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Hemauer F, Steinrück HP, Papp C. The Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Pair as Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage System: Surface Science Investigations. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300806. [PMID: 38375756 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
For the transition to renewable energy sources, novel energy storage materials are more important than ever. This review addresses so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, which appear very promising since they combine light harvesting and energy storing in one-photon one-molecule processes. The focus is on norbornadiene (NBD), a particularly interesting candidate, which is converted to the strained valence isomer quadricyclane (QC) upon irradiation. The stored energy can be released on demand. The energy-releasing cycloreversion from QC to NBD can be initiated by a thermal, catalytic, or electrochemical trigger. The reversibility of the energy storage and release cycles determines the general practicality of a MOST system. In the search for derivatives, which enable large-scale applications, fundamental surface science studies help to assess the feasibility of potential substituted NBD/QC couples. We include investigations under well-defined ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions as well as experiments in liquid phase. Next to the influence of the catalytically active surfaces on the isomerization between the two valence isomers, information on adsorption geometries, thermal stability limits, and reaction pathways of the respective molecules are discussed. Moreover, laboratory-scaled test devices demonstrate the proof of concept in various areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Castro F, Gancheff JS, Ramos JC, Seoane G, Bazzicalupi C, Bianchi A, Ridi F, Savastano M. A Norbornadiene-Based Molecular System for the Storage of Solar-Thermal Energy in an Aqueous Solution: Study of the Heat-Release Process Triggered by a Co(II)-Complex. Molecules 2023; 28:7270. [PMID: 37959690 PMCID: PMC10650538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is urgent yet challenging to develop new environmentally friendly and cost-effective sources of energy. Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems for energy capture and storage are a promising option. With this in mind, we have prepared a new water-soluble (pH > 6) norbornadiene derivative (HNBD1) whose MOST properties are reported here. HNBD1 shows a better matching to the solar spectrum compared to unmodified norbornadiene, with an onset absorbance of λonset = 364 nm. The corresponding quadricyclane photoisomer (HQC1) is quantitatively generated through the light irradiation of HNBD1. In an alkaline aqueous solution, the MOST system consists of the NBD1-/QC1- pair of deprotonated species. QC1- is very stable toward thermal back-conversion to NBD1-; it is absolutely stable at 298 K for three months and shows a marked resistance to temperature increase (half-life t½ = 587 h at 371 K). Yet, it rapidly (t½ = 11 min) releases the stored energy in the presence of the Co(II) porphyrin catalyst Co-TPPC (ΔHstorage = 65(2) kJ∙mol-1). Under the explored conditions, Co-TPPC maintains its catalytic activity for at least 200 turnovers. These results are very promising for the creation of MOST systems that work in water, a very interesting solvent for environmental sustainability, and offer a strong incentive to continue research towards this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Castro
- Área Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
- Laboratorio de Química Fina, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, By Pass de Rutas 8 y 101 s/n, Pando 91000, Uruguay;
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Jorge S. Gancheff
- Área Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Juan C. Ramos
- Laboratorio de Química Fina, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, By Pass de Rutas 8 y 101 s/n, Pando 91000, Uruguay;
- Área Química Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Gustavo Seoane
- Área Química Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Carla Bazzicalupi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesca Ridi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.B.); (F.R.)
