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Saha R, Hembram BC, Panda S, Ghosh R, Bagh B. Iron-Catalyzed sp 3 C-H Alkylation of Fluorene with Primary and Secondary Alcohols: A Borrowing Hydrogen Approach. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39175426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of earth-abundant, cheap, and nontoxic transition metals in important catalytic transformations is essential for sustainable development, and iron has gained significant attention as the most abundant transition metal. A mixture of FeCl2 (3 mol %), phenanthroline (6 mol %), and KOtBu (0.4 eqivalent) was used as an effective catalyst for the sp3 C-H alkylation of fluorene using alcohol as a nonhazardous alkylating partner, and eco-friendly water was formed as the only byproduct. The substrate scope includes a wide range of substituted fluorenes and substituted benzyl alcohols. The reaction is equally effective with challenging secondary alcohols and unactivated aliphatic alcohols. Selective mono-C9-alkylation of fluorenes with alcohols yielded the corresponding products in good isolated yields. Various postfunctionalizations of C-9 alkylated fluorene products were performed to establish the practical utility of this catalytic alkylation. Control experiments suggested a homogeneous reaction path involving borrowing hydrogen mechanism with the formation and subsequent reduction of 9-alkylidene fluorene intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India
| | - Bhairab Chand Hembram
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India
| | - Surajit Panda
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India
| | - Rahul Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India
| | - Bidraha Bagh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India
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2
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Saha R, Hembram BC, Panda S, Jana NC, Bagh B. Iron- and base-catalyzed C(α)-alkylation and one-pot sequential alkylation-hydroxylation of oxindoles with secondary alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:6321-6330. [PMID: 39039931 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00957f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of economical and environmentally benign transition metals in crucial catalytic processes is pivotal for sustainable advancement in synthetic organic chemistry. Iron, as the most abundant transition metal in the Earth's crust, has gained significant attention for this purpose. A combination of FeCl2 (5 mol%) in the presence of phenanthroline (10 mol%) and NaOtBu (1.5 equivalent) proved effective for the C(α)-alkylation of oxindole, employing challenging secondary alcohol as a non-hazardous alkylating agent. The C(α)-alkylation of oxindole was optimized in green solvent or under neat conditions. The substrate scope encompasses a broad array of substituted oxindoles with various secondary alcohols. Further post-functionalization of the C(α)-alkylated oxindole products demonstrated the practical utility of this catalytic alkylation. One-pot C-H hydroxylation of alkylated oxindoles yielded 3-alkyl-3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles using air as the most sustainable oxidant. Low E-factors (3.61 to 4.19) and good Eco-scale scores (74 to 76) of these sustainable catalytic protocols for the alkylation and one-pot sequential alkylation-hydroxylation of oxindoles demonstrated minimum waste generation. Plausible catalytic paths are proposed on the basis of past reports and control experiments, which suggested that a borrowing hydrogen pathway is involved in this alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India.
| | - Bhairab Chand Hembram
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India.
| | - Surajit Panda
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India.
| | - Narayan Ch Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India.
| | - Bidraha Bagh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, PIN 752050, India.
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3
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Cook A, Newman SG. Alcohols as Substrates in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arylation, Alkylation, and Related Reactions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6078-6144. [PMID: 38630862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Alcohols are abundant and attractive feedstock molecules for organic synthesis. Many methods for their functionalization require them to first be converted into a more activated derivative, while recent years have seen a vast increase in the number of complexity-building transformations that directly harness unprotected alcohols. This Review discusses how transition metal catalysis can be used toward this goal. These transformations are broadly classified into three categories. Deoxygenative functionalizations, representing derivatization of the C-O bond, enable the alcohol to act as a leaving group toward the formation of new C-C bonds. Etherifications, characterized by derivatization of the O-H bond, represent classical reactivity that has been modernized to include mild reaction conditions, diverse reaction partners, and high selectivities. Lastly, chain functionalization reactions are described, wherein the alcohol group acts as a mediator in formal C-H functionalization reactions of the alkyl backbone. Each of these three classes of transformation will be discussed in context of intermolecular arylation, alkylation, and related reactions, illustrating how catalysis can enable alcohols to be directly harnessed for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cook
