1
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Yang Y, Xu K, Holtzman LN, Yang K, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hone J, Barmak K, Rosenberger MR. Atomic Defect Quantification by Lateral Force Microscopy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6887-6895. [PMID: 38386278 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Atomic defects in two-dimensional (2D) materials impact electronic and optoelectronic properties, such as doping and single photon emission. An understanding of defect-property relationships is essential for optimizing material performance. However, progress in understanding these critical relationships is hindered by a lack of straightforward approaches for accurate, precise, and reliable defect quantification on the nanoscale, especially for insulating materials. Here, we demonstrate that lateral force microscopy (LFM), a mechanical technique, can observe atomic defects in semiconducting and insulating 2D materials under ambient conditions. We first improve the sensitivity of LFM through consideration of cantilever mechanics. With the improved sensitivity, we use LFM to locate atomic-scale point defects on the surface of bulk MoSe2. By directly comparing LFM and conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) measurements on bulk MoSe2, we demonstrate that point defects observed with LFM are atomic defects in the crystal. As a mechanical technique, LFM does not require a conductive pathway, which allows defect characterization on insulating materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). We demonstrate the ability to observe intrinsic defects in hBN and defects introduced by annealing. Our demonstration of LFM as a mechanical defect characterization technique applicable to both conductive and insulating 2D materials will enable routine defect-property determination and accelerate materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Yang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kaikui Xu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Luke N Holtzman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kristyna Yang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Katayun Barmak
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Matthew R Rosenberger
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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2
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Shi K, Hu M, Huang P. Time Dependence of the Graphene Surface Adhesion Force of the Sphere-Plane Contact at Different Relative Humidities. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:677-686. [PMID: 38115196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has a promising application prospect in integrated circuits and microelectromechanical systems, and sphere-plane contacts are their common contact types. At present, it is difficult to explain the time dependence of the adhesion force of the sphere-plane contact by conventional theory. Therefore, a single rough peak of sphere-plane contact adhesion force model based on variable water contact angle theory and Bradley contact theory was established; the aim is to reveal the changing law of graphene adhesion force. Then, the time dependence of the graphene surface adhesion force at different humidity levels was investigated by using an atomic force microscopy spherical probe. Finally, a quantitative comparative analysis of the theory and experiment was performed. The results show that the theoretical adhesion force was in good agreement with the experimental measurement results. The time dependence of graphene surface adhesion was not obvious within a relative humidity of 45-55%. When the relative humidity was greater than 65%, the graphene surface adhesion first increased and then decreased with dwell time and finally tended to be stable. Because of the increase in relative humidity, the capillary condensation effect increases, and then the adhesion force increases with the development of the meniscus. When the water film was generated on the sample surface, the adhesion force decreased until the meniscus achieved equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shi
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic of Industry and Commerce, Guangzhou 510510, China
| | - Manfeng Hu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou Railway Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510430, China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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3
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Chen G, Zhao L, Cheng J, Chen M, Wang J, Ding W, Lei H. Prediction of Nanoscale Water Meniscus Shape between Deliquescent KDP Crystal Optics and AFM Probe for Water-Dissolution Repairing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:18548-18557. [PMID: 38054931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