- CSGI Consortium, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Savastano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Promozione della Qualità della Vita, Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Roma, Italy
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Shamsiev RS. The surface chemistry of norbornadiene and norbornene on Pd(111) and Pd(100): a comparative DFT study. J Mol Model 2023; 29:342. [PMID: 37843696 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The interaction of norbornadiene (NBD) and norbornene (NBE) with the palladium (111) and (100) surfaces have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Five configurations of adsorbed NBD may be formed on Pd(111): endo-tetra-σ, endo-di-σ,π, endo-di-π, exo-di-σ, and exo-π. The NBE molecule adsorbed on Pd(111) may exist in 4 configurations: endo-di-σ, endo-π, exo-di-σ, and exo-π. On Pd(100), a smaller number adsorption configurations of NBD and NBE are formed, since the double bonds of these molecules in the endo-orientation are bound only in a di-σ mode. The adsorption energy of NBD and NBE molecules on Pd(100) is noticeably higher compared to Pd(111), which is due to the surface geometry of Pd(100). The most stable configurations on both Pd facets are endo-tetra-σ for NBD and exo-di-σ for NBE. However, due to smaller adsorption area of the exo-di-σ configuration on Pd(111), a larger number of NBD molecules may adsorbed on the same surface area. Energetically favorable endo-tetra-σ (NBD) and exo-di-σ (NBE) configurations are very mobile on Pd(111). On Pd(100), only NBE molecules can migrate, while NBD migration is hindered due to the high activation barrier. METHODS All DFT calculations were performed using the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof density functional (PBE) with the relativistic SBK effective core potential and TZ2P basis set in the PRIRODA program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravshan S Shamsiev
- MIREA - Russian Technological University, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Hemauer F, Krappmann D, Schwaab V, Hussain Z, Freiberger EM, Waleska-Wellnhofer NJ, Franz E, Hampel F, Brummel O, Libuda J, Hirsch A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Surface science and liquid phase investigations of oxanorbornadiene/oxaquadricyclane ester derivatives as molecular solar thermal energy storage systems on Pt(111). J Chem Phys 2023; 159:074703. [PMID: 37602805 DOI: 10.1063/5.0158124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition to renewable energy sources comes along with the search for new energy storage solutions. Molecular solar thermal systems directly harvest and store solar energy in a chemical manner. By a suitable molecular design, a higher overall efficiency can be achieved. In this study, we investigate the surface chemistry of oxa-norbornadiene/quadricyclane derivatives on a Pt(111) surface. Specifically, we focus on the energy storage and release properties of molecules that are substituted with ester moieties of different sizes. For our model catalytic approach, synchrotron radiation-based x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were conducted in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and correlated with the catalytic behavior in the liquid phase monitored by photochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. The differences in their spectral appearance enabled us to unambiguously differentiate the energy-lean and energy-rich isomers and decomposition products. Next to qualitative information on the adsorption motifs, temperature-programmed experiments allowed for the observation of thermally induced reactions and the deduction of the related reaction pathways. We analyzed the selectivity of the cycloreversion reaction from the energy-rich quadricyclane derivative to its energy-lean norbornadiene isomer and competing processes, such as desorption and decomposition. For the 2,3-bis(methylester)-substitution, the cycloreversion reaction was found to occur between 310 and 340 K, while the thermal stability limit of the compounds was determined to be 380 K. The larger 2,3-bis(benzylester) derivatives have a lower apparent adsorption energy and a decomposition onset already at 135 K. In the liquid phase (in acetonitrile), we determined the rate constants for the cycloreversion reaction on Pt(111) to k = 5.3 × 10-4 s-1 for the 2,3-bis(methylester)-substitution and k = 6.3 × 10-4 s-1 for the 2,3-bis(benzylester) derivative. The selectivities were of >99% and 98% for the two molecules, respectively. The difference in the catalytic behavior of Pt(111) for both derivatives is less pronounced in the liquid phase than in UHV, which we attribute to the passivation of the Pt(111) surface by carbonaceous species under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valentin Schwaab
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zarah Hussain
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Marie Freiberger
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalie J Waleska-Wellnhofer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evanie Franz
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Palmer MH, Hoffmann SV, Jones NC, Coreno M, de Simone M, Grazioli C, Aitken RA, Peureux C. High-level studies of the singlet states of quadricyclane, including analysis of a new experimental vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrum by configuration interaction and density functional calculations. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:234303. [PMID: 37318170 DOI: 10.1063/5.0151758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrum (VUV) of quadricyclane (QC) is reported with energies up to 10.8 eV. Extensive vibrational structure has been extracted from the broad maxima by fitting short energy ranges of the VUV spectrum to high level polynomial functions and processing the regular residuals. Comparison of these data with our recent high-resolution photoelectron spectral of QC showed that this structure must be attributed to Rydberg states (RS). Several of these appear before the valence states at higher energies. Both types of states have been calculated by configuration interaction, including symmetry-adapted cluster studies (SAC-CI) and time dependent density functional theoretical methods (TDDFT). There is a close correlation between the SAC-CI vertical excitation energies (VEE) and both Becke 3-parameter hybrid functional (B3LYP), especially Coulomb-attenuating method-B3LYP determined ones. The VEE for several low-lying s-, p, d-, and f-RS have been determined by SAC-CI and adiabatic excitation energies by TDDFT methods. Searches for equilibrium structures for 11,3A2 and 11B1 states for QC led to rearrangement to a norbornadiene structure. Determination of the experimental 00 band positions, which show extremely low cross-sections, has been assisted by matching features in the spectra with Franck-Condon (FC) fits. Herzberg-Teller (HT) vibrational profiles for the RS are more intense than the FC ones, but only at high energy, and are attributed to up to ten quanta. The vibrational fine structure of the RS calculated by both FC and HT procedures gives an easy route to generating HT profiles for ionic states, which usually require non-standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Palmer
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Vrønning Hoffmann
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nykola C Jones
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Monica de Simone
- IOM-CNR, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cesare Grazioli
- IOM-CNR, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - R Alan Aitken
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Coralyse Peureux
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland, United Kingdom
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6
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Loan T, Santra M, Bradley M. Novel class of photochromic molecules exhibiting photo-switching in the solid state. Front Chem 2023; 11:1205452. [PMID: 37351519 PMCID: PMC10282750 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1205452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Photo-switching compounds are widely used as super-resolution imaging agents, anti-counterfeiting dyes, and molecules that are able to control drug-receptor interactions. However, advancement of this field has been limited by the number of classes of molecules that exhibit this phenomenon, and thus there are growing activities to discover new photo-switching compounds that diversify and improve current applications and include the so-called donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts. Herein, a new class of compounds, phenylindole alkene dimers, are presented as a novel class of photochromic molecules that exhibit photo-switching in the solid state. The synthesis of a small library of these compounds allowed the tuning of their optical properties. Surfaces coated with these photo-switches can be used as writable materials in a variety of applications.
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7
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Hemauer F, Schwaab V, Freiberger EM, Waleska NJ, Leng A, Weiß C, Steinhauer J, Düll F, Bachmann P, Hirsch A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Surface Studies on the Energy Release of the MOST System 2-Carbethoxy-3-Phenyl-Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane (PENBD/PEQC) on Pt(111) and Ni(111). Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203759. [PMID: 36840687 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Novel energy-storage solutions are necessary for the transition from fossil to renewable energy sources. Auspicious candidates are so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems. In our study, we investigate the surface chemistry of a derivatized norbornadiene/quadricyclane molecule pair. By using suitable push-pull substituents, a bathochromic shift of the absorption onset is achieved, allowing a greater overlap with the solar spectrum. Specifically, the adsorption and thermally induced reactions of 2-carbethoxy-3-phenyl-norbornadiene/quadricyclane are assessed on Pt(111) and Ni(111) as model catalyst surfaces by synchrotron radiation-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Comparison of the respective XP spectra enables the distinction of the energy-rich molecule from its energy-lean counterpart and allows qualitative information on the adsorption motifs to be derived. Monitoring the quantitative cycloreversion between 140 and 230 K spectroscopically demonstrates the release of the stored energy to be successfully triggered on Pt(111). Heating to above 300 K leads to fragmentation of the molecular framework. On Ni(111), no conversion of the energy-rich compound takes place. The individual decomposition pathways of the two isomers begin at 160 and 180 K, respectively. Pronounced desorption of almost the entire surface coverage only occurs for the energy-lean molecule on Ni(111) above 280 K; this suggests weakly bound species. The correlation between adsorption motif and desorption behavior is important for applications of MOST systems in heterogeneously catalyzed processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valentin Schwaab
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Marie Freiberger
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalie J Waleska
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Leng
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Weiß
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johann Steinhauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Düll
