominant cannabinoids such as cannabigerol (CBG-C5) and cannabidiol (CBD-C5) were prepared from olivetol via regioselective condensation. Further treatments of CBD led to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-C5), Δ8-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol (iso-THC-C5), and cannabinol (CBN-C5). Alternatively, a [3 + 3] annulation between olivetol and citral yielded the minor cannabinoid cannabichromene (CBC-C5), which was converted into two very rare polycycles, cannabicyclol (CBL-C5) and cannabicitran (CBT-C5), in a one-pot reaction. Finally, all eight syntheses were extended by utilizing resorcinol and two phenolic analogues, achieving a cannabinoid group with more than 30 compounds through a facile synthesis strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia-Nam Nguyen
- Technical Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical, University Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- MINDbioscience GmbH, Emil-Figge-Strasse 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Erin Noel Jordan
- Technical Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical, University Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Technical Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical, University Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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The Combined Effect of Branching and Elongation on the Bioactivity Profile of Phytocannabinoids. Part I: Thermo-TRPs. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081070. [PMID: 34440274 PMCID: PMC8391922 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The affinity of cannabinoids for their CB1 and CB2 metabotropic receptors is dramatically affected by a combination of α-branching and elongation of their alkyl substituent, a maneuver exemplified by the n-pentyl -> α,α-dimethylheptyl (DMH) swap. The effect of this change on other cannabinoid end-points is still unknown, an observation surprising since thermo-TRPs are targeted by phytocannabinoids with often sub-micromolar affinity. To fill this gap, the α,α-dimethylheptyl analogues of the five major phytocannabinoids [CBD (1a), Δ8-THC (6a), CBG (7a), CBC (8a) and CBN (9a)] were prepared by total synthesis, and their activity on thermo-TRPs (TRPV1-4, TRPM8, and TRPA1) was compared with that of one of their natural analogues. Surprisingly, the DMH chain promoted a shift in the selectivity toward TRPA1, a target involved in pain and inflammatory diseases, in all investigated compounds. A comparative study of the putative binding modes at TRPA1 between DMH-CBC (8b), the most active compound within the series, and CBC (8a) was carried out by molecular docking, allowing the rationalization of their activity in terms of structure–activity relationships. Taken together, these observations qualify DMH-CBC (8b) as a non-covalent TRPA1-selective cannabinoid lead that is worthy of additional investigation as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.
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Jiang X, Zhang Z, Zuo J, Wu C, Zha L, Xu Y, Wang S, Shi J, Liu XH, Zhang J, Tang W. Novel cannabidiol-carbamate hybrids as selective BuChE inhibitors: Docking-based fragment reassembly for the development of potential therapeutic agents against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113735. [PMID: 34371367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) and rivastigmine have been launched as drugs for treating dementia and cholinesterases (ChEs) are ideal drug targets. This study focused on developing novel ChE inhibitors as drug leads against dementia through molecular modeling and fragment reassembly approaches. A potent carbamate fragment binding to active site gorge of BuChE was found via a docking-based structural splicing approach, thus, 17 novel compounds were designed by structural reassembly. Compound C16 was identified as a highly selective potent BuChE inhibitor (IC50 = 5.3 nM, SI > 4000), superior to CBD (IC50 = 0.67 μM). C16 possessed BBB penetrating ability, benign safety, neuroprotection, antioxidant and pseudo-irreversible BuChE inhibition (Kd = 13 nM, k2 = 0.26 min-1), showing good drug-like properties. In vivo studies confirmed that C16 significantly ameliorated the scopolamine-induced cognition impairment, almost entirely recovered the Aβ1-42 (icv)-impaired cognitive function to the normal level, showed better behavioral performance than donepezil and good anti-amyloidogenic effect. Hence, the potential BuChE inhibitor C16 can be developed as a promising disease-modifying treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ziwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jiawei Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chengyao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Liang Zha
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Center for Scientific Research, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jingbo Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Anhui Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230041, China.