KDP (KH2PO4) crystal optics are the key elements for megajoule laser facilities. Nanoscale surface defects would cause laser-induced damage when the optics are irradiated by a high-fluence laser (over 10 J/cm2). Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) could be used to repair the nanoscale surface defects in the KDP optics by the water meniscus. The high humidity required for high-efficiency and soft KDP surfaces penetrated by the AFM probe brings challenges for accurately predicting the water meniscus shape to evaluate the effectiveness of the DPN water-dissolution repairing. The multisolutions of the Young-Laplace and Kelvin equations also lead to the wrong water meniscus shape. A theoretical model that takes the high humidity and the penetration of the AFM probes into account is developed. The parametrization Young-Laplace equations are adopted for the zero contact angle of the water films, and the AFM probe is treated as the combination of the cone and sphere for the water meniscus whose size is larger than the AFM tip radius under high humidity. The penetration of the AFM probe is modeled by Hertz theory. Both the water films (3.3 nm thickness at 99% relative humidity) and indentations (1.46 nm depth at 300 nN contact force) are non-negligible for the nanoscale water meniscus between the KDP surface and the AFM probe. Moreover, the rough-fine two-step method is proposed to lock the correct solution of the Young-Laplace and Kelvin equations. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by comparison with reported ESEM images and pull-off forces. In addition, the overgrowth dots on the KDP surface are compared with the water meniscus. The linear growth of the water meniscus would cause the linear growth of the overgrowth dot, which proves the proposed model could be used to guide the DPN water-dissolution repairing for the nanoscale surface defects in the KDP optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Linjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Mingjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinghe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wenyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hongqin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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4
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Villeneuve-Faure C, Boumaarouf A, Shah V, Gammon PM, Lüders U, Coq Germanicus R. SiC Doping Impact during Conducting AFM under Ambient Atmosphere. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5401. [PMID: 37570104 PMCID: PMC10419843 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of silicon carbide (SiC) by specific electrical atomic force microscopy (AFM) modes is highly appreciated for revealing its structure and properties at a nanoscale. However, during the conductive AFM (C-AFM) measurements, the strong electric field that builds up around and below the AFM conductive tip in ambient atmosphere may lead to a direct anodic oxidation of the SiC surface due to the formation of a water nanomeniscus. In this paper, the underlying effects of the anodization are experimentally investigated for SiC multilayers with different doping levels by studying gradual SiC epitaxial-doped layers with nitrogen (N) from 5 × 1017 to 1019 at/cm3. The presence of the water nanomeniscus is probed by the AFM and analyzed with the force-distance curve when a negative bias is applied to the AFM tip. From the water meniscus breakup distance measured without and with polarization, the water meniscus volume is increased by a factor of three under polarization. AFM experimental results are supported by electrostatic modeling to study oxide growth. By taking into account the presence of the water nanomeniscus, the surface oxide layer and the SiC doping level, a 2D-axisymmetric finite element model is developed to calculate the electric field distribution nearby the tip contact and the current distributions at the nanocontact. The results demonstrate that the anodization occurred for the conductive regime in which the current depends strongly to the doping; its threshold value is 7 × 1018 at/cm3 for anodization. Finally, the characterization of a classical planar SiC-MOSFET by C-AFM is examined. Results reveal the local oxidation mechanism of the SiC material at the surface of the MOSFET structure. AFM topographies after successive C-AFM measurements show that the local oxide created by anodization is located on both sides of the MOS channel; these areas are the locations of the highly n-type-doped zones. A selective wet chemical etching confirms that the oxide induced by local anodic oxidation is a SiOCH layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Villeneuve-Faure
- LAPLACE (Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d’Energie), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INPT, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Abdelhaq Boumaarouf
- CRISMAT UMR6508 (Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Sciences des Matériaux), Normandie University, Ensicaen, Unicaen, CNRS, 14000 Caen, France; (A.B.); (U.L.)
| | - Vishal Shah
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (V.S.); (P.M.G.)
| | - Peter M. Gammon
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (V.S.); (P.M.G.)
| | - Ulrike Lüders
- CRISMAT UMR6508 (Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Sciences des Matériaux), Normandie University, Ensicaen, Unicaen, CNRS, 14000 Caen, France; (A.B.); (U.L.)
| | - Rosine Coq Germanicus
- CRISMAT UMR6508 (Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Sciences des Matériaux), Normandie University, Ensicaen, Unicaen, CNRS, 14000 Caen, France; (A.B.); (U.L.)
