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Wojtkowiak K, Jezierska A, Panek JJ. Revealing Intra- and Intermolecular Interactions Determining Physico-Chemical Features of Selected Quinolone Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:2299. [PMID: 35408698 PMCID: PMC9000753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intra- and intermolecular interactions of selected quinolone carboxylic acid derivatives were studied in monomers, dimers and crystals. The investigated compounds are well-recognized as medicines or as bases for further studies in drug design. We employed density functional theory (DFT) in its classical formulation to develop gas-phase and solvent reaction field (PCM) models describing geometric, energetic and electronic structure parameters for monomers and dimers. The electronic structure was investigated based on the atoms in molecules (AIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) theories. Special attention was devoted to the intramolecular hydrogen bonds (HB) present in the investigated compounds. The characterization of energy components was performed using symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT). Finally, the time-evolution methods of Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) and path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) were employed to describe the hydrogen bond dynamics as well as the spectroscopic signatures. The vibrational features of the O-H stretching were studied using Fourier transformation of the autocorrelation function of atomic velocity. The inclusion of quantum nuclear effects provided an accurate depiction of the bridged proton delocalization. The CPMD and PIMD simulations were carried out in the gas and crystalline phases. It was found that the polar environment enhances the strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The SAPT analysis revealed that the dispersive forces are decisive factors in the intermolecular interactions. In the electronic ground state, the proton-transfer phenomena are not favourable. The CPMD results showed generally that the bridged proton is localized at the donor side, with possible proton-sharing events in the solid-phase simulation of stronger hydrogen bridges. However, the PIMD enabled the quantitative estimation of the quantum effects inclusion-the proton position was moved towards the bridge midpoint, but no qualitative changes were detected. It was found that the interatomic distance between the donor and acceptor atoms was shortened and that the bridged proton was strongly delocalized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta Jezierska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Jarosław J. Panek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland;
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2
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Shaaban IA, Assiri MA, Ali TE, Mohamed TA. Keto-enol tautomerism, spectral (infrared, Raman and NMR) studies and Normal coordinate analysis of 4-Methyl-2-hydroxyquinoline using quantum mechanical calculations. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Kurian J, Kumari V, Chaluvalappil SV, Anas M, Manhas A, Kalluruttimmal R, Kumar N, Manheri MK. Adenine Modification at C7 as a Viable Strategy to Potentiate the Antimalarial Activity of Quinolones. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100472. [PMID: 34717044 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although many quinolones have shown promise as potent antimalarials, their clinical development has been slow due to poor performance in vivo. Insights into structural modifications that can improve their therapeutic potential will be very valuable in this vibrant area of research. Our studies involving a library of quinolones which vary in substitution pattern at N1, C3, C6 and C7 positions have shown that the presence of adenine moiety at C7 can bring a noticeable improvement in activity compared to other heterocyclic groups at this location. The most potent compound emerged from this study showed IC50 values of 0.38 μM and 0.75 μM against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant (W2) strains, respectively. Docking analysis in the Qo site of cytochrome bc1 complex revealed the contribution of a key H-bonding interaction from the adenine unit in target binding. This corroborates with compound-induced loss of mitochondrial functions. These findings not only open avenues for further exploration of antimalarial potential of adenine-modified quinolones, but also suggests broader opportunities during lead-optimization against other antimalarial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jais Kurian
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Varsha Kumari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur road, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Saheer V Chaluvalappil
- Department of Chemistry, Krishna Menon Memorial Government Women's College, Kannur 670004, Kerala, India
| | - Mohammad Anas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Ashan Manhas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Ramshad Kalluruttimmal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Niti Kumar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur road, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Muraleedharan K Manheri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Hong WP, Shin I, Lim HN. Recent Advances in One-Pot Modular Synthesis of 2-Quinolones. Molecules 2020; 25:E5450. [PMID: 33233747 PMCID: PMC7699938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that 2-quinolones are broadly applicable chemical structures in medicinal and agrochemical research as well as various functional materials. A number of current publications about their synthesis and their applications emphasize the importance of these small molecules. The early synthetic chemistry originated from the same principle of the classical Friedländer and Knorr procedures for the preparation of quinolines. The analogous processes were developed by applying new synthetic tools such as novel catalysts, the microwave irradiation method, etc., whereas recent innovations in new bond forming reactions have allowed for novel strategies to construct the core structures of 2-quinolones beyond the bond disconnections based on two classical reactions. Over the last few decades, some reviews on structure-based, catalyst-based, and bioactivity-based studies have been released. In this focused review, we extensively surveyed recent examples of one-pot reactions, particularly in view of modular approaches. Thus, the contents are categorized as three major sections (two-, three-, and four-component reactions) according to the number of reagents that ultimately compose atoms of the core structures of 2-quinolones. The collected synthetic methods are discussed from the perspectives of strategy, efficiency, selectivity, and reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Pyo Hong
- School of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Daegu Catholic University, 13-13, Hayang-ro, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 38430, Korea;
| | - Inji Shin
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Hee Nam Lim
- Eco-Friendly New Materials Research Center, Therapeutics&Biotechnology Division, 141, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
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5