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen G Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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4
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Bera S, Kabadwal LM, Banerjee D. Harnessing alcohols as sustainable reagents for late-stage functionalisation: synthesis of drugs and bio-inspired compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4607-4647. [PMID: 38525675 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00942d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol is ubiquitous with unparalleled structural diversity and thus has wide applications as a native functional group in organic synthesis. It is highly prevalent among biomolecules and offers promising opportunities for the development of chemical libraries. Over the last decade, alcohol has been extensively used as an environmentally friendly chemical for numerous organic transformations. In this review, we collectively discuss the utilisation of alcohol from 2015 to 2023 in various organic transformations and their application toward intermediates of drugs, drug derivatives and natural product-like molecules. Notable features discussed are as follows: (i) sustainable approaches for C-X alkylation (X = C, N, or O) including O-phosphorylation of alcohols, (ii) newer strategies using methanol as a methylating reagent, (iii) allylation of alkenes and alkynes including allylic trifluoromethylations, (iv) alkenylation of N-heterocycles, ketones, sulfones, and ylides towards the synthesis of drug-like molecules, (v) cyclisation and annulation to pharmaceutically active molecules, and (vi) coupling of alcohols with aryl halides or triflates, aryl cyanide and olefins to access drug-like molecules. We summarise the synthesis of over 100 drugs via several approaches, where alcohol was used as one of the potential coupling partners. Additionally, a library of molecules consisting over 60 fatty acids or steroid motifs is documented for late-stage functionalisation including the challenges and opportunities for harnessing alcohols as renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Lalit Mohan Kabadwal
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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5
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Bansal S, Punji B. Nickel-Catalyzed Chemodivergent Coupling of Alcohols: Efficient Routes to Access α,α-Disubstituted Ketones and α-Substituted Chalcones. Chemistry 2024:e202304082. [PMID: 38231839 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Chemodivergent (de)hydrogenative coupling of primary and secondary alcohols is achieved utilizing an inexpensive nickel catalyst, (6-OH-bpy)NiCl2 . This protocol demonstrates the synthesis of branched carbonyl compounds, α,α-disubstituted ketones, and α-substituted chalcones via borrowing hydrogen strategy and acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling, respectively. A wide range of aryl-based secondary alcohols are coupled with various primary alcohols in this tandem dehydrogenation/hydrogenation reaction. The nickel catalyst, along with KOt Bu or K2 CO3 , governed the selectivity for the formation of branched saturated ketones or chalcones. A preliminary mechanistic investigation confirms the reversible dehydrogenation of alcohols to carbonyls via metal-ligand cooperation (MLC) and the involvement of radical intermediates during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhna Bansal
- Organometallic Synthesis and Catalysis Lab, Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Benudhar Punji
- Organometallic Synthesis and Catalysis Lab, Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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6
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Li W, Fu R, Shi J, Xiao Z, Xu Y, He D, He G, Chen H, Xie M. Mechanistic Insights into a Co(II)-Coordinated "Free" Metal Site of 2D Zinc-Based MOFs for β-Alkylation of Secondary Alcohols with Primary Alcohols. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18689-18696. [PMID: 37897420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Through in-depth study of the properties and reaction mechanisms of catalysts, it is possible to better optimize catalytic systems and improve reaction efficiency and selectivity. This remains one of the challenges in the field of catalysis. Therefore, the research and design of catalysts play crucial roles in understanding and optimizing catalytic reaction mechanisms. A robust 2D zinc-based MOFs (Zn-HA) supported Co(II) ion catalyst (Zn-HA@Co) has been designed and synthesized via a coordination-assisted strategy for β-alkylation of secondary alcohols with primary alcohols. The characterization demonstrated that the anchoring of Co(II) on Zn-HA via coordination could efficiently enhance the Co(II) ion dispersity and interaction between Co(II) and Zn-HA MOFs. Importantly, the density functional theory results have provided mechanistic insights into the energy of the HOMO and LUMO of the Zn-HA@Co catalyst as well as the energy change of the entire process after interacting with the reactants and the specific energy changes of each orbital. The synthesized Zn-HA@Co MOFs effectively lower the energy barrier of the catalytic reaction process. We expect that our research and design of catalysts will serve as valuable guideline for understanding and optimizing catalytic reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizuo Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Rui Fu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Jing Shi