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Shi K, Hu M, Huang P. Influences of Relative Humidity and Dwell Time on Silica/Graphene Adhesion Force of a Cone-Plane Contact. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12432-12440. [PMID: 36194826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has exceptional electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties, and it is expected to have important applications in integrated circuits and other microelectronic fields. Its performances are greatly affected by surface adhesion force when it is used in a humid environment. In this paper, based on the law of variable water contact angle changing in the process of water vapor condensation, we established a cone-plane contact model, which is related to relative humidity and dwell time, to reveal the internal mechanism of the influence of relative humidity and dwell time on silica/graphene adhesion force. First, the silica/graphene adhesion force dependence of dwell time was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) at 45-85% RH. Then, the changing process of the meniscus between the AFM tip and the graphene surface was discussed, and the function of adhesion force with variables of dwell time and contact angle was established. Furthermore, the theoretical and experimental results were compared and analyzed. The results show that with the increase of relative humidity and dwell time, the capillary condensation increases, but the water contact angle of the cone material decreases. This causes the adhesion force to increase first and then decrease after it reaches a threshold value. Furthermore, the variable water contact angle of the graphene surface increases, but the adhesion force decreases gradually with the increase of surface water film. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shi
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Manfeng Hu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou Railway Polytechnic, Guangzhou510430, China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
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6
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Ouyang Y, Chen S, Sagoe-Crentsil K, Duan W. Capillary bridges between unsaturated nano-mineral particles: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8398-8407. [PMID: 35332902 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary bridges play an important role in the process of cohesion, which is crucial for wet granular media, and engineering of pharmaceuticals and food processing. However, the understanding of capillary bridges at the nanoscale remains unclear because the mechanical performance of nanoscale capillary bridges cannot be fully captured and explained by classical capillary theory. We applied a novel molecular dynamic simulation to investigate the dynamic formation process of nanoscale capillary bridges between quartz asperities. In comparison with classical capillary theory, our results suggested that the application of the toroidal approximation and gorge method will break down at the scale of 1 nm. Below this threshold, a pronounced oscillation in the adhesive force was observed due to inconsistent distribution of water molecules in the capillary bridges. Moreover, we found a non-linear correlation between the adhesive force and the saturation degree. Different from the cohesive stress of sandy soil as a function of saturation degree, we identified an optimal saturation range of 0.5-0.7 instead of 0.2-0.9 for the sandy soil. Our findings enhance the understanding of capillary bridges and provide new insights into the capillary force between particles in the fields of geotechnical engineering, food-process engineering, the pharmaceutical industry and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Ouyang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Shujian Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Qld, Australia.
| | - Kwesi Sagoe-Crentsil
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Wenhui Duan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
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7
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Lai T, Zhu T, Chen Y, Guo M. Different Evolution Behaviors of Adhesion Force with Relative Humidity at Silica/Silica and Silica/Graphene Interfaces Studied using Atomic Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13075-13084. [PMID: 34704765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The influence of relative humidity (RH) on adhesion forces demands clarification. Adhesion forces at silica/silica and silica/graphene interfaces were measured on an atomic force microscope to investigate the evolution behaviors with RH and the contact time dependence at a certain RH. For the silica/silica interface, the adhesion force at a location by decreasing RH is independent of RH, but increases as a whole with RH both at a location and in the force volume mode by increasing RH. However, for the silica/graphene interface at a location, the adhesion force remains unchanged with RH as a whole by reducing RH and tends to decrease as a whole by increasing RH. In the force volume mode, the adhesion force at the silica/graphene interface is independent of RH. For the silica/silica interface, the adhesion force increases logarithmically with dwell time at a low RH and remains unchanged at a high RH. However, for the silica/graphene interface, the force is not dependent on RH at low and high RHs. The results can serve to further understand the mechanisms and behaviors of adhesion forces and promote the anti-adhesion design for small-scale silicon-based structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmao Lai
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mingli Guo
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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8