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Secrieru A, Costa ICC, O’Neill PM, Cristiano MLS. Antimalarial Agents as Therapeutic Tools Against Toxoplasmosis-A Short Bridge between Two Distant Illnesses. Molecules 2020; 25:E1574. [PMID: 32235463 PMCID: PMC7181032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease with paramount impact worldwide, affecting many vulnerable populations and representing a significant matter of concern. Current therapies used against toxoplasmosis are based essentially on old chemotypes, which fail in providing a definitive cure for the disease, placing the most sensitive populations at risk for irreversible damage in vital organs, culminating in death in the most serious cases. Antimalarial drugs have been shown to possess key features for drug repurposing, finding application in the treatment of other parasite-borne illnesses, including toxoplasmosis. Antimalarials provide the most effective therapeutic solutions against toxoplasmosis and make up for the majority of currently available antitoxoplasmic drugs. Additionally, other antiplasmodial drugs have been scrutinized and many promising candidates have emanated in recent developments. Available data demonstrate that it is worthwhile to explore the activity of classical and most recent antimalarial chemotypes, such as quinolines, endoperoxides, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, and nature-derived peptide-based parasiticidal agents, in the context of toxoplasmosis chemotherapy, in the quest for encountering more effective and safer tools for toxoplasmosis control or eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Secrieru
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (A.S.); (I.C.C.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, FCT, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK;
| | - Inês C. C. Costa
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (A.S.); (I.C.C.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, FCT, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK;
| | - Maria L. S. Cristiano
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (A.S.); (I.C.C.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, FCT, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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6
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Secrieru A, O’Neill PM, Cristiano MLS. Revisiting the Structure and Chemistry of 3(5)-Substituted Pyrazoles. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010042. [PMID: 31877672 PMCID: PMC6982847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazoles are known as versatile scaffolds in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, often used as starting materials for the preparation of more complex heterocyclic systems with relevance in the pharmaceutical field. Pyrazoles are also interesting compounds from a structural viewpoint, mainly because they exhibit tautomerism. This phenomenon may influence their reactivity, with possible impact on the synthetic strategies where pyrazoles take part, as well as on the biological activities of targets bearing a pyrazole moiety, since a change in structure translates into changes in properties. Investigations of the structure of pyrazoles that unravel the tautomeric and conformational preferences are therefore of upmost relevance. 3(5)-Aminopyrazoles are largely explored as precursors in the synthesis of condensed heterocyclic systems, namely pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. However, the information available in the literature concerning the structure and chemistry of 3(5)-aminopyrazoles is scarce and disperse. We provide a revision of data on the present subject, based on investigations using theoretical and experimental methods, together with the applications of the compounds in synthesis. It is expected that the combined information will contribute to a deeper understanding of structure/reactivity relationships in this class of heterocycles, with a positive impact in the design of synthetic methods, where they take part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Secrieru
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK;
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, FCT, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Maria Lurdes Santos Cristiano
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, FCT, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-289-800-953
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7
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Nucleophilic substitution of a 4-dimethylamino group in quinoline proton sponges. Stabilization of 4-quinolones in hydroxy form. Synthesis of a proton sponge based on 8-hydroxyquinoline. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-019-02587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Noël‐Duchesneau L, Maddaluno J, Durandetti M. Synthesis of
N
‐Heterocycles‐Fused Azasilines by Palladium‐Catalyzed Si‐Si Bond Activation. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUENINSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Muriel Durandetti
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUENINSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038) 76000 Rouen France
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9
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Kang OY, Park SJ, Ahn H, Jeong KC, Lim HJ. Structural assignment of the enol–keto tautomers of one-pot synthesized 4-hydroxyquinolines/4-quinolones. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00884a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The one-pot preparation of 2,3-disubstituted 4-quinolones and the structural assignment of their tautomers are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- On-Yu Kang
- Information-based Drug Research Center
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Seong Jun Park
- Information-based Drug Research Center
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Ahn
- Information-based Drug Research Center
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
| | - Kyung Chae Jeong
- Translational Research Branch
- National Cancer Center
- Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do 10408
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Jung Lim
- Information-based Drug Research Center
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
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10
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Classical QSAR and Docking Simulation of 4-Pyridone Derivatives for Their Antimalarial Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123166. [PMID: 30513742 PMCID: PMC6321536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the minimum energy structures of 22 4-pyridone derivatives have been optimized at Density Functional Theory level, and several quantum molecular, including electronic and thermodynamic descriptors, were computed for these substrates in order to obtain a statistical and meaningful QSAR equation. In this sense, by using multiple linear regressions, five mathematical models have been obtained. The best model with only four descriptors (r2 = 0.86, Q2 = 0.92, S.E.P = 0.38) was validated by the leave-one-out cross-validation method. The antimalarial activity can be explained by the combination of the four mentioned descriptors e.g., electronic potential, dipolar momentum, partition coefficient and molar refractivity. The statistical parameters of this model suggest that it is robust enough to predict the antimalarial activity of new possible compounds; consequently, three small chemical modifications into the structural core of these compounds were performed specifically on the most active compound of the series (compound 13). These three new suggested compounds were leveled as 13A, 13B and 13C, and the predicted biological antimalarial activity is 0.02 µM, 0.03 µM, and 0.07 µM, respectively. In order to complement these results focused on the possible action mechanism of the substrates, a docking simulation was included for these new structures as well as for the compound 13 and the docking scores (binding affinity) obtained for the interaction of these substrates with the cytochrome bc1, were −7.5, −7.2, −6.9 and −7.5 kcal/mol for 13A, 13B, 13C and compound 13, respectively, which suggests that these compounds are good candidates for its biological application in this illness.
