1
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Xu C, Qiao GG, Nan N, Bao L. Environmental Influence on Stripe Formation at the Graphite-Water Interface. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400641. [PMID: 39143859 PMCID: PMC11614372 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the characteristics of graphite-water interfaces is of scientific significance and practical importance. Ordered stripe structures have been observed at this interface, with their origins debated between condensed gas molecules and airborne hydrocarbons. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies have revealed variations in the morphology, formation and growth of these ordered structures. Here, we investigate the graphite-water interface under different environmental conditions using PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical (PF-QNM) AFM. Our findings reveal that stripe structures with 4 nm width and 0.5 nm periodicity, form and grow under wet laboratory conditions but not in pure inert gas or cleanroom environments. These stripes appear more readily when the graphite surface is immersed in water, with growth associated with gas nanodomains on the surface. This suggests that atmospheric contaminants migrate to the water-graphite interface, potentially facilitated by gas states. These findings underscore the impact of environmental conditions on graphitic materials, providing new insights into the mechanisms underlying stripe formation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Xu
- School of EngineeringSTEM CollegeRMIT UniversityAustralia Micro Nano Research FacilityRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoria3000Australia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineerUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
- Micro Nano Research FacilityRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoria3000Australia
| | - Greg G. Qiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineerUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3010Australia
| | - Nan Nan
- School of EngineeringSTEM CollegeRMIT UniversityAustralia Micro Nano Research FacilityRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoria3000Australia
| | - Lei Bao
- School of EngineeringSTEM CollegeRMIT UniversityAustralia Micro Nano Research FacilityRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoria3000Australia
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2
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Arvelo D, Comer J, Schmit J, Garcia R. Interfacial Water Is Separated from a Hydrophobic Silica Surface by a Gap of 1.2 nm. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18683-18692. [PMID: 38973716 PMCID: PMC11256893 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of liquid water with hydrophobic surfaces is ubiquitous in life and technology. Yet, the molecular structure of interfacial liquid water on these surfaces is not known. By using a 3D atomic force microscope, we characterize with angstrom resolution the structure of interfacial liquid water on hydrophobic and hydrophilic silica surfaces. The combination of 3D AFM images and molecular dynamics simulations reveals that next to a hydrophobic silica surface, there is a 1.2 nm region characterized by a very low density of water. In contrast, the 3D AFM images obtained of a hydrophilic silica surface reveal the presence of hydration layers next to the surface. The gap observed on hydrophobic silica surfaces is filled with two-to-three layers of straight-chain alkanes. We developed a 2D Ising model that explains the formation of a continuous hydrocarbon layer on hydrophobic silica surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana
M. Arvelo
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Department
of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jeremy Schmit
- Department
of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
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3
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Almeida CM, Ptak F, Prioli R. Observation of the early stages of environmental contamination in graphene by friction force. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:214701. [PMID: 38828823 DOI: 10.1063/5.0200875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air contaminates the surface of graphene sheets. Contamination may arise from different sources, and its nature alters the frictional behavior of the material. These changes in friction enable the observation of the early stages of contaminants' adsorption in graphene. Using a friction force microscope, we show that molecular adsorption initiates at the edges and mechanical defects in the monolayer. Once the monolayer is covered, the contaminants spread over the additional graphene layers. With this method, we estimate the contamination kinetics. In monolayer graphene, the surface area covered with adsorbed molecules increases with time of air exposure at a rate of 10-14 m2/s, while in bilayer graphene, it is one order of magnitude smaller. Finally, as the contaminants cover the additional graphene layers, friction no longer has a difference concerning the number of graphene layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M Almeida
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ptak
- Departamento de Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Marquês de São Vicente 225, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Prioli
- Departamento de Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Marquês de São Vicente 225, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, Brazil
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4
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Garcia R. Interfacial Liquid Water on Graphite, Graphene, and 2D Materials. ACS NANO 2023; 17:51-69. [PMID: 36507725 PMCID: PMC10664075 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The optical, electronic, and mechanical properties of graphite, few-layer, and two-dimensional (2D) materials have prompted a considerable number of applications. Biosensing, energy storage, and water desalination illustrate applications that require a molecular-scale understanding of the interfacial water structure on 2D materials. This review introduces the most recent experimental and theoretical advances on the structure of interfacial liquid water on graphite-like and 2D materials surfaces. On pristine conditions, atomic-scale resolution experiments revealed the existence of 1-3 hydration layers. Those layers were separated by ∼0.3 nm. The experimental data were supported by molecular dynamics simulations. However, under standard working conditions, atomic-scale resolution experiments revealed the presence of 2-3 hydrocarbon layers. Those layers were separated by ∼0.5 nm. Linear alkanes were the dominant molecular specie within the hydrocarbon layers. Paradoxically, the interface of an aged 2D material surface immersed in water does not have water molecules on its vicinity. Free-energy considerations favored the replacement of water by alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales
de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049Madrid, Spain
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5
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Pálinkás A, Kálvin G, Vancsó P, Kandrai K, Szendrő M, Németh G, Németh M, Pekker Á, Pap JS, Petrik P, Kamarás K, Tapasztó L, Nemes-Incze P. The composition and structure of the ubiquitous hydrocarbon contamination on van der Waals materials. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6770. [PMID: 36351922 PMCID: PMC9646725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of single layer van der Waals (vdW) materials is profoundly influenced by the immediate atomic environment at their surface, a prime example being the myriad of emergent properties in artificial heterostructures. Equally significant are adsorbates deposited onto their surface from ambient. While vdW interfaces are well understood, our knowledge regarding atmospheric contamination is severely limited. Here we show that the common ambient contamination on the surface of: graphene, graphite, hBN and MoS2 is composed of a self-organized molecular layer, which forms during a few days of ambient exposure. Using low-temperature STM measurements we image the atomic structure of this adlayer and in combination with infrared spectroscopy identify the contaminant molecules as normal alkanes with lengths of 20-26 carbon atoms. Through its ability to self-organize, the alkane layer displaces the manifold other airborne contaminant species, capping the surface of vdW materials and possibly dominating their interaction with the environment. Here, the authors attribute the ambient surface contamination of van der Waals materials to a self-organized molecular layer of normal alkanes with lengths of 20-26 carbon atoms. The alkane adlayer displaces the manifold other airborne contaminant species, capping the surface of graphene, graphite, hBN and MoS2.
