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Gabbrielli T, Insero G, De Regis M, Corrias N, Galli I, Mazzotti D, Bartolini P, Hyun Huh J, Cleff C, Kastner A, Holzwarth R, Borri S, Consolino L, De Natale P, Cappelli F. Time/frequency-domain characterization of a mid-IR DFG frequency comb via two-photon and heterodyne detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:35330-35342. [PMID: 37859267 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared frequency combs are nowadays well-appreciated sources for spectroscopy and frequency metrology. Here, a comprehensive approach for characterizing a difference-frequency-generated mid-infrared frequency comb (DFG-comb) both in the time and in the frequency domain is presented. An autocorrelation scheme exploiting mid-infrared two-photon detection is used for characterizing the pulse width and to verify the optimal compression of the generated pulses reaching a pulse duration (FWHM) as low as 196 fs. A second scheme based on mid-infrared heterodyne detection employing two independent narrow-linewidth quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) is used for frequency-narrowing the modes of the DFG-comb down to 9.4 kHz on a 5-ms timescale.
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Yang C, Ladd-Parada M, Nam K, Jeong S, You S, Späh A, Pathak H, Eklund T, Lane TJ, Lee JH, Eom I, Kim M, Amann-Winkel K, Perakis F, Nilsson A, Kim KH. Melting domain size and recrystallization dynamics of ice revealed by time-resolved x-ray scattering. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3313. [PMID: 37316494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The phase transition between water and ice is ubiquitous and one of the most important phenomena in nature. Here, we performed time-resolved x-ray scattering experiments capturing the melting and recrystallization dynamics of ice. The ultrafast heating of ice I is induced by an IR laser pulse and probed with an intense x-ray pulse which provided us with direct structural information on different length scales. From the wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) patterns, the molten fraction, as well as the corresponding temperature at each delay, were determined. The small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns, together with the information extracted from the WAXS analysis, provided the time-dependent change of the size and the number of liquid domains. The results show partial melting (~13%) and superheating of ice occurring at around 20 ns. After 100 ns, the average size of the liquid domains grows from about 2.5 nm to 4.5 nm by the coalescence of approximately six adjacent domains. Subsequently, we capture the recrystallization of the liquid domains, which occurs on microsecond timescales due to the cooling by heat dissipation and results to a decrease of the average liquid domain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolhee Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Marjorie Ladd-Parada
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Chemistry Department, Glyscoscience Division, Kungliga Tekniska Högskola, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 11421, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kyeongmin Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonju You
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander Späh
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harshad Pathak
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Eklund
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas J Lane
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Katrin Amann-Winkel
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Dhabal D, Molinero V. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Pressure-Induced Ice Amorphization and Polyamorphic Transitions in a Machine-Learned Coarse-Grained Water Model. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2847-2862. [PMID: 36920450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Water glasses have attracted considerable attention due to their potential connection to a liquid-liquid transition in supercooled water. Here we use molecular simulations to investigate the formation and phase behavior of water glasses using the machine-learned bond-order parameter (ML-BOP) water model. We produce glasses through hyperquenching of water, pressure-induced amorphization (PIA) of ice, and pressure-induced polyamorphic transformations. We find that PIA of polycrystalline ice occurs at a lower pressure than that of monocrystalline ice and through a different mechanism. The temperature dependence of the amorphization pressure of polycrystalline ice for ML-BOP agrees with that in experiments. We also find that ML-BOP accurately reproduces the density, coordination number, and structural features of low-density (LDA), high-density (HDA), and very high-density (VHDA) amorphous water glasses. ML-BOP accurately reproduces the experimental radial distribution function of LDA but overpredicts the minimum between the first two shells in high-density glasses. We examine the kinetics and mechanism of the transformation between low-density and high-density glasses and find that the sharp nature of these transitions in ML-BOP is similar to that in experiments and all-atom water models with a liquid-liquid transition. Transitions between ML-BOP glasses occur through a spinodal-like mechanism, similar to ice crystallization from LDA. Both glass-to-glass and glass-to-ice transformations have Avrami-Kolmogorov kinetics with exponent n = 1.5 ± 0.2 in experiments and simulations. Importantly, ML-BOP reproduces the competition between crystallization and HDA→LDA transition above the glass transition temperature Tg, and separation of their time scales below Tg, observed also in experiments. These findings demonstrate the ability of ML-BOP to accurately reproduce water properties across various regimes, making it a promising model for addressing the competition between polyamorphic transitions and crystallization in water and solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdas Dhabal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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Moritz C, Geissler PL, Dellago C. The microscopic mechanism of bulk melting of ice. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:124501. [PMID: 34598556 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the initial stages of homogeneous melting of a hexagonal ice crystal at coexistence and at moderate superheating. Our trajectory-based computer simulation approach provides a comprehensive picture of the events that lead to melting, from the initial accumulation of 5+7 defects, via the formation of L-D and interstitial-vacancy pairs, to the formation of a liquid nucleus. Of the different types of defects that we observe to be involved in melting, a particular kind of 5+7 type defect (type 5) plays a prominent role as it often forms prior to the formation of the initial liquid nucleus and close to the site where the nucleus forms. Hence, like other solids, ice homogeneously melts via the prior accumulation of defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Moritz
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Phillip L Geissler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christoph Dellago