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Vacek J, Vostalova J, Papouskova B, Skarupova D, Kos M, Kabelac M, Storch J. Antioxidant function of phytocannabinoids: Molecular basis of their stability and cytoprotective properties under UV-irradiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:258-270. [PMID: 33453360 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, a comprehensive study of the redox transformation, electronic structure, stability and photoprotective properties of phytocannabinoids is presented. The non-psychotropic cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), and psychotropic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) isomers and iso-THC were included in the study. The results show that under aqueous ambient conditions at pH 7.4, non-psychotropic cannabinoids are slight or moderate electron-donors and they are relatively stable, in the following order: CBD > CBG ≥ CBN > CBC. In contrast, psychotropic Δ9-THC degrades approximately one order of magnitude faster than CBD. The degradation (oxidation) is associated with the transformation of OH groups and changes in the double-bond system of the investigated molecules. The satisfactory stability of cannabinoids is associated with the fact that their OH groups are fully protonated at pH 7.4 (pKa is ≥ 9). The instability of CBN and CBC was accelerated after exposure to UVA radiation, with CBD (or CBG) being stable for up to 24 h. To support their topical applications, an in vitro dermatological comparative study of cytotoxic, phototoxic and UVA or UVB photoprotective effects using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) was done. NHDF are approx. twice as sensitive to the cannabinoids' toxicity as HaCaT. Specifically, toxicity IC50 values for CBD after 24 h of incubation are 7.1 and 12.8 μM for NHDF and HaCaT, respectively. None of the studied cannabinoids were phototoxic. Extensive testing has shown that CBD is the most effective protectant against UVA radiation of the studied cannabinoids. For UVB radiation, CBN was the most effective. The results acquired could be used for further redox biology studies on phytocannabinoids and evaluations of their mechanism of action at the molecular level. Furthermore, the UVA and UVB photoprotectivity of phytocannabinoids could also be utilized in the development of new cannabinoid-based topical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Vostalova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Papouskova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Skarupova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kos
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojova 135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kabelac
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Storch
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojova 135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Sampson PB. Phytocannabinoid Pharmacology: Medicinal Properties of Cannabis sativa Constituents Aside from the "Big Two". JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:142-160. [PMID: 33356248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based therapies date back centuries. Cannabis sativa is one such plant that was used medicinally up until the early part of the 20th century. Although rich in diverse and interesting phytochemicals, cannabis was largely ignored by the modern scientific community due to its designation as a schedule 1 narcotic and restrictions on access for research purposes. There was renewed interest in the early 1990s when the endocannabinoid system (ECS) was discovered, a complex network of signaling pathways responsible for physiological homeostasis. Two key components of the ECS, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), were identified as the molecular targets of the phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). Restrictions on access to cannabis have eased worldwide, leading to a resurgence in interest in the therapeutic potential of cannabis. Much of the focus has been on the two major constituents, Δ9-THC and cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabis contains over 140 phytocannabinoids, although only a handful have been tested for pharmacological activity. Many of these minor cannabinoids potently modulate receptors, ionotropic channels, and enzymes associated with the ECS and show therapeutic potential individually or synergistically with other phytocannabinoids. The following review will focus on the pharmacological developments of the next generation of phytocannabinoid therapeutics.
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Chianese G, Lopatriello A, Schiano-Moriello A, Caprioglio D, Mattoteia D, Benetti E, Ciceri D, Arnoldi L, De Combarieu E, Vitale RM, Amodeo P, Appendino G, De Petrocellis L, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Cannabitwinol, a Dimeric Phytocannabinoid from Hemp, Cannabis sativa L., Is a Selective Thermo-TRP Modulator. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2727-2736. [PMID: 32880179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cannabitwinol (CBDD, 3), the second member of a new class of dimeric phytocannabinoids in which two units are connected by a methylene bridge, was isolated from a hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) industrial extract. The structural characterization of cannabitwinol, complicated by broadening of 1H NMR signals and lack of expected 2D NMR correlations at room temperature, was fully carried out in methanol-d4 at -30 °C. All the attempts to prepare CBDD by reaction of CBD with formaldehyde or its iminium analogue (Eschenmoser salt) failed, suggesting that this sterically congested dimer is the result of enzymatic reactions on the corresponding monomeric acids. Analysis of the cannabitwinol profile of transient receptor potential (TRP) modulation evidenced the impact of dimerization, revealing a selectivity for channels activated by a decrease of temperature (TRPM8 and TRPA1) and the lack of significant affinity for those activated by an increase of temperature (e.g., TRPV1). The putative binding modes of cannabitwinol with TRPA1 and TRPM8 were investigated in detail by a molecular docking study using the homology models of both channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Chianese
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lopatriello
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Aniello Schiano-Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG)-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB)-National Research Council (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, 35030 Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Daiana Mattoteia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Ciceri
- INDENA SpA, Via Don Minzoni 6, Settala, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Lolita Arnoldi