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Bachmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Franz E, Jung J, Kunz A, Wegner HA, Brummel O, Mollenhauer D, Libuda J. How Adsorption Affects the Energy Release in an Azothiophene-Based Molecular Solar-Thermal System. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1470-1477. [PMID: 36744855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar-thermal (MOST) systems combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release within one single molecule. To release the energy, different approaches are applicable, e.g., the electrochemical and the catalytic pathways. While the electrochemical pathway requires catalytically inert electrode materials, the catalytic pathway requires active and selective catalysts. In this work, we studied the catalytic activity and selectivity of graphite(0001), Pt(111), and Au(111) surfaces for the energy release from the MOST system 3-cyanophenylazothiophene along with its adsorption properties. In our study, we combine in situ photochemical IR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). Graphite(0001) is catalytically inactive, shows the weakest reactant-surface interaction, and therefore is ideally suitable for electrochemical triggering. On Pt(111), we observe strong reactant-surface interactions along with moderate catalytic activity and partial decomposition, which limit the applicability of this material. On Au(111), we observe high catalytic activity and high selectivity (>99%). We assign these catalytic properties to the moderate reactant surface interaction, which prevents decomposition but facilitates energy release via a singlet-triplet mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jannis Jung
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Kunz
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058Erlangen, Germany
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Merino-Robledillo C, Marazzi M. Taking up the quest for novel molecular solar thermal systems: Pros and cons of storing energy with cubane and cubadiene. Front Chem 2023; 11:1171848. [PMID: 37123877 PMCID: PMC10130657 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1171848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems are working their way as a possible technology to store solar light and release it when necessary. Such systems could, in principle, constitute a solution to the energy storage problem characteristic of solar cells and are conceived, at a first instance, as simple molecular photoswitches. Nevertheless, the optimization of their different required properties is presently limiting their technological scale up. From the chemical perspective, we need to design a novel MOST system based on unconventional photoswitches. Here, by applying multi-configurational quantum chemistry methods, we unravel the potentialities of ad hoc-designed molecular photoswitches, which aim to photoproduce cubane or cubadiene as high-energy isomers that can be thermally (or eventually catalytically) reverted to the initial structure, releasing their stored energy. Specifically, while cubane can be photoproduced via different paths depending on the reactant tricycle diene conformation, an undesired bicyclic by-product limits its application to MOST systems. An evolution of this starting design toward cubadiene formation is therefore proposed, avoiding conformational equilibria and by-products, considerably red shifting the absorption to reach the visible portion of the solar spectrum and maintaining an estimated storage density that is expected to overcome the current MOST reference system (norbornadiene/quadricyclane), although consistently increasing the photoisomerization energy barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Merino-Robledillo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química ‘‘Andrés M. del Río’’ (IQAR), Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marco Marazzi,
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10
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Franz E, Krappmann D, Fromm L, Luchs T, Görling A, Hirsch A, Brummel O, Libuda J. Electrocatalytic Energy Release of Norbornadiene-Based Molecular Solar Thermal Systems: Tuning the Electrochemical Stability by Molecular Design. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201483. [PMID: 36213958 PMCID: PMC10099746 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, such as the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) couple, combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in a simple one-photon one-molecule process. Triggering the energy release electrochemically enables high control of the process, high selectivity, and reversibility. In this work, the influence of the molecular design of the MOST couple on the electrochemically triggered back-conversion reaction was addressed for the first time. The MOST systems phenyl-ethyl ester-NBD/QC (NBD1/QC1) and p-methoxyphenyl-ethyl ester-NBD/QC (NBD2/QC2) were investigated by in-situ photoelectrochemical infrared spectroscopy, voltammetry, and density functional theory modelling. For QC1, partial decomposition (40 %) was observed upon back-conversion and along with a voltammetric peak at 0.6 Vfc , which was assigned primarily to decomposition. The back-conversion of QC2, however, occurred without detectable side products, and the corresponding peak at 0.45 Vfc was weaker by a factor of 10. It was concluded that the electrochemical stability of a NBD/QC couple is easy tunable by simple structural changes. Furthermore, the charge input and, therefore, the current for the electrochemically triggered energy release is very low, which ensures a high overall efficiency of the MOST system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tobias Luchs
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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11
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Franz E, Stumm C, Waidhas F, Bertram M, Jevric M, Orrego-Hernández J, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Brummel O, Libuda J. Tunable Energy Release in a Reversible Molecular Solar Thermal System. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Corinna Stumm
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | | | - Helen Hölzel
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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12
