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Ma L, Zhao X, Wang H, Chen Z, Zhang K, Xue J, Luo Y, Liu H, Jiang X, Wang J, Ma X, Mao F, Zhong Y, Liu Y, Deng R, Zhou Y, Wang C, Xie Y, Chen Y, Wang Q, Gao G. DNA Methylation Patterns and Transcriptomic Data Were Integrated to Investigate Candidate Genes Influencing Reproductive Traits in Ovarian Tissue from Sichuan White Geese. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:3408. [PMID: 40244255 PMCID: PMC11989590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26073408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2025] [Revised: 04/02/2025] [Accepted: 04/03/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Ovarian tissue is critical for goose reproduction. This study aimed to investigate gene regulation by DNA methylation in relation to the reproductive traits of geese. We performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) on ovarian tissues from Sichuan white geese (high-laying-rate group: HLRG, ♀ = 3; low-laying-rate group: LLRG, ♀ = 3) during the laying period. The results showed a higher level of hypermethylated differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the HLRG, indicating a higher overall methylation level compared to the LLRG. In total, we identified 2831 DMRs and 733 differentially methylated genes (DMGs), including 363 genes with upregulated methylation. These DMGs were significantly enriched in pathways related to microtubule function (GO:0005874; GO:0000226), GnRH secretion, thyroid hormone signaling, ECM-receptor interaction, and PI3K-Akt signaling. Integration with RNA-seq data identified eight overlapping genes between DMGs and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with five genes (CUL9, MEGF6, EML6, SYNE2, AK1BA) exhibiting a correlation between hypomethylation and high expression. EML6, in particular, emerged as a promising candidate, potentially regulating follicle growth and development in Sichuan white geese. Future studies should focus on further verifying the role of the EML6 gene. In conclusion, this study provides important insights into the regulatory mechanisms of DNA methylation influencing reproductive traits in geese, offering novel candidate markers for future goose breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Institute of Poultry Science, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.M.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.C.); (K.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xianzhi Zhao
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Institute of Poultry Science, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.M.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.C.); (K.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Haiwei Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Institute of Poultry Science, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.M.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.C.); (K.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zhuping Chen
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Institute of Poultry Science, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.M.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.C.); (K.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Keshan Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Institute of Poultry Science, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.M.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.C.); (K.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jiajia Xue
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Institute of Poultry Science, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.M.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.C.); (K.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yi Luo
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Institute of Poultry Science, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.M.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.C.); (K.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Hanyu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Xinshuai Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Jiayue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.W.); (X.M.); (F.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.W.); (X.M.); (F.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Fanglei Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.W.); (X.M.); (F.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuhan Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.W.); (X.M.); (F.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yueyang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.W.); (X.M.); (F.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Rui Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.W.); (X.M.); (F.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanli Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.W.); (X.M.); (F.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (R.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chao Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Institute of Poultry Science, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.M.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.C.); (K.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Youhui Xie
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Institute of Poultry Science, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.M.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.C.); (K.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ying Chen
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Institute of Poultry Science, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.M.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.C.); (K.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Qigui Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Institute of Poultry Science, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.M.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.C.); (K.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Guangliang Gao
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Institute of Poultry Science, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China; (L.M.); (X.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.C.); (K.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.); (C.W.); (Y.X.); (Y.C.)
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Wei Q, Li J, He QY, Chen Y, Zhang G. Identifying PE2 and PE5 Proteins from Existing Mass Spectrometry Data Using pFind. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:2323-2331. [PMID: 38865581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) aims to identify all proteins encoded by the human genome. Currently, the human proteome still contains approximately 2000 PE2-PE5 proteins, referring to annotated coding genes that lack sufficient protein-level evidence. During the past 10 years, it has been increasingly difficult to identify PE2-PE5 proteins in C-HPP approaches due to the limited occurrence. Therefore, we proposed that reanalyzing massive MS data sets in repository with newly developed algorithms may increase the occurrence of the peptides of these proteins. In this study, we downloaded 1000 MS data sets via the ProteomeXchange database. Using pFind software, we identified peptides referring to 1788 PE2-PE5 proteins. Among them, 11 PE2 and 16 PE5 proteins were identified with at least 2 peptides, and 12 of them were identified using 2 peptides in a single data set, following the criteria of the HPP guidelines. We found translation evidence for 16 of the 11 PE2 and 16 PE5 proteins in our RNC-seq data, supporting their existence. The properties of the PE2 and PE5 proteins were similar to those of the PE1 proteins. Our approach demonstrated that mining PE2 and PE5 proteins in massive data repository is still worthy, and multidata set peptide identifications may support the presence of PE2 and PE5 proteins or at least prompt additional studies for validation. Extremely high throughput could be a solution to finding more PE2 and PE5 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianzhou Wei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiamin Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing-Yu He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Omenn GS, Lane L, Overall CM, Lindskog C, Pineau C, Packer NH, Cristea IM, Weintraub ST, Orchard S, Roehrl MHA, Nice E, Guo T, Van Eyk JE, Liu S, Bandeira N, Aebersold R, Moritz RL, Deutsch EW. The 2023 Report on the Proteome from the HUPO Human Proteome Project. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:532-549. [PMID: 38232391 PMCID: PMC11026053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Since 2010, the Human Proteome Project (HPP), the flagship initiative of the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO), has pursued two goals: (1) to credibly identify the protein parts list and (2) to make proteomics an integral part of multiomics studies of human health and disease. The HPP relies on international collaboration, data sharing, standardized reanalysis of MS data sets by PeptideAtlas and MassIVE-KB using HPP Guidelines for quality assurance, integration and curation of MS and non-MS protein data by neXtProt, plus extensive use of antibody profiling carried out by the Human Protein Atlas. According to the neXtProt release 2023-04-18, protein expression has now been credibly detected (PE1) for 18,397 of the 19,778 neXtProt predicted proteins coded in the human genome (93%). Of these PE1 proteins, 17,453 were detected with mass spectrometry (MS) in accordance with HPP Guidelines and 944 by a variety of non-MS methods. The number of neXtProt PE2, PE3, and PE4 missing proteins now stands at 1381. Achieving the unambiguous identification of 93% of predicted proteins encoded from across all chromosomes represents remarkable experimental progress on the Human Proteome parts list. Meanwhile, there are several categories of predicted proteins that have proved resistant to detection regardless of protein-based methods used. Additionally there are some PE1-4 proteins that probably should be reclassified to PE5, specifically 21 LINC entries and ∼30 HERV entries; these are being addressed in the present year. Applying proteomics in a wide array of biological and clinical studies ensures integration with other omics platforms as reported by the Biology and Disease-driven HPP teams and the antibody and pathology resource pillars. Current progress has positioned the HPP to transition to its Grand Challenge Project focused on determining the primary function(s) of every protein itself and in networks and pathways within the context of human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert S. Omenn
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Lydie Lane
- CALIPHO Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and University of Geneva, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada, Yonsei University Republic of Korea
| | | | - Charles Pineau
- University Rennes, Inserm U1085, Irset, 35042 Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Susan T. Weintraub
- University of Texas Health Science Center-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, United States
| | | | - Michael H. A. Roehrl
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | | | - Tiannan Guo
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Pavilion, 9th Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, United States
| | - Siqi Liu
- BGI Group, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Nuno Bandeira
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology in ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert L. Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Eric W. Deutsch
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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Méar L, Hao X, Hikmet F, Damdimopoulou P, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Lindskog C. Transcriptomics and Spatial Proteomics for Discovery and Validation of Missing Proteins in the Human Ovary. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:238-248. [PMID: 38085962 PMCID: PMC10775140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to understand the complexities of human biology encompass multidimensional aspects, with proteins emerging as crucial components. However, studying the human ovary introduces unique challenges due to its complex dynamics and changes over a lifetime, varied cellular composition, and limited sample access. Here, four new RNA-seq samples of ovarian cortex spanning ages of 7 to 32 were sequenced and added to the existing data in the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database www.proteinatlas.org, opening the doors to unique possibilities for exploration of oocyte-specific proteins. Based on transcriptomics analysis of the four new tissue samples representing both prepubertal girls and women of fertile age, we selected 20 protein candidates that lacked previous evidence at the protein level, so-called "missing proteins" (MPs). The proteins were validated using high-resolution antibody-based profiling and single-cell transcriptomics. Fourteen proteins exhibited consistent single-cell expression patterns in oocytes and granulosa cells, confirming their presence in the ovary and suggesting that these proteins play important roles in ovarian function, thus proposing that these 14 proteins should no longer be classified as MPs. This research significantly advances the understanding of MPs, unearthing fresh avenues for prospective exploration. By integrating innovative methodologies and leveraging the wealth of data in the HPA database, these insights contribute to refining our understanding of protein roles within the human ovary and opening the doors for further investigations into missing proteins and human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Méar
- Department
of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer Precision Medicine Research
Program, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
- Division
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention
and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
- Department
of Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Xia Hao
- Department
of Oncology-Pathology, Laboratory of Translational Fertility Preservation, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum, Stockholm 171 64, Sweden
| | - Feria Hikmet
- Department
of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer Precision Medicine Research
Program, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Pauliina Damdimopoulou
- Division
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention
and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
- Department
of Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Kenny A. Rodriguez-Wallberg
- Department
of Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Department
of Oncology-Pathology, Laboratory of Translational Fertility Preservation, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum, Stockholm 171 64, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department
of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer Precision Medicine Research
Program, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
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Turi M, Anilkumar Sithara A, Hofmanová L, Žihala D, Radhakrishnan D, Vdovin A, Knápková S, Ševčíková T, Chyra Z, Jelínek T, Šimíček M, Gullà A, Anderson KC, Hájek R, Hrdinka M. Transcriptome Analysis of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Cells Inducibly Expressing MyD88 L265P Mutation Identifies Upregulated CD44, LGALS3, NFKBIZ, and BATF as Downstream Targets of Oncogenic NF-κB Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065623. [PMID: 36982699 PMCID: PMC10057398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During innate immune responses, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) functions as a critical signaling adaptor protein integrating stimuli from toll-like receptors (TLR) and the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) family and translates them into specific cellular outcomes. In B cells, somatic mutations in MyD88 trigger oncogenic NF-κB signaling independent of receptor stimulation, which leads to the development of B-cell malignancies. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and downstream signaling targets remain unresolved. We established an inducible system to introduce MyD88 to lymphoma cell lines and performed transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) to identify genes differentially expressed by MyD88 bearing the L265P oncogenic mutation. We show that MyD88L265P activates NF-κB signaling and upregulates genes that might contribute to lymphomagenesis, including CD44, LGALS3 (coding Galectin-3), NFKBIZ (coding IkBƺ), and BATF. Moreover, we demonstrate that CD44 can serve as a marker of the activated B-cell (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and that CD44 expression is correlated with overall survival in DLBCL patients. Our results shed new light on the downstream outcomes of MyD88L265P oncogenic signaling that might be involved in cellular transformation and provide novel therapeutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Turi
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Anjana Anilkumar Sithara
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Hofmanová
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - David Žihala
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Dhwani Radhakrishnan
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Vdovin
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Sofija Knápková
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Ševčíková
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Chyra
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Jelínek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šimíček
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Annamaria Gullà
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kenneth Carl Anderson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Roman Hájek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Matouš Hrdinka
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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