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O’Callahan B, Qafoku O, Balema V, Negrete OA, Passian A, Engelhard MH, Waters KM. Atomic Force Microscopy and Infrared Nanospectroscopy of COVID-19 Spike Protein for the Quantification of Adhesion to Common Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12089-12097. [PMID: 34609882 PMCID: PMC8507151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives worldwide, sickened many more, and has resulted in severe socioeconomic consequences. As society returns to normal, understanding the spread and persistence of SARS CoV-2 on commonplace surfaces can help to mitigate future outbreaks of coronaviruses and other pathogens. We hypothesize that such an understanding can be aided by studying the binding and interaction of viral proteins with nonbiological surfaces. Here, we propose a methodology for investigating the adhesion of the SARS CoV-2 spike glycoprotein on common inorganic surfaces such as aluminum, copper, iron, silica, and ceria oxides as well as metallic gold. Quantitative adhesion was obtained from the analysis of measured forces at the nanoscale using an atomic force microscope operated under ambient conditions. Without imposing further constraints on the measurement conditions, our preliminary findings suggest that spike glycoproteins interact with similar adhesion forces across the majority of the metal oxides tested with the exception to gold, for which attraction forces ∼10 times stronger than all other materials studied were observed. Ferritin, which was used as a reference protein, was found to exhibit similar adhesion forces as SARS CoV-2 spike protein. This study results show that glycoprotein adhesion forces for similar ambient humidity, tip shape, and contact surface are nonspecific to the properties of metal oxide surfaces, which are expected to be covered by a thin water film. The findings suggest that under ambient conditions, glycoprotein adhesion to metal oxides is primarily controlled by the water capillary forces, and they depend on the surface tension of the liquid water. We discuss further strategies warranted to decipher the intricate nanoscale forces for improved quantification of the adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian O’Callahan
- Earth
and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Odeta Qafoku
- Earth
and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Viktor Balema
- Ames
Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Oscar A. Negrete
- Biotechnology
and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National
Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Ali Passian
- Quantum
Information Science Group, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Mark H. Engelhard
- Earth
and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Katrina M. Waters
- Earth
and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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9
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The limits of near field immersion microwave microscopy evaluated by imaging bilayer graphene moiré patterns. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2980. [PMID: 34016995 PMCID: PMC8170674 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Near field scanning Microwave Impedance Microscopy can resolve structures as small as 1 nm using radiation with wavelengths of 0.1 m. Combining liquid immersion microscopy concepts with exquisite force control exerted on nanoscale water menisci, concentration of electromagnetic fields in nanometer-size regions was achieved. As a test material we use twisted bilayer graphene, because it provides a sample where the modulation of the moiré superstructure pattern can be systematically tuned from Ångstroms up to tens of nanometers. Here we demonstrate that a probe-to-pattern resolution of 108 can be obtained by analyzing and adjusting the tip-sample distance influence on the dynamics of water meniscus formation and stability. Here, the authors image twisted bilayer graphene using scanning microwave imaging microscopy, revealing structures with sizes down to 1 nm. They show that is possible by using spontaneously forming nanoscale water menisci that concentrates the microwave fields in small regions.
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10
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Bartošík M, Mach J, Piastek J, Nezval D, Konečný M, Švarc V, Ensslin K, Šikola T. Mechanism and Suppression of Physisorbed-Water-Caused Hysteresis in Graphene FET Sensors. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2940-2949. [PMID: 32872770 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hysteresis is a problem in field-effect transistors (FETs) often caused by defects and charge traps inside a gate isolating (e.g., SiO2) layer. This work shows that graphene-based FETs also exhibit hysteresis due to water physisorbed on top of graphene determined by the relative humidity level, which naturally happens in biosensors and ambient operating sensors. The hysteresis effect is explained by trapping of electrons by physisorbed water, and it is shown that this hysteresis can be suppressed using short pulses of alternating gate voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Bartošík
- Central European Institute of Technology - Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT), Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Mach
- Central European Institute of Technology - Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT), Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Piastek
- Central European Institute of Technology - Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT), Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Nezval
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Konečný
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Švarc
- Central European Institute of Technology - Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT), Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klaus Ensslin
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Šikola
- Central European Institute of Technology - Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT), Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Tang B, Buldyrev SV, Xu L, Giovambattista N. Energy Stored in Nanoscale Water Capillary Bridges between Patchy Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7246-7251. [PMID: 32460499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a water capillary bridge (WCB) expanding between two identical chemically heterogeneous surfaces. The model surfaces, based on the structure of silica, are hydrophobic and are decorated by a hydrophilic (hydroxylated silica) patch that is in contact with the WCB. Our MD simulations results, including the WCB profile and forces induced on the walls, are in agreement with capillarity theory even at the smallest wall separations studied, h = 2.5-3 nm. Remarkably, the energy stored in the WCB can be relatively large, with an energy density that is comparable to that harvested by water-responsive materials used in actuators and nanogenerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binze Tang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sergey V Buldyrev
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, 500 West 185th Street, New York, New York 10033, United States
| | - Limei Xu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Nicolas Giovambattista