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6
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Arvelo DM, Uhlig MR, Comer J, García R. Interfacial layering of hydrocarbons on pristine graphite surfaces immersed in water. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14178-14184. [PMID: 36124993 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04161h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial water participates in a wide range of phenomena involving graphite, graphite-like and 2D material interfaces. Recently, several high-spatial resolution experiments have questioned the existence of hydration layers on graphite, graphite-like and 2D material surfaces. Here, 3D AFM was applied to follow in real-time and with atomic-scale depth resolution the evolution of graphite-water interfaces. Pristine graphite surfaces upon immersion in water showed the presence of several hydration layers separated by a distance of 0.3 nm. Those layers were short-lived. After several minutes, the interlayer distance increased to 0.45 nm. At longer immersion times (∼50 min) we observed the formation of a third layer. An interlayer distance of 0.45 nm characterizes the layering of predominantly alkane-like hydrocarbons. Molecular dynamics calculations supported the experimental observations. The replacement of water molecules by hydrocarbons on graphite is spontaneous. It happens whenever the graphite-water volume is exposed to air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Arvelo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel R Uhlig
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Ricardo García
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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7
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John S, Kühnle A. Hydration Structure at the Calcite-Water (10.4) Interface in the Presence of Rubidium Chloride. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11691-11698. [PMID: 36120896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solid-liquid interfaces are of significant importance in a multitude of geochemical and technological fields. More specifically, the solvation structure plays a decisive role in the properties of the interfaces. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to resolve the interfacial hydration structure in the presence and absence of ions. Despite many studies investigating the calcite-water interface, the impact of ions on the hydration structure at this interface has rarely been studied. Here, we investigate the calcite-water interface at various concentrations (ranging from 0 to 5 M) of rubidium chloride (RbCl) using three-dimensional atomic force microscopy (3D AFM). We present molecularly resolved images of the hydration structure at the interface. Interestingly, the characteristic pattern of the hydration structure appears similar regardless of the RbCl concentration. The presence of the ions is detected in an indirect manner by more frequent contrast changes and slice displacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon John
- Physical Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Angelika Kühnle
- Physical Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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8
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Thakkar R, Gajaweera S, Comer J. Organic contaminants and atmospheric nitrogen at the graphene-water interface: a simulation study. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1741-1757. [PMID: 36132158 PMCID: PMC9417612 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00570g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ordered nanoscale patterns have been observed by atomic force microscopy at graphene-water and graphite-water interfaces. The two dominant explanations for these patterns are that (i) they consist of self-assembled organic contaminants or (ii) they are dense layers formed from atmospheric gases (especially nitrogen). Here we apply molecular dynamics simulations to study the behavior of dinitrogen and possible organic contaminants at the graphene-water interface. Despite the high concentration of N2 in ambient air, we find that its expected occupancy at the graphene-water interface is quite low. Although dense (disordered) aggregates of dinitrogen have been observed in previous simulations, our results suggest that they are stable only in the presence of supersaturated aqueous N2 solutions and dissipate rapidly when they coexist with nitrogen gas near atmospheric pressure. On the other hand, although heavy alkanes are present at only trace concentrations (micrograms per cubic meter) in typical indoor air, we predict that such concentrations can be sufficient to form ordered monolayers that cover the graphene-water interface. For octadecane, grand canonical Monte Carlo suggests nucleation and growth of monolayers above an ambient concentration near 6 μg m-3, which is less than some literature values for indoor air. The thermodynamics of the formation of these alkane monolayers includes contributions from the hydration free-energy (unfavorable), the free-energy of adsorption to the graphene-water interface (highly favorable), and integration into the alkane monolayer phase (highly favorable). Furthermore, the peak-to-peak distances in AFM force profiles perpendicular to the interface (0.43-0.53 nm), agree with the distances calculated in simulations for overlayers of alkane-like molecules, but not for molecules such as N2, water, or aromatics. Taken together, these results suggest that ordered domains observed on graphene, graphite, and other hydrophobic materials in water are consistent with alkane-like molecules occupying the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Thakkar
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology 1620 Denison Avenue Mahattan Kansas USA
| | - Sandun Gajaweera
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology 1620 Denison Avenue Mahattan Kansas USA
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology 1620 Denison Avenue Mahattan Kansas USA
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9