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Zhenhao Xiao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Yue Xu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Dafang He
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Guangyu He
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Haiqun Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Mingchen Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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7
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Laan PM, de Zwart FJ, Wilson EM, Troglia A, Lugier OCM, Geels NJ, Bliem R, Reek JNH, de Bruin B, Rothenberg G, Yan N. Understanding the Oxidative Properties of Nickel Oxyhydroxide in Alcohol Oxidation Reactions. ACS Catal 2023; 13:8467-8476. [PMID: 37441234 PMCID: PMC10334462 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The NiOOH electrode is commonly used in electrochemical alcohol oxidations. Yet understanding the reaction mechanism is far from trivial. In many cases, the difficulty lies in the decoupling of the overlapping influence of chemical and electrochemical factors that not only govern the reaction pathway but also the crystal structure of the in situ formed oxyhydroxide. Here, we use a different approach to understand this system: we start with synthesizing pure forms of the two oxyhydroxides, β-NiOOH and γ-NiOOH. Then, using the oxidative dehydrogenation of three typical alcohols as the model reactions, we examine the reactivity and selectivity of each oxyhydroxide. While solvent has a clear effect on the reaction rate of β-NiOOH, the observed selectivity was found to be unaffected and remained over 95% for the dehydrogenation of both primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones, respectively. Yet, high concentration of OH- in aqueous solvent promoted the preferential conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid. Thus, the formation of carboxylic compounds in the electrochemical oxidation without alkaline electrolyte is more likely to follow the direct electrochemical oxidation pathway. Overoxidation of NiOOH from the β- to γ-phase will affect the selectivity but not the reactivity with a sustained >95% conversion. The mechanistic examinations comprising kinetic isotope effects, Hammett analysis, and spin trapping studies reveal that benzyl alcohol is oxidatively dehydrogenated to benzaldehyde via two consecutive hydrogen atom transfer steps. This work offers the unique oxidative and catalytic properties of NiOOH in alcohol oxidation reactions, shedding light on the mechanistic understanding of the electrochemical alcohol conversion using NiOOH-based electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus
C. M. Laan
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix J. de Zwart
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma M. Wilson
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Troglia
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier C. M. Lugier
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert J. Geels
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Bliem
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ning Yan
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Key
Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of
Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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8
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Pranesh Kavin S, Ramesh R. Synthesis and structure of Pd(II) pincer complexes: catalytic application in β-alkylation of secondary alcohols involving sequential dehydrogenation of alcohols via the borrowing hydrogen approach. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37409425 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01628e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report an efficient and sustainable approach for the selective synthesis of ketones by palladium pincer catalyzed β-alkylation of secondary alcohols with aromatic primary alcohols via the borrowing hydrogen (BH) approach for the first time. A set of new Pd(II) ONO pincer complexes was synthesized and characterised by elemental analysis and spectral techniques (FT-IR, NMR and HRMS). The solid-state molecular structure of one the complexes was corroborated by X-ray crystallography. A range of α-alkylated ketone derivatives (25 examples) was obtained in excellent yields up to 95% through sequential dehydrogenative coupling of secondary and primary alcohols with 0.5 mol% catalyst loading with a substoichiometric amount of the base. Control experiment studies were carried out for the coupling reactions which revealed that the reaction involves an aldehyde, a ketone and chalcone intermediates, and eventually established the borrowing hydrogen strategy. Gratifyingly, this protocol is simple and atom economical, with water/hydrogen as byproducts. In addition, large-scale synthesis also demonstrated the synthetic usefulness of the present protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekar Pranesh Kavin
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, Tamilnadu, India.