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Zhang B, Feng Y, Feng W. Azobenzene-Based Solar Thermal Fuels: A Review. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:138. [PMID: 35767090 PMCID: PMC9243213 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The energy storage mechanism of azobenzene is based on the transformation of molecular cis and trans isomerization, while NBD/QC, DHA/VHF, and fulvalene dimetal complexes realize the energy storage function by changing the molecular structure. Acting as "molecular batteries," they can exhibit excellent charging and discharging behavior by converting between trans and cis isomers or changing molecular structure upon absorption of ultraviolet light. Key properties determining the performance of STFs are stored energy, energy density, half-life, and solar energy conversion efficiency. This review is aiming to provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview on the recent advancements of azobenzene molecular photoswitch system in STFs fields, including derivatives and carbon nano-templates, which is emphasized for its attractive performance. Although the energy storage performance of Azo-STFs has already reached the level of commercial lithium batteries, the cycling capability and controllable release of energy still need to be further explored. For this, some potential solutions to the cycle performance are proposed, and the methods of azobenzene controllable energy release are summarized. Moreover, energy stored by STFs can be released in the form of mechanical energy, which in turn can also promote the release of thermal energy from STFs, implying that there could be a relationship between mechanical and thermal energy in Azo-STFs, providing a potential direction for further research on Azo-STFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Hemauer F, Bauer U, Fromm L, Weiß C, Leng A, Bachmann P, Düll F, Steinhauer J, Schwaab V, Grzonka R, Hirsch A, Görling A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Surface Chemistry of the Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage System 2,3-Dicyano-Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane on Ni(111). Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200199. [PMID: 35612821 PMCID: PMC9544604 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems are a promising approach for the introduction of sustainable energy storage solutions. We investigated the feasibility of the dicyano‐substituted norbornadiene/quadricyclane molecule pair on Ni(111) for catalytic model studies. This derivatization is known to lead to a desired bathochromic shift of the absorption maximum of the parent compound. In our experiments further favorable properties were found: At low temperatures, both molecules adsorb intact without any dissociation. In situ temperature‐programmed HR‐XPS experiments reveal the conversion of (CN)2‐quadricyclane to (CN)2‐norbornadiene under energy release between 175 and 260 K. The absence of other surface species due to side reactions indicates full isomerization. Further heating leads to the decomposition of the molecular framework into smaller carbonaceous fragments above 290 K and finally to amorphous structures, carbide and nitride above 400 K. DFT calculations gave insights into the adsorption geometries. (CN)2‐norbornadiene is expected to interact stronger with the surface, with flat configurations being favorable. (CN)2‐quadricyclane exhibits smaller adsorption energies with negligible differences for flat and side‐on geometries. Simulated XP spectra are in good agreement with experimental findings further supporting the specific spectroscopic fingerprints for both valence isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3,, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Udo Bauer
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department für Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Departmentchemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Cornelius Weiß
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Leng
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Phillipp Bachmann
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangn, GERMANY
| | - Fabian Düll
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Johann Steinhauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Valentin Schwaab
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Deaprtment Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Robert Grzonka
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Görling
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharamzie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Christian Papp
- Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
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14
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Palmer MH, Hoffmann SV, Jones NC, Coreno M, de Simone M, Grazioli C, Aitken RA. The vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrum of norbornadiene: Vibrational analysis of the singlet and triplet valence states of norbornadiene by configuration interaction and density functional calculations. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034308. [PMID: 34293869 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectrum of norbornadiene (NBD) is reported, and the extensive vibrational structure obtained has been analyzed. The previously known 5b13s-Rydberg state has been reinterpreted by comparison with our recent high-resolution photoelectron spectral analysis of the X2B1 ionic state. Additional vibrational details in the region of this Rydberg state are observed in its VUV spectrum when compared with the photoelectron 2B1 ionic state; this is attributed to the underlying valence state structure in the VUV. Valence and Rydberg state energies have been obtained by configuration interaction and time-dependent density functional theoretical methods. Several low-lying singlet valence states, especially those that arise from ππ* excitations, conventionally termed NV1 to NV4, have been examined in detail. Their Franck-Condon (FC) and Herzberg-Teller (HT) profiles have been investigated and fitted to the VUV spectrum. Estimates of the experimental 00 band positions have been made from these fits. The anomaly of the observed UV absorption by the 1A2 state of NBD is attributed to HT effects. Generally, the HT components are less than 10% of the FC terms. The calculated 5b13s lowest Rydberg state also shows a low level of HT components. The observed electron impact spectra of NBD have been analyzed in detail in terms of triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Palmer
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Vrønning Hoffmann
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nykola C Jones