- INDENA SpA, Via Don Minzoni 6, Settala, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rosa M Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB)-National Research Council (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB)-National Research Council (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG)-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB)-National Research Council (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Talavera K, Startek JB, Alvarez-Collazo J, Boonen B, Alpizar YA, Sanchez A, Naert R, Nilius B. Mammalian Transient Receptor Potential TRPA1 Channels: From Structure to Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:725-803. [PMID: 31670612 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) channels are Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channels remarkably conserved through the animal kingdom. Mammals have only one member, TRPA1, which is widely expressed in sensory neurons and in non-neuronal cells (such as epithelial cells and hair cells). TRPA1 owes its name to the presence of 14 ankyrin repeats located in the NH2 terminus of the channel, an unusual structural feature that may be relevant to its interactions with intracellular components. TRPA1 is primarily involved in the detection of an extremely wide variety of exogenous stimuli that may produce cellular damage. This includes a plethora of electrophilic compounds that interact with nucleophilic amino acid residues in the channel and many other chemically unrelated compounds whose only common feature seems to be their ability to partition in the plasma membrane. TRPA1 has been reported to be activated by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli, and its function is modulated by multiple factors, including Ca2+, trace metals, pH, and reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonyl species. TRPA1 is involved in acute and chronic pain as well as inflammation, plays key roles in the pathophysiology of nearly all organ systems, and is an attractive target for the treatment of related diseases. Here we review the current knowledge about the mammalian TRPA1 channel, linking its unique structure, widely tuned sensory properties, and complex regulation to its roles in multiple pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julio Alvarez-Collazo
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brett Boonen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alicia Sanchez
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbe Naert
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nilius
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
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Caprioglio D, Mattoteia D, Minassi A, Pollastro F, Lopatriello A, Muňoz E, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Appendino G. One-Pot Total Synthesis of Cannabinol via Iodine-Mediated Deconstructive Annulation. Org Lett 2019; 21:6122-6125. [PMID: 31339327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The thermal degradation of cannabichromene (CBC, 3) is dominated by cationic reactions and not by the pericyclic rearrangements observed in model compounds. The rationalization of these differences inspired the development of a process that coupled, in an aromatization-driven single operational step, the condensation of citral and alkylresorciniols to homoprenylchromenes and their in situ deconstructive annulation to benzo[c]chromenes. This process was applied to a total synthesis of cannabinol (CBN, 5) and to its molecular editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
| | - Daiana Mattoteia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
| | - Annalisa Lopatriello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Napoli Federico II , Via Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Eduardo Muňoz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba , University of Córdoba , Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n , 14004 Córdoba , Spain
| | | | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
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Pardo-Novoa JC, Arreaga-González HM, Galván-Gómez S, Rodríguez-García G, Del Río RE, Cerda-García-Rojas CM, Joseph-Nathan P, Gómez-Hurtado MA. Biomimetic Transformation of p-Menthene Glucosides into p-Cymenes and Carvotanacetone. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:485-491. [PMID: 30776238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A biomimetic transformation of p-menthene glucosides into aromatic monoterpenoids that alluded to mechanisms for essential oil metabolism, which lines up with the precepts of molecular economy, is described. Acid treatment of (-)-(3 S,4 S,6 R)-3,6-dihydroxy-1-menthene 3- O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1) and (-)-(3 S,4 R,5 R,6 S)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-1-menthene 3- O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), from Ageratina glabrata, yielded p-cymene (7) and carvacrol (9). The stable oxidized intermediates (+)-(3 S,4 S,6 R)-3,6-dihydroxy-1-menthene (3), (+)-(1 S,4 S,6 R)-1,6-dihydroxy-2-menthene (4), (+)-(1 R,4 S,6 R)-1,6-dihydroxy-2-menthene (5), (+)-(4 S,6 R)-yabunikkeol (6), (+)-(4 S)-carvotanacetone (8), (+)-(1 S,4 S,5 R,6 R)-1,5,6-trihydroxy-2-menthene (15), (+)-(1 R,4 S,5 R,6 R)-1,5,6-trihydroxy-2-menthene (16), and the new (+)-(4 S,5 R,6 S)-1(7),2-menthadiene (17) permitted establishment of the reaction mechanisms. The reactivity of the hydroxy groups of 4 and 5, as well as those of 15 and 16, was compared by acetylation reactions and supported by DFT calculations, revealing diminished reactivity in 4 and 15 due to the cis configuration of their hydroxy groups at C-1 and C-6. In addition, p-cymene (7) was detected as one of the major constituents of the essential oil of A. glabrata, which matches well with the biomimetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Pardo-Novoa
- Departamento de Química , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Apartado 14-740 , Mexico City 07000 , Mexico
| | - Héctor M Arreaga-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Michoacán 58030 , Mexico
| | - Sinuhé Galván-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Michoacán 58030 , Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Michoacán 58030 , Mexico
| | - Rosa E Del Río
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Michoacán 58030 , Mexico
| | - Carlos M Cerda-García-Rojas
- Departamento de Química , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Apartado 14-740 , Mexico City 07000 , Mexico
| | - Pedro Joseph-Nathan
- Departamento de Química , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Apartado 14-740 , Mexico City 07000 , Mexico
| | - Mario A Gómez-Hurtado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Michoacán 58030 , Mexico
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Lopatriello A, Caprioglio D, Minassi A, Schiano Moriello A, Formisano C, De Petrocellis L, Appendino G, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Iodine-mediated cyclization of cannabigerol (CBG) expands the cannabinoid biological and chemical space. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4532-4536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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