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Kim KH, Amann-Winkel K, Giovambattista N, Späh A, Perakis F, Pathak H, Parada ML, Yang C, Mariedahl D, Eklund T, Lane TJ, You S, Jeong S, Weston M, Lee JH, Eom I, Kim M, Park J, Chun SH, Poole PH, Nilsson A. Experimental observation of the liquid-liquid transition in bulk supercooled water under pressure. Science 2021; 370:978-982. [PMID: 33214280 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb9385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We prepared bulk samples of supercooled liquid water under pressure by isochoric heating of high-density amorphous ice to temperatures of 205 ± 10 kelvin, using an infrared femtosecond laser. Because the sample density is preserved during the ultrafast heating, we could estimate an initial internal pressure of 2.5 to 3.5 kilobar in the high-density liquid phase. After heating, the sample expanded rapidly, and we captured the resulting decompression process with femtosecond x-ray laser pulses at different pump-probe delay times. A discontinuous structural change occurred in which low-density liquid domains appeared and grew on time scales between 20 nanoseconds to 3 microseconds, whereas crystallization occurs on time scales of 3 to 50 microseconds. The dynamics of the two processes being separated by more than one order of magnitude provides support for a liquid-liquid transition in bulk supercooled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Katrin Amann-Winkel
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Giovambattista
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.,Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alexander Späh
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harshad Pathak
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marjorie Ladd Parada
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cheolhee Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Mariedahl
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Eklund
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas J Lane
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Seonju You
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeku Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Hwan Chun
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter H Poole
- Department of Physics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ladd Parada M, Povey MJ, Vieira J, Rappolt M, Ries ME. Early stages of fat crystallisation evaluated by low-field NMR and small-angle X-ray scattering. Magn Reson Chem 2019; 57:686-694. [PMID: 30843260 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Low-field time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; 20 MHz) is commonly used in the studies of fats in the form of solid fat content (SFC) measurements. However, it has the disadvantage of low sensitivity to small amounts of crystalline material (0.5%), thus often incorrectly determining crystallisation induction times. From spin-lattice relaxation rate measurements (R1 ) during the isothermal crystallisation measurements of cocoa butter between 0.01 and 10 MHz using fast field cycling NMR, we learnt previously that the most sensitive frequency region is below 1 MHz. Thus, we focused on analysing our 10-kHz data in detail, by observing the time dependence of R1 and comparing it with standard SFCNMR and SFC determinations from small-angle X-ray scattering (SFCSAXS ). Although not reflecting directly the SFC, the R1 at this low frequency is very sensitive to changes in molecular aggregation and hence potentially serving as an alternative for determination of crystallisation induction times. Alongside R1 , we also show that SFCSAXS is more sensitive to early stages of crystallisation, that is, standard SFCNMR determinations become more relevant when crystal growth starts to dominate the crystallisation process but fail to pick up earlier crystallisation steps. This paper thus demonstrates the potential of studying triacylglycerols at frequencies below 1 MHz for obtaining further understanding of the early crystallisation stages of fats and presents an alternative and complementary method to estimate SFC by SAXS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan J Povey
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael E Ries
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Ladd Parada M, Sadeghpour A, Vieira J, Povey M, Rappolt M. Global Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Data Analysis of Triacylglycerols in the α-Phase (Part II). J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10330-10336. [PMID: 30351126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The early-stage crystallization behavior in a triacylglycerol mixture has been investigated on the nanoscale with a novel global small-angle X-ray scattering analysis technique. This method has been tailored for the determination of the electron density profiles (EDPs) replicating both (i) the nanostructural texture of molten triacylglycerols (TAGs) (refer to "Global Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Data Analysis of Triacylglycerols in the Molten State (Part I)" of this publication series) and (ii) the lamellar structure of the metastable α-polymorph. In a first stage, the α-phase scattering contribution alone was examined by classical Fourier analysis as well as by globally fitting the data, leading to practically identical EDPs. On the basis of these findings, we extended our analysis to the entire X-ray scattering contribution arising from molten TAGs and the solid α-phase fraction. Remarkably, the experimental and theoretical data agree very well, providing for the first time a detailed nanostructural understanding about the coexisting molecular assemblies. This, in turn, also allowed us to quantitatively determine the solid fat content (SFC) with X-ray scattering data. Our new theoretical approach for measurement of SFC is based on the global analysis of small-angle scattering/diffraction patterns, and the SFC results are in good agreement with values obtained from other techniques such as NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Ladd Parada
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Amin Sadeghpour
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K.,Department of Materials Meet Life , Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa , 8600 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Megan Povey
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
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Sadeghpour A, Parada ML, Vieira J, Povey M, Rappolt M. Global Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Data Analysis of Triacylglycerols in the Molten State (Part I). J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10320-10329. [PMID: 30351127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in their molten state is of fundamental importance for a deeper understanding of the TAG crystallization processes, being highly relevant for both manufacturing and medical applications. Although different models have been proposed to explain the nanostructured nature of the fluid state of TAGs, none of them are fully satisfactory. In this paper, we propose a new model consisting of positionally uncorrelated lamellar TAG assemblies embedded in an isotropic medium that assist as prenucleating structures. This model was validated by applying a novel global fitting method, resulting in an excellent agreement with the small-angle X-ray scattering data. A deeper analysis of the scattering patterns at different temperatures, both in cooling and heating directions, allowed us further to detect the crystalline traces of TAGs even after heating to 40 °C and record, on cooling, the onset of crystallization at 30-25 °C. The application of the presented novel model not only explains the outstandingly structured fluid of molten TAGs, but also lays the basis for analyzing first the crystallization steps in greater detail, which is outlined in our follow-up paper "Global Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Data Analysis of Triacylglycerols in the α-Phase (Part II)".
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sadeghpour
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K.,Department of Materials Meet Life, Empa , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Marjorie Ladd Parada
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | | | - Megan Povey
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
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