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11
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Kang S, Park S, Kim KS, Song C, Lee Y. Copper-Catalyzed Aza-Michael Addition of 2-Aminobenzoate to β-Substituted α,β-Unsaturated Ketones: One-Pot Synthesis of 3-Carbonyl-2-Substituted Quinolin-4(1H)-ones. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2694-2705. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seongil Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-su Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsik Song
- Department
of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmi Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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12
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Horta P, Henriques MSC, Brás EM, Murtinheira F, Nogueira F, O’Neill PM, Paixão JA, Fausto R, Cristiano MLS. On the ordeal of quinolone preparation via cyclisation of aryl-enamines; synthesis and structure of ethyl 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-(3-iodo-4-methylphenoxy)-quinoline-3-carboxylate. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent studies directed to the design of compounds targeting the bc
1 protein complex of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for most lethal cases of malaria, identified quinolones (4-oxo-quinolines) with low nanomolar inhibitory activity against both the enzyme and infected erythrocytes. The 4-oxo-quinoline 3-ester chemotype emerged as a possible source of potent bc
1 inhibitors, prompting us to expand the library of available analogs for SAR studies and subsequent lead optimization. We now report the synthesis and structural characterization of unexpected ethyl 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-(3-iodo-4-methylphenoxy)-quinoline-3-carboxylate, a 4-aryloxy-quinoline 3-ester formed during attempted preparation of 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylate (4-oxo-quinoline 3-ester). We propose that the 4-aryloxy-quinoline 3-ester derives from 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-hydroxy-quinoline-3-carboxylate (4-hydroxy-quinoline 3-ester), the enol form of 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylate. Formation of the 4-aryloxy-quinoline 3-ester confirms the impact of quinolone/hydroxyquinoline tautomerism, both on the efficiency of synthetic routes to quinolones and on pharmacologic profiles. Tautomers exhibit different cLogP values and interact differently with the enzyme active site. A structural investigation of 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylate and 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-hydroxy-quinoline-3-carboxylate, using matrix isolation coupled to FTIR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, revealed that the lowest energy conformers of 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-hydroxy-quinoline-3-carboxylate, lower in energy than their most stable 4-oxo-quinoline tautomer by about 27 kJ mol−1, are solely present in the matrix, while the most stable 4-oxo-quinoline tautomer is solely present in the crystalline phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Horta
- CCMAR and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , F.C.T., University of Algarve , P-8005-039 Faro , Portugal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD , UK
| | - Marta S. C. Henriques
- CFisUC, Department of Physics , University of Coimbra , P-3004-516 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Elisa M. Brás
- CQC, Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , P-3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Fernanda Murtinheira
- CMDT and Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , New University of Lisbon , P-1349-008 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- CMDT and Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , New University of Lisbon , P-1349-008 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD , UK
| | - José A. Paixão
- CFisUC, Department of Physics , University of Coimbra , P-3004-516 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Rui Fausto
- CQC, Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , P-3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Maria L. S. Cristiano
- CCMAR and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , F.C.T., University of Algarve , P-8005-039 Faro , Portugal
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13
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Hricovíni M, Dvoranová D, Barbieriková Z, Jantová S, Bella M, Šoral M, Brezová V. 6-Nitroquinolones in dimethylsulfoxide: Spectroscopic characterization and photoactivation of molecular oxygen. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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