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Srinivas S, Senthil Kumar A. Electrical Wiring of Malarial Parasite Intermediate Hematin on a Tailored N-Doped Carbon Nanomaterial Surface and Its Bioelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction and Sensing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10634-10647. [PMID: 38723623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Hematin, an iron-containing porphyrin compound, plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including oxygen transport, storage, and functionality of the malarial parasite. Specifically, hematin-Fe interacts with the nitrogen atom of antimalarial drugs, forming an intermediate step crucial for their function. The electron transfer functionality of hematin in biological systems has been scarcely investigated. In this study, we developed a biomimicking electrical wiring of hematin-Fe with a model N-drug system, represented as {hematin-Fe---N-drug}. We achieved this by immobilizing hematin on a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/N-graphene quantum dot (N-GQD) modified electrode (MWCNT/N-GQD@Hemat). N-GQD serves as a model molecular drug system containing nitrogen atoms to mimic the {hematin-Fe---N-drug} interaction. The prepared bioelectrode exhibited a distinct redox peak at a measured potential (E1/2) of -0.410 V vs Ag/AgCl, accompanied by a surface excess value of 3.54 × 10-9 mol cm-2. This observation contrasts significantly with the weak or electroinactive electrochemical responses documented in literature-based hematin systems. We performed a comprehensive set of physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations on the MWCNT/N-GQD@Hemat system, employing techniques including FESEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and AFM. To evaluate the biomimetic electrode's electroactivity, we investigated the selective-mediated reduction of H2O2 as a model system. As an important aspect of our research, we demonstrated the use of scanning electrochemical microscopy to visualize the in situ electron transfer reaction of the biomimicking electrode. In an independent study, we showed enzyme-less electrocatalytic reduction and selective electrocatalytic sensing of H2O2 with a detection limit of 319 nM. We achieved this using a batch injection analysis-coupled disposable screen-printed electrode system in physiological solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Srinivas
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore 632014, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore 632014, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
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Sahoo P, Pathak NK, Scott Bohle D, Dodd EL, Tripathy U. Hematin anhydride (β-hematin): An analogue to malaria pigment hemozoin possesses nonlinearity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123902. [PMID: 38281463 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Hematin anhydride (β-hematin), the synthetic analogue of the malaria pigment, "hemozoin", is a heme dimer produced by reciprocal covalent bonds among carboxylic acid groups on the protoporphyrin-IX ring and the iron atom present in the two adjacent heme molecules. Hemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestion of hemoglobin present in the red blood cells infected with hematophagous malaria parasites. Besides, as the parasites invade red blood cells, hemozoin crystals are eventually released into the bloodstream, where they accumulate over time in tissues. Severe malaria infection leads to significant dysfunction in vital organs such as the liver, spleen, and brain in part due to the autoimmune response to the excessive accumulation of hemozoin in these tissues. Also, the amount of these crystals in the vasculature correlates with disease progression. Thus, hemozoin is a unique indicator of infection used as a malaria biomarker and hence, used as a target for the development of antimalarial drugs. Hence, exploring various properties of hemozoin is extremely useful in the direction of diagnosis and cure. The present study focuses on finding one of the unknown properties of β-hematin in physiological conditions by using the Z-scan technique, which is simple, sensitive, and economical. It is observed that hemozoin possesses one of the unique material properties, i.e., nonlinearity with a detection limit of ∼ 15 µM. The self-defocusing action causes β-hematin to exhibit negative refractive nonlinearity. The observed data is analyzed with a thermal lensing model. We strongly believe that our simple and reliable approach to probing the nonlinearity of β-hematin will provide fresh opportunities for malaria diagnostics & cure in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshi Sahoo
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erin L Dodd
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2101, rue Jeanne-Mance Montréal, H2X 2J6 Québec, Canada
| | - Umakanta Tripathy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India.