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Chen J, Fan X, Liu J, Gu C, Shi Y, Zheng W, Singh DJ. Interior Melting of Rapidly Heated Gold Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8170-8177. [PMID: 34415170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Normal melting invariably starts from surfaces or interfaces due to the weaker bonding constraints in these regions. However, we show that melting can be initiated from the interior of gold nanoparticles with high heating rates. We find that melting starts from the surface with the formation of a premelting layer, as usual, but that the premelting layer does not extend to the interior under certain conditions. Instead, liquid nucleation occurs in the core of the nanoparticle. This unexpected interior melting is connected to the slower melting kinetics, which is related to heat transfer near the premelted surface. The required conditions for interior melting are a suitable size of the nanoparticle and a sufficiently fast heating rate. The present results point to a novel melting regime in nanoparticles. We note that the time scales are now accessible using ultrafast tools such as X-ray lasers that can probe dynamical structure changes, suggesting opportunities for experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Changzhi Gu
- Laboratory of Microfabrication, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yunfeng Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Weitao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - David J Singh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7010, United States
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Bissoyi A, Braslavsky I. Adherent cell thawing by infrared radiation. Cryobiology 2021; 103:129-140. [PMID: 34400151 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of adherent cells is crucial for commercial cell therapy technology, including effective distribution and storage. Fast thawing has been shown to increase cell recovery in vitrified samples. Previously, radiofrequency (RF) has been investigated as a heating source on large samples, either with or without magnetic particles. Also, laser heating with the aid of dye or nanoparticles has been utilized on sub-millimeter samples successfully. For slow freezing cryopreservation methods, the influence of rate of thawing on viability is less clear. Cryopreservation of surface adhered cells result in many cases in detachment from the surface. We illustrate how intense infrared radiation from a focused halogen illuminator accelerates thawing. We show that two epithelial cell lines, retinal pigment epithelium cells and heterogeneous human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, can be effectively cryopreserved and recovered using a combination of slow freezing and fast thawing under infrared illumination. We were able to successfully thaw samples, of 2-4 mm thick, including the media, on the order of a second, providing a heating rate of thousands of Kelvin per minute. Under optimal conditions, we observed higher post-thawing cell viability rates and higher cell adhesion with infrared thawing than with water bath thawing. We suggest that bulk warming with infrared radiation has an advantage over surface warming of surface-attached cells, as it alleviates cell stress during the process of thawing. These findings will pave the way for novel approaches to treating substrate-adhered cells and 3D scaffolds with cells and organoids. This technology may serve as a crucial component in lab-on-chip systems for medical testing and therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akalabya Bissoyi
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science, and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Ido Braslavsky
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science, and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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Kim KH, Amann-Winkel K, Giovambattista N, Späh A, Perakis F, Pathak H, Parada ML, Yang C, Mariedahl D, Eklund T, Lane TJ, You S, Jeong S, Weston M, Lee JH, Eom I, Kim M, Park J, Chun SH, Poole PH, Nilsson A. Experimental observation of the liquid-liquid transition in bulk supercooled water under pressure. Science 2021; 370:978-982. [PMID: 33214280 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb9385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We prepared bulk samples of supercooled liquid water under pressure by isochoric heating of high-density amorphous ice to temperatures of 205 ± 10 kelvin, using an infrared femtosecond laser. Because the sample density is preserved during the ultrafast heating, we could estimate an initial internal pressure of 2.5 to 3.5 kilobar in the high-density liquid phase. After heating, the sample expanded rapidly, and we captured the resulting decompression process with femtosecond x-ray laser pulses at different pump-probe delay times. A discontinuous structural change occurred in which low-density liquid domains appeared and grew on time scales between 20 nanoseconds to 3 microseconds, whereas crystallization occurs on time scales of 3 to 50 microseconds. The dynamics of the two processes being separated by more than one order of magnitude provides support for a liquid-liquid transition in bulk supercooled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Katrin Amann-Winkel
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Giovambattista
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.,Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alexander Späh
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harshad Pathak
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marjorie Ladd Parada
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cheolhee Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Mariedahl
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Eklund
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas J Lane
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Seonju You
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeku Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Hwan Chun
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter H Poole
- Department of Physics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Romi S, Fanetti S, Bini R. Accessing the Activation Mechanisms of Ethylene Photo-Polymerization under Pressure by Transient Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8149-8157. [PMID: 32846090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ambient temperature photoinduced polymerization of compressed (P < 1 GPa) fluid ethylene was characterized by transient infrared absorption spectroscopy with a resolution of few nanoseconds, 3 orders of magnitude higher than previously reported. The reaction has been studied under both one- and two-photon excitation evidencing in the latter case its occurrence only in the presence of different transition metal oxides. Their photocatalytic activity is ascribed to the stabilization of the excited biradicals through electron density exchange between the d orbitals of the metal and the π antibonding orbitals of ethylene which lengthens the lifetime of the biradicals. In both one- and two-photon activation cases the polymerization is characterized by an initial step distinguished by a molecularity of 0.15 ± 0.02 identified as the activation step of the reaction lasting, in the one-photon excitation case, a few hundreds of nanoseconds. Using pulsed excitation the reaction evolves toward a free radical polymerization only under one-photon excitation whereas the critical concentration of radicals required to propagate the reaction is never achieved in the two-photon excitation case. Comparison with continuous wave excitation unambiguously identifies in the average power released to the sample the key factor to drive quantitatively and qualitatively the polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Romi
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Samuele Fanetti
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, ICCOM, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberto Bini
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, ICCOM, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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