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Instituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - R Alan Aitken
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST Scotland, United Kingdom
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16
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Palmer MH, Coreno M, de Simone M, Grazioli C, Aitken RA, Hoffmann SV, Jones NC, Peureux C. High-level studies of the ionic states of norbornadiene and quadricyclane, including analysis of new experimental photoelectron spectra by configuration interaction and coupled cluster calculations. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:204303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0031387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Palmer
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura Della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - R. Alan Aitken
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Vrønning Hoffmann
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nykola C. Jones
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Coralyse Peureux
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland, United Kingdom
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17
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Drøhse Kilde M, Broløs L, Mansø M, Mogensen J, Gregers Tortzen C, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Orthogonal Photoswitching with Norbornadiene. Chemistry 2020; 26:13429-13435. [PMID: 32432796 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Orthogonal photoswitching is a convenient but challenging way of controlling multiple functions in a system by selective photoisomerization of one unit before the other in any arbitrarily chosen sequence. Here, we present this concept for the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) photo/thermo-switch in the presence or absence of a coordinated metal ion. Thus, introducing two pyridyl ligands via ethyne-1,2-diyl bridges provides a system that by chelation of metal ions, such as PdII , has altered optical and switching properties. Mixing the PdII complex with its free ligand furnishes a four-state system where NBD-to-QC photoisomerizations for complexed and uncomplexed species are controlled by the irradiation wavelength and can occur orthogonally, that is, the sequence of photoisomerizations can be swapped. Studies on AgI and PbII complexes, being less stable than the PdII complex, are also presented; these exhibit like the PdII complex significantly red-shifted NBD absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Josefine Mogensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Christian Gregers Tortzen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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18
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Mansø M, Petersen AU, Moth-Poulsen K, Nielsen MB. Establishing linear-free-energy relationships for the quadricyclane-to-norbornadiene reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2113-2119. [PMID: 32119025 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the thermal quadricyclane-to-norbornadiene (QC-to-NBD) isomerization reaction was studied for a large selection of derivatives where the one NBD double bond contains a cyano and aryl substituent of either electron-withdrawing or -donating character. While the kinetics data did not satisfy a linear-free-energy-relationship for all the derivatives based on Hammett σ values, we found individual linear relationships for derivatives containing either electron-withdrawing or electron-donating para substituents on the aryl group; with the most electron-witdrawing substituent in the one series and with the most electron-donating substituent in the other providing the fastest reaction (corresponding to opposite slopes of the Hammett plots). All data were well described, however, by a linear relationship when using Creary radical values; the correlation could be slightly improved by using a combination of σ and values (used in ratio of 0.104 : 1). The results imply a combination of polar and free radical effects for the isomerization reaction of this specific class of derivatives, with the latter playing the most significant role. The NBD derivatives were prepared by Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions between cyclopentadiene and 3-arylpropiolonitriles, and in the case of bromophenyl derivatives further cyanation and Sonogashira coupling reactions were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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19
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Bertram M, Waidhas F, Jevric M, Fromm L, Schuschke C, Kastenmeier M, Görling A, Moth-Poulsen K, Brummel O, Libuda J. Norbornadiene photoswitches anchored to well-defined oxide surfaces: From ultrahigh vacuum into the liquid and the electrochemical environment. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044708. [PMID: 32007072 DOI: 10.1063/1.5137897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Employing molecular photoswitches, we can combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in an extremely simple single molecule system. In order to release the stored energy as electricity, the photoswitch has to interact with a semiconducting electrode surface. In this work, we explore a solar-energy-storing model system, consisting of a molecular photoswitch anchored to an atomically defined oxide surface in a liquid electrolyte and under potential control. Previously, this model system has been proven to be operational under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. We used the tailor-made norbornadiene derivative 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)norbornadiene (CNBD) and characterized its photochemical and electrochemical properties in an organic electrolyte. Next, we assembled a monolayer of CNBD on a well-ordered Co3O4(111) surface by physical vapor deposition in UHV. This model interface was then transferred into the liquid electrolyte and investigated by photoelectrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy experiments. We demonstrate that the anchored monolayer of CNBD can be converted photochemically to its energy-rich counterpart 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)quadricyclane (CQC) under potential control. However, the reconversion potential of anchored CQC overlaps with the oxidation and decomposition potential of CNBD, which limits the electrochemically triggered reconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schuschke