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What is pure hemozoin? A close look at the surface of the malaria pigment. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 194:214-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kuter D, Suárez L, Dodd EL, Noll BC, Stephens PW, Bohle DS. Hydrating the Bispropionate Notch in Malaria Pigment: A New Structural Motif in the Iron(III)(deuteroporphyrin) Dimer. Chemistry 2019; 25:4373-4378. [PMID: 30499153 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Treating deuterohemin, chloro(deuteroporphyrinato)iron(III), with a non-coordinating base in DMSO/methanol allows for the isolation of [(deuteroporphyrinato)iron(III)]2 , deuterohematin anhydride (DHA), an analogue of malaria pigment, the natural product of heme detoxification by malaria. The structure of DHA obtained from this solvent system has been solved by X-ray powder diffraction analysis and displays many similarities, yet important structural differences, to malaria pigment. Most notably, a water molecule of solvation occupies a notch created by the propionate side chains and stabilizes a markedly bent propionate ligand coordinated with a long Fe-O bond, and a carboxylate cluster associated with water molecules is generated. Together, these features account for its increased solubility and more open structure, with an increased porphyrin-porphyrin separation. The IR spectroscopic signature associated with this structure also accounts for the strong IR band at 1587 cm-1 seen for many amorphous preparations of synthetic malaria pigment, and it is proposed that stabilizing these structures may be a new objective for antimalarial drugs. The important role of the vinyl substituents in this biochemistry is further demonstrated by the structure of deuterohemin obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kuter
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, H3A 0B8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Liliana Suárez
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Erin L Dodd
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Bruce C Noll
- Bruker-AXS, 5465 E Cheryl Pkwy, Fitchburg, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Peter W Stephens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3800, USA
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, H3A 0B8, Canada
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Fitzroy SM, Gildenhuys J, Olivier T, Tshililo NO, Kuter D, de Villiers KA. The Effects of Quinoline and Non-Quinoline Inhibitors on the Kinetics of Lipid-Mediated β-Hematin Crystallization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7529-7537. [PMID: 28689414 PMCID: PMC5709178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The throughput of a biomimetic lipid-mediated assay used to investigate the effects of inhibitors on the kinetics of β-hematin formation has been optimized through the use of 24-well microplates. The rate constant for β-hematin formation mediated by monopalmitoyl-rac-glycerol was reduced from 0.17 ± 0.04 min-1 previously measured in Falcon tubes to 0.019 ± 0.002 min-1 in the optimized assay. While this necessitated longer incubation times, transferring aliquots from multiple 24-well plates to a single 96-well plate for final absorbance measurements actually improved the overall turnaround time per inhibitor. This assay has been applied to investigate the effects of four clinically relevant antimalarial drugs (chloroquine, amodiaquine, quinidine, and quinine) as well as several short-chain 4-aminoquinoline derivatives and non-quinoline (benzamide) compounds on the kinetics of β-hematin formation. The adsorption strength of these inhibitors to crystalline β-hematin (Kads) was quantified using a theoretical kinetic model that is based on the Avrami equation and the Langmuir isotherm. Statistically significant linear correlations between lipid-mediated β-hematin inhibitory activity and Kads values for quinoline (r2 = 0.76, P-value = 0.0046) and non-quinoline compounds (r2 = 0.99, P-stat = 0.0006), as well as between parasite inhibitory activity (D10) and Kads values for quinoline antimalarial drugs and short-chain chloroquine derivatives (r2 = 0.64, P-value = 0.0098), provide a strong indication that drug action involves adsorption to the surface of β-hematin crystals. Independent support in this regard is provided by experiments that spectrophotometrically monitor the direct adsorption of antimalarial drugs to preformed β-hematin.
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Kuter D, Mohunlal R, Fitzroy SM, Asher C, Smith PJ, Egan TJ, de Villiers KA. Insights into the initial stages of lipid-mediated haemozoin nucleation. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00866f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-mediated haemozoin nucleation, as probed by molecular dynamics, proceeds via aggregation of ferrihaem π–π dimers at a lipid–aqueous interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kuter
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Roxanne Mohunlal
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sharné-Maré Fitzroy
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Constance Asher
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Pharmacology
- Department of Medicine
- University of Cape Town Medical School
- Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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