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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12
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Yalcin SE, Legg BA, Yeşilbaş M, Malvankar NS, Boily JF. Direct observation of anisotropic growth of water films on minerals driven by defects and surface tension. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz9708. [PMID: 32832658 PMCID: PMC7439304 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the occurrences of water films on minerals is critical for global biogeochemical and atmospheric processes, including element cycling and ice nucleation. The underlying mechanisms controlling water film growth are, however, misunderstood. Using infrared nanospectroscopy, amplitude-modulated atomic force microscopy, and molecular simulations, we show how water films grow from water vapor on hydrophilic mineral nanoparticles. We imaged films with up to four water layers that grow anisotropically over a single face. Growth usually begins from the near edges of a face where defects preferentially capture water vapor. Thicker films produced by condensation cooling completely engulf nanoparticles and form thicker menisci over defects. The high surface tension of water smooths film surfaces and produces films of inhomogeneous thickness. Nanoscale topography and film surface energy thereby control anisotropic distributions and thicknesses of water films on hydrophilic mineral nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ebru Yalcin
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.-F.B.); (S.E.Y.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Benjamin A. Legg
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Merve Yeşilbaş
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nikhil S. Malvankar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.-F.B.); (S.E.Y.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Jean-François Boily
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Corresponding author. (J.-F.B.); (S.E.Y.); (N.S.M.)
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Xiao C, Chen C, Yao Y, Liu H, Chen L, Qian L, Kim SH. Nanoasperity Adhesion of the Silicon Surface in Humid Air: The Roles of Surface Chemistry and Oxidized Layer Structures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5483-5491. [PMID: 32357012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial adhesion between silicon oxide surfaces is normally believed to be governed by the surface chemistry of the topmost surface affecting the water contact angle and hydrogen bonding interactions. In the case of a silicon wafer, the physical structure of the native oxide at the surface can vary drastically depending on the aging process; thus, not only the surface chemistry but also the history of surface treatment can also have a profound impact on nanoasperity adhesion. This study reports the effect of aging conditions (ambient air, liquid water, and liquid ethanol) on the nanoasperity adhesion behaviors of a silicon surface. When the silicon surface is kept in liquid alcohol, the surface remains hydrophobic, and adhesion in ambient air can be explained with the capillary effect of the liquid meniscus condensed around the annulus of the nanoasperity contact. When the silicon surface is oxidized in ambient air, the surface gradually becomes hydrophilic, and the strongly hydrogen-bonded water network of adsorbed water plays a dominant role in the nanoasperity interfacial adhesion force. When the silicon surface is aged in liquid water, the interfacial adhesion force measured in ambient air is significantly larger than the value predicted from the theoretical model based on the water contact angle and the hydrogen bonding interaction at the topmost surface. This is because the surface layer oxidized in liquid water is gel-like and thus can swell upon uptake of water from the humid air. To fully encompass all these behaviors, a solid-adsorbate-solid model predicting the adhesion force is developed by introducing a fitting parameter β, which can be adjusted depending on the adsorbed water structure and the swelling capacity of the oxidized surface layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xiao
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Chao Chen
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yangyang Yao
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Hongshen Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lei Chen
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Linmao Qian
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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14
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Zirconium dioxide membranes decorated by silanes based-modifiers for membrane distillation – Material chemistry approach. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Thickness and Structure of Adsorbed Water Layer and Effects on Adhesion and Friction at Nanoasperity Contact. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids3030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most inorganic material surfaces exposed to ambient air can adsorb water, and hydrogen bonding interactions among adsorbed water molecules vary depending on, not only intrinsic properties of material surfaces, but also extrinsic working conditions. When dimensions of solid objects shrink to micro- and nano-scales, the ratio of surface area to volume increases greatly and the contribution of water condensation on interfacial forces, such as adhesion (Fa) and friction (Ft), becomes significant. This paper reviews the structural evolution of the adsorbed water layer on solid surfaces and its effect on Fa and Ft at nanoasperity contact for sphere-on-flat geometry. The details of the underlying mechanisms governing water adsorption behaviors vary depending on the atomic structure of the substrate, surface hydrophilicity and atmospheric conditions. The solid surfaces reviewed in this paper include metal/metallic oxides, silicon/silicon oxides, fluorides, and two-dimensional materials. The mechanism by which water condensation influences Fa is discussed based on the competition among capillary force, van der Waals force and the rupture force of solid-like water bridge. The condensed meniscus and the molecular configuration of the water bridge are influenced by surface roughness, surface hydrophilicity, temperature, sliding velocity, which in turn affect the kinetics of water condensation and interfacial Ft. Taking the effects of the thickness and structure of adsorbed water into account is important to obtain a full understanding of the interfacial forces at nanoasperity contact under ambient conditions.