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9
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Manojveer S, Garg NK, Gul Z, Kanwal A, Goriya Y, Johnson MT. Ligand-Promoted [Pd]-Catalyzed α-Alkylation of Ketones through a Borrowing-Hydrogen Approach. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202200245. [PMID: 36592045 PMCID: PMC9807026 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A new class of palladium complexes bearing bidentate 2-hydroxypyridine based ligands have been prepared and fully characterized. The applications of these new complexes towards ketone alkylation reactions with alcohols through a metal-ligand cooperative borrowing-hydrogen (BH) process were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetharaman Manojveer
- Centre for Analysis and SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryLund UniversityP. O. Box 124221 00LundSweden
| | - Nitish K. Garg
- Centre for Analysis and SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryLund UniversityP. O. Box 124221 00LundSweden
| | - Zarif Gul
- Centre for Analysis and SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryLund UniversityP. O. Box 124221 00LundSweden
| | - Ayesha Kanwal
- Centre for Analysis and SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryLund UniversityP. O. Box 124221 00LundSweden
| | - Yogesh Goriya
- Centre for Analysis and SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryLund UniversityP. O. Box 124221 00LundSweden
| | - Magnus T. Johnson
- Centre for Analysis and SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryLund UniversityP. O. Box 124221 00LundSweden
- Perstorp ABPerstorp Industrial Park284 80PerstorpSweden
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10
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Genç S, Arslan B, Gülcemal D, Gülcemal S, Günnaz S. Nickel-catalyzed alkylation of ketones and nitriles with primary alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9753-9762. [PMID: 36448637 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01787c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nickel(II)-salen or nickel(II)-salphen catalyzed α-alkylation of ketones and nitriles with primary alcohols is reported. Various α-alkylated ketones and nitriles were obtained in high yields through a borrowing hydrogen strategy by using 1-3 mol% of nickel catalyst and a catalytic amount of NaOH (5-10 mol%) under aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sertaç Genç
- Ege University, Department of Chemistry, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Arslan
- Ege University, Department of Chemistry, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Derya Gülcemal
- Ege University, Department of Chemistry, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Süleyman Gülcemal
- Ege University, Department of Chemistry, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Salih Günnaz
- Ege University, Department of Chemistry, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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11
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Late stage modifications of phosphine oxide ligands by iron‐catalyzed hydrogen borrowing reactions. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Kumar A, Ta S, Nettem C, Tanski JM, Rajaraman G, Ghosh P. One pot tandem dehydrogenative cross-coupling of primary and secondary alcohols by ruthenium amido-functionalized 1,2,4-triazole derived N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28961-28984. [PMID: 36320780 PMCID: PMC9557752 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05531g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
One-pot tandem dehydrogenative cross-coupling of primary and secondary alcohols was catalyzed by three ruthenium complexes [1-(R)-4-N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)acetamido-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene]Ru(p-cymene)Cl [R = Et (1b), i-Pr (2b), Bn (3b)], of amido-functionalized 1,2,4-triazole derived N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed for the ruthenium (1b) precatalyst to understand this reaction mechanism completely, and the mechanisms adapted are divided categorically into three steps (i) nucleophilic substitution of chloride ions by alcohols, (ii) dehydrogenation of primary and secondary alcohols, and (iii) olefin and ketone hydrogenation. Our mechanistic study reveals that the formation of a deprotonated Ru-alcoholate (A) or (E) intermediate is favorable compared to the protonated form (A') or (E') from (1b) by associative nucleophilic substitution. Though an ionic pathway that proceeds through (A') or (E'), has less barriers in the dehydrogenation and olefin/ketone hydrogenation steps than that of the neutral pathway, proceeding through (A) or (E), a steep energy barrier was observed in the first nucleophilic substitution step, prohibiting the reaction to proceed via the intermediate (A') or (E'). Thus, our thorough mechanistic study reveals that the reaction proceeds via deprotonated Ru-alcoholate (A) or (E) species. Furthermore, the 1,4 addition of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound is kinetically and thermodynamically favorable over the 1,2 addition, and the experiments support these observations. As a testimony towards practical application in synthesizing bio-active flavonoid based natural products, five different flavan derivatives (16-20), were synthesized by the dehydrogenative coupling reaction using the neutral ruthenium (1-3)b complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India +91 22 2572 3480
| | - Sabyasachi Ta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India +91 22 2572 3480
| | - Chandrasekhar Nettem
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India +91 22 2572 3480
| | - Joseph M Tanski
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College 124 Raymond Avenue Poughkeepsie NY 12604 USA
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India +91 22 2572 3480
| | - Prasenjit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India +91 22 2572 3480
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13
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Chowdhury MG, Das R, Vyas H, Sasane T, Mori O, Kamble S, Patel S, Shard A. A Comprehensive Account of Synthesis and Biological Activities of α‐lidene‐ Benzocycloalkanones and Benzoheterocycles. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Ghosh Chowdhury
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat 380054 India
| | - Rudradip Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat 380054 India
| | - Het Vyas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat 380054 India
| | - Tejal Sasane
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat 380054 India