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kastenmeier
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Bauer U, Fromm L, Weiß C, Späth F, Bachmann P, Düll F, Steinhauer J, Matysik S, Pominov A, Görling A, Hirsch A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Surface chemistry of 2,3-dibromosubstituted norbornadiene/quadricyclane as molecular solar thermal energy storage system on Ni(111). J Chem Phys 2019; 150:184706. [PMID: 31091921 DOI: 10.1063/1.5095583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dwindling fossil fuels force humanity to search for new energy production routes. Besides energy generation, its storage is a crucial aspect. One promising approach is to store energy from the sun chemically in strained organic molecules, so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, which can release the stored energy catalytically. A prototypical MOST system is norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) whose energy release and surface chemistry need to be understood. Besides important key parameters such as molecular weight, endergonic reaction profiles, and sufficient quantum yields, the position of the absorption onset of NBD is crucial to cover preferably a large range of sunlight's spectrum. For this purpose, one typically derivatizes NBD with electron-donating and/or electron-accepting substituents. To keep the model system simple enough to be investigated with photoemission techniques, we introduced bromine atoms at the 2,3-position of both compounds. We study the adsorption behavior, energy release, and surface chemistry on Ni(111) using high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Both Br2-NBD and Br2-QC partially dissociate on the surface at ∼120 K, with Br2-QC being more stable. Several stable adsorption geometries for intact and dissociated species were calculated, and the most stable structures are determined for both molecules. By temperature-programmed HR-XPS, we were able to observe the conversion of Br2-QC to Br2-NBD in situ at 170 K. The decomposition of Br2-NBD starts at 190 K when C-Br bond cleavage occurs and benzene and methylidene are formed. For Br2-QC, the cleavage already occurs at 130 K when cycloreversion to Br2-NBD sets in.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - L Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Weiß
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Späth
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Bachmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Düll
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Steinhauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Matysik
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Pominov
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Hirsch
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - H-P Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai‐Li Sun
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
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22
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Schwarz M, Schuschke C, Silva TN, Mohr S, Waidhas F, Brummel O, Libuda J. A simple high-intensity UV-photon source for photochemical studies in UHV: Application to the photoconversion of norbornadiene to quadricyclane. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:024105. [PMID: 30831747 DOI: 10.1063/1.5079320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical in situ studies in a well-controlled surface science environment can help to understand photochemical reactions in organic thin films in more detail. To perform such studies without external focusing or light guiding systems, we designed a high-intensity UV-photon source, which is compatible with an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment. The UV source is based on a high power light-emitting diode (LED), soldered onto a copper heat reservoir to avoid overheating. The LED can be placed in close vicinity in front of a single crystal, providing flux densities of 2 × 1018 photons s-1 cm-2 at a wavelength of 365 nm. Thus, the device provides light intensities one order of magnitude higher as compared to conventional continuous wave arc lamps, at only a small variation of the flux of less than ±20% over a sample surface of 10 × 8 mm2. The UV source is mounted in a UHV infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy system and triggered by using the IR spectrometer. This allows fully automatized in situ IR studies of photochemical reactions at interfaces and thin films. We prove the functionality of the device by studying the photochemical conversion of norbornadiene (NBD) to quadricyclane (QC) mediated by the photosensitizer 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone (Michler's ketone, MK). NBD and MK were grown by physical vapor deposition in the form of thin films on Pt(111) at 120 K. Even at prolonged UV irradiation (>100 s), the temperature of the sample increased by less than 10 K. We report first successful conversion of NBD to QC under UHV conditions and follow the conversion behavior as a function of the photon dose and NBD/MK ratio. Initial quantum yields of up to 23% and selectivity for a QC of 70% are obtained at NBD/MK of 7.4:1, indicating good electronic coupling between NBD and MK even in a frozen multilayer. For both very small and very large NBD loadings, the conversion efficiency decreases, which is attributed to the effect of the metallic substrate and phase separation in thick multilayers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schwarz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schuschke
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thais Nascimento Silva
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Mohr
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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