Visible Light-Driven, Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of Cycloalkanones

Selective monodeuteration enabled by bisphosphonium catalyzed ring opening processes

The selective incorporation of a deuterium atom into small molecules with high selectivity is highly valuable for medical and chemical research. Unfortunately, this remains challenging due to the complete deuteration caused by commonly used hydrogen isotope exchange strategies. We report the development of a photocatalytic selective monodeuteration protocol utilizing C-C bond as the unconventional functional handle. The synergistic combination of radical-mediated C-C bond scission and deuterium atom transfer processes enables the effective constructions of benzylic CDH moieties with high selectivity for monodeuteration. The combinational use of a bisphosphonium photocatalyst, thiol catalyst, and CH3OD deuteration agent provides operationally simple conditions for photocatalytic monodeuteration. Moreover, the photoinduced electron transfer process of the bisphosphonium photocatalyst is elucidated through a series of spectroscopy experiments, identifying a peculiar back electron transfer process that can be regulated by subsequent nucleophilic additions.

Photoinduced Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer in Base-Metal Catalysis

The absorption of light by photosensitizers has been shown to offer novel reactive pathways through electronic excited state intermediates, complementing ground state mechanisms. Such strategies have been applied in both photocatalysis and photoredox catalysis, driven by generating reactive intermediates from their long-lived excited states. One developing area is photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) catalysis, in which coordination of a ligand to a metal center and subsequent excitation with light results in the formation of a reactive radical and a reduced metal center. This mini review concerns the foundations and recent developments in ligand-to-metal charge transfer in transition metal catalysis focusing on the organic transformations made possible through this mechanism.

Iron-Catalyzed Cyanide-Free Synthesis of Alkyl Nitriles: Oxidative Deconstruction of Cycloalkanones with Ammonium Salts and Aerobic Oxidation

A sustainable, cyanide-free synthesis of alkyl nitriles via the aerobic oxidative deconstruction of unstrained cycloalkanones with ammonium salts has been developed. Using inexpensive and stable ammonium salts as the nitrogen source, a variety of alkyl nitriles containing a distal carbonyl group were obtained in good yields under visible-light-promoted iron catalysis. This protocol is characterized by mild conditions, abundant and environmentally benign materials, and high atom and step economy with minimal waste generation. The primary mechanism study revealed that 1O2 is likely to be involved in this reaction.

When all C-C breaks LO-Ose

Organic peroxides are becoming popular intermediates for novel chemical transformations. The weak O-O bond is readily reduced by transition metals, including iron and copper, to initiate a radical cascade process that breaks C-C bonds. Great potential exists for the rapid generation of complexity, originating from the ability to couple the resulting free radicals with a wide range of partners. First, this review article discusses the history and synthesis of organic peroxides, providing the context necessary to understand this methodology. Then, it highlights 91 examples of recent applications of the radical functionalization of C-C bonds accessed through the transition metal-mediated reduction of organic peroxides. Finally, we provide some comments about safety when working with organic peroxides.

Control of Selectivity in FeCl3 -Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Cycloketones

The FeCl₃ -catalyzed aerobic oxidation of ketones always gives rise to the α-C-C cleavage product, having challenges to afford hydroxyl keto compounds. Here we report an effective control of the main product from keto acid to α-hydroxyl ketone, by reducing the concentration of FeCl₃ catalyst, together with the use of DMSO as the solvent. In addition, mechanistic investigations suggested the same FeCl₃ -coordinated peroxide intermediate for both hydroxylation and C-C cleavage routes, and emphasize the role of DMSO as both ligand and reductant. This work provides a new approach for selective aerobic oxidation under Lewis acid catalysis.

Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications

Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.

Copper(II)-photocatalyzed decarboxylative oxygenation of carboxylic acids

Showcasing the concept of light-induced homolysis for the generation of radicals, the Cu^II-photocatalyzed decarboxylative oxygenation of carboxylic acids with molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant is described. Two Cu^II-carboxylate complexes with different coordination geometries were synthesized and characterized by X-ray analysis, correlating their structure with their ability to initiate light-induced decarboxylations.

Selective C-C Bond Cleavage of Cycloalkanones by NaNO2/HCl

A novel selective fragmentation of cycloalkanones by NaNO₂/HCl has been established. The C-C bond cleavage reaction proceeds smoothly under mild conditions, selectively affording versatile keto acids or oxime acids. The methodology can streamline the synthesis of valuable chiral molecules and isocoumarins from readily available feedstocks.