| | - Omprakash Mori
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat 380054 India
| | - Sayali Kamble
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat 380054 India
| | - Sagarkumar Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat 380054 India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research- Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat 380054 India
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14
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Nandi PG, Thombare P, Prathapa SJ, Kumar A. Pincer-Cobalt-Catalyzed Guerbet-Type β-Alkylation of Alcohols in Air under Microwave Conditions. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pran Gobinda Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Prasad Thombare
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | | | - Akshai Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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15
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Yang DY, Wang H, Chang CR. Recent Advances for Alkylation of Ketones and Secondary Alcohols using Alcohols in Homogeneous Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Direct couplings of secondary alcohols with primary alkenyl alcohols to α-alkylated ketones via a tandem transfer hydrogenation/hydrogen autotransfer process catalyzed by a metal-ligand bifunctional iridium catalyst. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Sharma R, Mondal A, Samanta A, Biswas N, Das B, Srimani D. Well‐Defined Ni−SNS Complex Catalysed Borrowing Hydrogenative α‐Alkylation of Ketones and Dehydrogenative Synthesis of Quinolines. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Kamrup Assam 781039 India
| | - Avijit Mondal
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Kamrup Assam 781039 India
| | - Arup Samanta
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Kamrup Assam 781039 India
| | - Nandita Biswas
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Kamrup Assam 781039 India
| | - Babulal Das
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Kamrup Assam 781039 India
| | - Dipankar Srimani
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Kamrup Assam 781039 India
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18
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Bartolo ND, Demkiw KM, Read JA, Valentín EM, Yang Y, Dillon AM, Hu CT, Ward MD, Woerpel KA. Conformationally Biased Ketones React Diastereoselectively with Allylmagnesium Halides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3042-3065. [PMID: 35167300 PMCID: PMC9022492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The addition of the highly reactive reagent allylmagnesium halide to α-substituted acyclic chiral ketones proceeded with high stereoselectivity. The stereoselectivity cannot be analyzed by conventional stereochemical models because these reactions do not conform to the requirements of those models. Instead, the stereoselectivity arises from the approach of the nucleophile to the most accessible diastereofaces of the lowest-energy conformations of the ketones. High stereoselectivity is expected, and the stereochemical outcome can be predicted, with conformationally biased ketones that have sterically distinguishable diastereofaces wherein only one face is accessible for nucleophilic addition. The conformations of the ketones can be determined by a combination of computational modeling and, in some cases, structure determination by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D. Bartolo
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Krystyna M. Demkiw
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Jacquelyne A. Read
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | | | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Alexandra M. Dillon
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Chunhua T. Hu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
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19
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Nandi PG, Kumar P, Kumar A. Ligand-free Guerbet-type reactions in air catalyzed by in situ formed complexes of base metal salt cobaltous chloride. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Inexpensive, earth-abundant & environmentally benign CoCl2 efficiently catalyses the β-alkylation of alcohol in unprecedented yields (89%) & turnovers (8900). Mechanistic studies are indicative of in situ generated homogeneous molecular Co catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pran Gobinda Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Pradhuman Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Akshai Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
- School of Health Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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20
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Ovezova M, Eroğlu Z, Metin Ö, Çetinkaya B, Gülcemal S. Unveiling the catalytic nature of palladium-N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts in the α-alkylation of ketones with primary alcohols. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10896-10908. [PMID: 34308936 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01704g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis of four new Pd-PEPPSI complexes with backbone-modified N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands and their application as catalysts in the α-alkylation of ketones with primary alcohols using a borrowing hydrogen process and tandem Suzuki-Miyaura coupling/α-alkylation reactions. Among the synthesized Pd-PEPPSI complexes, complex 2c having 4-methoxyphenyl groups at the 4,5-positions and 4-methoxybenzyl substituents on the N-atoms of imidazole exhibited the highest catalytic activity in the α-alkylation of ketones with primary alcohols (18 examples) with yields reaching up to 95%. Additionally, complex 2c was demonstrated to be an effective catalyst for the tandem Suzuki-Miyaura-coupling/α-alkylation of ketones to give biaryl ketones with high yields. The heterogeneous nature of the present catalytic system was verified by mercury poisoning and hot filtration experiments. Moreover, the formation of NHC-stabilized Pd(0) nanoparticles during the α-alkylation reactions was identified by advanced analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamajan Ovezova
- Department of Chemistry, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Zafer Eroğlu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey. and Nanoscience and Nanoengineering Division, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Önder Metin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bekir Çetinkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey.