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16
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Lai T, Li P. Direct Evidence of a Radius of Collection Area for Thin Film Flow in Liquid Bridge Formation by Repeated Contacts Using AFM. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6585-6593. [PMID: 31035753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A liquid bridge in a nanoscale gap is of considerable significance in lots of scientific and industrial fields. However, the formation mechanism is not well understood, leading to many contradictory experimental results. In this work, contact experiments were carried out between tipless cantilevers coated with potassium hydroxide and a silica surface on an atomic force microscope under different relative humidities (RHs). Results show that capillary condensation is dominant and thin film flow is difficult or even impossible at low RHs (31-37%). However, at high RHs (62-82%), thin film flow is dominant and materials were collected with a domed three-dimensional feature in the contact zone. There was a circle centered at the feature with a radius of collection area (can be as large as ∼23.6 μm), inside which all of the liquid seems to flow into the water bridge. The radius of collection area is used as direct evidence and as a parameter to reflect the efficiency of thin film flow. This fabrication technique of a domed feature may be viewed as a promising additive manufacturing in the microscale, and this work may also shed some light on the study of the controversial RH dependence of capillary force and other related research works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmao Lai
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering , Guangzhou University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering , Guangzhou University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
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17
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Wan Y, Gao Y, Xia Z. Highly Switchable Adhesion of N-Doped Graphene Interfaces for Robust Micromanipulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:5544-5553. [PMID: 30648852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated an N-doped graphene interface with highly switchable adhesion and robust micromanipulation capability triggered by external electric signals. Upon applying a small dc or ac electrical bias, this nanotextured surface can collect environmental moisture to form a large number of water bridges between the graphene and target surface, which lead to a drastic change in adhesive force. Turning on and off the electrical bias can control this graphene interface as a robust micro/nanomanipulator to pick up and drop off various micro/nano-objects for precise assembling. Molecular dynamics simulation reveals that the electrically induced electric double layer and ordered icelike structures at the graphene-water interface strengthen the water bridges and consequently enhance force switchability. In addition to the micro-/nanomanipulation, this switchable adhesion may have many technical implications such as climbing robots, sensors, microfluidic devices, and advanced drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710072 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenhai Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710072 , P. R. China
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18
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Subcellular Imaging of Liquid Silicone Coated-Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10763. [PMID: 30018393 PMCID: PMC6050225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface contamination and the formation of water bridge at the nanoscopic contact between an atomic force microscope tip and cell surface limits the maximum achievable spatial resolution on cells under ambient conditions. Structural information from fixed intestinal epithelial cell membrane is enhanced by fabricating a silicone liquid membrane that prevents ambient contaminants and accumulation of water at the interface between the cell membrane and the tip of an atomic force microscope. The clean and stable experimental platform permits the visualisation of the structure and orientation of microvilli present at the apical cell membrane under standard laboratory conditions together with registering subcellular details within a microvillus. The method developed here can be implemented for preserving and imaging contaminant-free morphology of fixed cells which is central for both fundamental studies in cell biology and in the emerging field of digital pathology.