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Wang X, Ma J, Zheng W, Osella S, Arisnabarreta N, Droste J, Serra G, Ivasenko O, Lucotti A, Beljonne D, Bonn M, Liu X, Hansen MR, Tommasini M, De Feyter S, Liu J, Wang HI, Feng X. Cove-Edged Graphene Nanoribbons with Incorporation of Periodic Zigzag-Edge Segments. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:228-235. [PMID: 34962807 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Structurally precision graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are promising candidates for next-generation nanoelectronics due to their intriguing and tunable electronic structures. GNRs with hybrid edge structures often confer them unique geometries associated with exotic physicochemical properties. Herein, a novel type of cove-edged GNRs with periodic short zigzag-edge segments is demonstrated. The bandgap of this GNR family can be tuned using an interplay between the length of the zigzag segments and the distance of two adjacent cove units along the opposite edges, which can be converted from semiconducting to nearly metallic. A family member with periodic cove-zigzag edges based on N = 6 zigzag-edged GNR, namely 6-CZGNR-(2,1), is successfully synthesized in solution through the Scholl reaction of a unique snakelike polymer precursor (10) that is achieved by the Yamamoto coupling of a structurally flexible S-shaped phenanthrene-based monomer (1). The efficiency of cyclodehydrogenation of polymer 10 toward 6-CZGNR-(2,1) is validated by FT-IR, Raman, and UV-vis spectroscopies, as well as by the study of two representative model compounds (2 and 3). Remarkably, the resultant 6-CZGNR-(2,1) exhibits an extended and broad absorption in the near-infrared region with a record narrow optical bandgap of 0.99 eV among the reported solution-synthesized GNRs. Moreover, 6-CZGNR-(2,1) exhibits a high macroscopic carrier mobility of ∼20 cm2 V-1 s-1 determined by terahertz spectroscopy, primarily due to the intrinsically small effective mass (m*e = m*h = 0.17 m0), rendering this GNR a promising candidate for nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, P.R. China.,Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wenhao Zheng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Silvio Osella
- Chemical and Biological Systems Simulation Lab, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicolás Arisnabarreta
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jörn Droste
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfal̈ische Wilhelms-Universitaẗ Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gianluca Serra
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfal̈ische Wilhelms-Universitaẗ Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle 06120 Germany
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10
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Dubrovin EV, Klinov DV. Atomic Force Microscopy of Biopolymers on Graphite Surfaces. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x2106002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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Uhlig MR, Benaglia S, Thakkar R, Comer J, Garcia R. Atomically resolved interfacial water structures on crystalline hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5275-5283. [PMID: 33624666 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00351h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydration layers are formed on hydrophilic crystalline surfaces immersed in water. Their existence has also been predicted for hydrophobic surfaces, yet the experimental evidence is controversial. Using 3D-AFM imaging, we probed the interfacial water structure of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces with atomic-scale spatial resolution. We demonstrate that the atomic-scale structure of interfacial water on crystalline surfaces presents two antagonistic arrangements. On mica, a common hydrophilic crystalline surface, the interface is characterized by the formation of 2 to 3 hydration layers separated by approximately 0.3 nm. On hydrophobic surfaces such as graphite or hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), the interface is characterized by the formation of 2 to 4 layers separated by about 0.5 nm. The latter interlayer distance indicates that water molecules are expelled from the vicinity of the surface and replaced by hydrocarbon molecules. This creates a new 1.5-2 nm thick interface between the hydrophobic surface and the bulk water. Molecular dynamics simulations reproduced the experimental data and confirmed the above interfacial water structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel R Uhlig
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Simone Benaglia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ravindra Thakkar
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Teshima H, Nakamura N, Li QY, Takata Y, Takahashi K. Zigzag gas phases on holey adsorbed layers. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44854-44859. [PMID: 35516233 PMCID: PMC9058577 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08861g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time a zigzag-shaped gas phase at a highly-ordered pyrolytic graphite/water interface. The novel shape of the gaseous domain is triggered by the holes of the underlying solid-like layers, which are composed of air molecules. Specifically, many holes were created by heating in the thin solid-like layers, which roughened them. The gas domains that formed on these layers deformed from circular to zigzag-shaped as the contact lines expanded while avoiding the holes of the underlying layers. We explained the formation and growth processes of these gas structures in terms of thin film growth, which varies with the mobility of the constituent molecules. Heating induces the formation of novel zigzag gas phases on the holey adsorbed air layers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Teshima
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
| | - Naoto Nakamura
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Qin-Yi Li
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
| | - Yasuyuki Takata
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
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