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21
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Genç S, Gülcemal S, Günnaz S, Çetinkaya B, Gülcemal D. Synthesis of α-Alkylated Ketones via Selective Epoxide Opening/Alkylation Reactions with Primary Alcohols. Org Lett 2021; 23:5229-5234. [PMID: 34143639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new method for converting terminal epoxides and primary alcohols into α-alkylated ketones under borrowing hydrogen conditions is reported. The procedure involves a one-pot epoxide ring opening and alkylation via primary alcohols in the presence of an N-heterocyclic carbene iridium(I) catalyst, under aerobic conditions, with water as the side product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sertaç Genç
- Ege University, Chemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Salih Günnaz
- Ege University, Chemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bekir Çetinkaya
- Ege University, Chemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Derya Gülcemal
- Ege University, Chemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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22
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Verma A, Hazra S, Dolui P, Elias AJ. Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Alkylated Ketones and Quinolines in an Aqueous Medium via a Hydrogen‐Borrowing Strategy Using Ketones and Alcohols. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Verma
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Susanta Hazra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Pritam Dolui
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Anil J. Elias
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
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23
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Hu M, Jiang Y, Sun N, Hu B, Shen Z, Hu X, Jin L. Nickel-catalyzed C3-alkylation of indoles with alcohols via a borrowing hydrogen strategy. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An efficient Ni-catalyzed C3-alkylation of indoles with alcohols via a borrowing hydrogen pathway was achieved utilizing an N,O-donor coordinated nickel complex as the precatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310032
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310032
- P. R. China
| | - Nan Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310032
- P. R. China
| | - Baoxiang Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310032
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenlu Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310032
- P. R. China
| | - Xinquan Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310032
- P. R. China
| | - Liqun Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310032
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
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24
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Landge VG, Babu R, Yadav V, Subaramanian M, Gupta V, Balaraman E. Iron-Catalyzed Direct Julia-Type Olefination of Alcohols. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9876-9886. [PMID: 32600041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an iron-catalyzed, convenient, and expedient strategy for the synthesis of styrene and naphthalene derivatives with the liberation of dihydrogen. The use of a catalyst derived from an earth-abundant metal provides a sustainable strategy to olefins. This method exhibits wide substrate scope (primary and secondary alcohols) functional group tolerance (amino, nitro, halo, alkoxy, thiomethoxy, and S- and N-heterocyclic compounds) that can be scaled up. The unprecedented synthesis of 1-methyl naphthalenes proceeds via tandem methenylation/double dehydrogenation. Mechanistic study shows that the cleavage of the C-H bond of alcohol is the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod G Landge
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Reshma Babu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Vinita Yadav
- Organic Chemistry Division, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune 411008, India
| | - Murugan Subaramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Virendrakumar Gupta
- Polymer Synthesis & Catalysis, Reliance Research & Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Ekambaram Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
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25
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Yang PF, Shu W. Direct Synthesis of Mono-α-arylated Ketones from Alcohols and Olefins via Ni-Catalyzed Oxidative Cross-Coupling. Org Lett 2020; 22:6203-6208. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Genç S, Gülcemal S, Günnaz S, Çetinkaya B, Gülcemal D. Iridium-Catalyzed Alkylation of Secondary Alcohols with Primary Alcohols: A Route to Access Branched Ketones and Alcohols. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9139-9152. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sertaç Genç
- Ege University, Chemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Salih Günnaz
- Ege University, Chemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bekir Çetinkaya
- Ege University, Chemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Derya Gülcemal
- Ege University, Chemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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27
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Kabadwal LM, Bera S, Banerjee D. Iron-catalysed alkylation of 2-methyl and 4-methyl azaarenes with alcohols via C-H bond activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4777-4780. [PMID: 32227001 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01593h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The first Fe-catalysed alkylation of 2-methyl and 4-methyl-azaarenes with a series of alkyl and hetero-aryl alcohols is reported (>39 examples and up to 95% yield). Multi-functionalisation of pyrazines and synthesis of anti-malarial drug (±) Angustureine significantly broaden the scope of this methodology. Preliminary mechanistic investigation, deuterium labeling and kinetic experiments including trapping of the enamine intermediate 1a' are of special importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Mohan Kabadwal
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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28
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Sk M, Kumar A, Das J, Banerjee D. A Simple Iron-Catalyst for Alkenylation of Ketones Using Primary Alcohols. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071590. [PMID: 32235642 PMCID: PMC7181299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we developed a simple iron-catalyzed system for the α-alkenylation of ketones using primary alcohols. Such acceptor-less dehydrogenative coupling (ADC) of alcohols resulted in the synthesis of a series of important α,β-unsaturated functionalized ketones, having aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, nitro, nitrile and trifluoro-methyl, as well as halogen moieties, with excellent yields and selectivity. Initial mechanistic studies, including deuterium labeling experiments, determination of rate and order of the reaction, and quantitative determination of H2 gas, were performed. The overall transformations produce water and dihydrogen as byproducts.
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