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19
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Kwon S, Kim B, An S, Lee W, Kwak HY, Jhe W. Adhesive force measurement of steady-state water nano-meniscus: Effective surface tension at nanoscale. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8462. [PMID: 29855619 PMCID: PMC5981305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
When the surface of water is curved at nanoscale as a bubble, droplet and meniscus, its surface tension is expected to be smaller than that of planar interface, which still awaits experimental studies. Here, we report static and dynamic force spectroscopy that measures the capillary force of a single nanoscale water meniscus at constant curvature condition. Based on the Young-Laplace equation, the results are used to obtain the effective surface tension (ST) of the meniscus, which decreases to less than 20% of the bulk value at the radius-of-curvature (ROC) below 25 nm, while indicating the bulk behaviour above ~130 nm ROC. Interestingly, such a possibility provides a qualitative resolution of the unsettled discrepancies between experiments and theories in the thermodynamic activation processes for the mentioned three types of nano-curvatured water. Our results may not only lead to development of microscopic theories of ST as well as further experimental investigations, but also help better understanding of the ST-induced nanoscale dynamics such as cluster growth or protein folding, and the ST-controlled design of nano-biomaterials using the nano-meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Kwon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Bongsu Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sangmin An
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Wanhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kwak
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Wonho Jhe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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20
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Konečný M, Bartošík M, Mach J, Švarc V, Nezval D, Piastek J, Procházka P, Cahlík A, Šikola T. Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy and Calculation of Charge Transport in a Graphene/Silicon Dioxide System at Different Relative Humidity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11987-11994. [PMID: 29557163 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The article shows how the dynamic mapping of surface potential (SP) measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) in combination with calculation by a diffusion-like equation and the theory based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) model of water condensation and electron hopping can provide the information concerning the resistivity of low conductive surfaces and their water coverage. This is enabled by a study of charge transport between isolated and grounded graphene sheets on a silicon dioxide surface at different relative humidity (RH) with regard to the use of graphene in ambient electronic circuits and especially in sensors. In the experimental part, the chemical vapor-deposited graphene is precisely patterned by the mechanical atomic force microscopy (AFM) lithography and the charge transport is studied through a surface potential evolution measured by KPFM. In the computational part, a quantitative model based on solving the diffusion-like equation for the charge transport is used to fit the experimental data and thus to find the SiO2 surface resistivity ranging from 107 to 1010 Ω and exponentially decreasing with the RH increase. Such a behavior is explained using the formation of water layers predicted by the BET adsorption theory and electron-hopping theory that for the SiO2 surface patterned by AFM predicts a high water coverage even at low RHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Konečný
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT) , Purkyňova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering , Brno University of Technology , Technická 2 , 616 69 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Bartošík
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT) , Purkyňova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering , Brno University of Technology , Technická 2 , 616 69 Brno , Czech Republic
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology , Tomas Bata University in Zlín , Vavrečkova 275 , 760 01 Zlín , Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Mach
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT) , Purkyňova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering , Brno University of Technology , Technická 2 , 616 69 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Švarc
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT) , Purkyňova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering , Brno University of Technology , Technická 2 , 616 69 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - David Nezval
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT) , Purkyňova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering , Brno University of Technology , Technická 2 , 616 69 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Piastek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT) , Purkyňova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering , Brno University of Technology , Technická 2 , 616 69 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Procházka
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT) , Purkyňova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering , Brno University of Technology , Technická 2 , 616 69 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Cahlík
- Department of Thin Films and Nanostructures, Institute of Physics , The Czech Academy of Sciences , Cukrovarnická 10/112 , 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šikola
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology (CEITEC BUT) , Purkyňova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical Engineering , Brno University of Technology , Technická 2 , 616 69 Brno , Czech Republic
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21
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Sacha GM, Verdaguer A, Salmeron M. A Model for the Characterization of the Polarizability of Thin Films Independently of the Thickness of the Film. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:904-909. [PMID: 29087709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dielectric properties of thin films can be modified relative to the bulk material because the interaction between film and substrate influences the mobility of the atoms or molecules in the first layers. Here we show that a strong scale effect occurs in nanometer size octadecylammine thin films. This effect is attributed to the different distribution of molecules depending on the size of the film. To accurately describe this effect, we have developed a model which is a reinterpretation of the linearized Thomas-Fermi approximation. Within this model, we have been able to characterize the polarizability of thin films independently of the thickness of the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Sacha
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Verdaguer
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC , Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M Salmeron
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 94720 Berkeley, California, United States
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