1
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Kuklewicz J, Zimmer J. Molecular insights into capsular polysaccharide secretion. Nature 2024; 628:901-909. [PMID: 38570679 PMCID: PMC11041684 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) fortify the cell boundaries of many commensal and pathogenic bacteria1. Through the ABC-transporter-dependent biosynthesis pathway, CPSs are synthesized intracellularly on a lipid anchor and secreted across the cell envelope by the KpsMT ABC transporter associated with the KpsE and KpsD subunits1,2. Here we use structural and functional studies to uncover crucial steps of CPS secretion in Gram-negative bacteria. We show that KpsMT has broad substrate specificity and is sufficient for the translocation of CPSs across the inner bacterial membrane, and we determine the cell surface organization and localization of CPSs using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Cryo-electron microscopy analyses of the KpsMT-KpsE complex in six different states reveal a KpsE-encaged ABC transporter, rigid-body conformational rearrangements of KpsMT during ATP hydrolysis and recognition of a glycolipid inside a membrane-exposed electropositive canyon. In vivo CPS secretion assays underscore the functional importance of canyon-lining basic residues. Combined, our analyses suggest a molecular model of CPS secretion by ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremi Kuklewicz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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2
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Rojas D, Marcoleta AE, Gálvez-Silva M, Varas MA, Díaz M, Hernández M, Vargas C, Nourdin-Galindo G, Koch E, Saldivia P, Vielma J, Gan YH, Chen Y, Guiliani N, Chávez FP. Inorganic Polyphosphate Affects Biofilm Assembly, Capsule Formation, and Virulence of Hypervirulent ST23 Klebsiella pneumoniae. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:606-623. [PMID: 38205780 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP) strains poses a significant threat to public health due to high mortality rates and propensity to cause severe community-acquired infections in healthy individuals. The ability to form biofilms and produce a protective capsule contributes to its enhanced virulence and is a significant challenge to effective antibiotic treatment. Polyphosphate kinase 1 (PPK1) is an enzyme responsible for inorganic polyphosphate synthesis and plays a vital role in regulating various physiological processes in bacteria. In this study, we investigated the impact of polyP metabolism on the biofilm and capsule formation and virulence traits in hvKP using Dictyostelium discoideum amoeba as a model host. We found that the PPK1 null mutant was impaired in biofilm and capsule formation and showed attenuated virulence in D. discoideum compared to the wild-type strain. We performed a proteomic analysis to gain further insights into the underlying molecular mechanism. The results revealed that the PPK1 mutant had a differential expression of proteins involved in capsule synthesis (Wzi-Ugd), biofilm formation (MrkC-D-H), synthesis of the colibactin genotoxin precursor (ClbB), as well as proteins associated with the synthesis and modification of lipid A (ArnB-LpxC-PagP). These proteomic findings corroborate the phenotypic observations and indicate that the PPK1 mutation is associated with impaired biofilm and capsule formation and attenuated virulence in hvKP. Overall, our study highlights the importance of polyP synthesis in regulating extracellular biomolecules and virulence in K. pneumoniae and provides insights into potential therapeutic targets for treating K. pneumoniae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rojas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago CP 7800003, Chile
| | - Andrés E Marcoleta
- Grupo de Microbiología Integrativa, Laboratorio de Biología Estructural y Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago CP 7800003, Chile
| | - Matías Gálvez-Silva
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago CP 7800003, Chile
- Grupo de Microbiología Integrativa, Laboratorio de Biología Estructural y Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago CP 7800003, Chile
| | - Macarena A Varas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago CP 7800003, Chile
- Grupo de Microbiología Integrativa, Laboratorio de Biología Estructural y Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago CP 7800003, Chile
| | - Mauricio Díaz
- Laboratorio de Comunicación Microbiana, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago CP 7800003, Chile
| | - Mauricio Hernández
- División Biotecnología, Instituto Melisa, San Pedro de la Paz CP 9660000, Chile
| | - Cristian Vargas
- División Biotecnología, Instituto Melisa, San Pedro de la Paz CP 9660000, Chile
| | | | - Elard Koch
- División Biotecnología, Instituto Melisa, San Pedro de la Paz CP 9660000, Chile
| | - Pablo Saldivia
- División Biotecnología, Instituto Melisa, San Pedro de la Paz CP 9660000, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción CP 4070389, Chile
| | - Jorge Vielma
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago CP 7800003, Chile
- Grupo de Microbiología Integrativa, Laboratorio de Biología Estructural y Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago CP 7800003, Chile
| | - Yunn-Hwen Gan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore CP 119077, Singapore
| | - Yahua Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore CP 119077, Singapore
| | - Nicolás Guiliani
- Laboratorio de Comunicación Microbiana, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago CP 7800003, Chile
| | - Francisco P Chávez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago CP 7800003, Chile
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3
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Waigh TA, Korabel N. Heterogeneous anomalous transport in cellular and molecular biology. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2023; 86:126601. [PMID: 37863075 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that a wide variety of phenomena in cellular and molecular biology involve anomalous transport e.g. the statistics for the motility of cells and molecules are fractional and do not conform to the archetypes of simple diffusion or ballistic transport. Recent research demonstrates that anomalous transport is in many cases heterogeneous in both time and space. Thus single anomalous exponents and single generalised diffusion coefficients are unable to satisfactorily describe many crucial phenomena in cellular and molecular biology. We consider advances in the field ofheterogeneous anomalous transport(HAT) highlighting: experimental techniques (single molecule methods, microscopy, image analysis, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, inelastic neutron scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance), theoretical tools for data analysis (robust statistical methods such as first passage probabilities, survival analysis, different varieties of mean square displacements, etc), analytic theory and generative theoretical models based on simulations. Special emphasis is made on high throughput analysis techniques based on machine learning and neural networks. Furthermore, we consider anomalous transport in the context of microrheology and the heterogeneous viscoelasticity of complex fluids. HAT in the wavefronts of reaction-diffusion systems is also considered since it plays an important role in morphogenesis and signalling. In addition, we present specific examples from cellular biology including embryonic cells, leucocytes, cancer cells, bacterial cells, bacterial biofilms, and eukaryotic microorganisms. Case studies from molecular biology include DNA, membranes, endosomal transport, endoplasmic reticula, mucins, globular proteins, and amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrew Waigh
- Biological Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nickolay Korabel
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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4
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Cifuente JO, Schulze J, Bethe A, Di Domenico V, Litschko C, Budde I, Eidenberger L, Thiesler H, Ramón Roth I, Berger M, Claus H, D'Angelo C, Marina A, Gerardy-Schahn R, Schubert M, Guerin ME, Fiebig T. A multi-enzyme machine polymerizes the Haemophilus influenzae type b capsule. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:865-877. [PMID: 37277468 PMCID: PMC10299916 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial capsules have critical roles in host-pathogen interactions. They provide a protective envelope against host recognition, leading to immune evasion and bacterial survival. Here we define the capsule biosynthesis pathway of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib), a Gram-negative bacterium that causes severe infections in infants and children. Reconstitution of this pathway enabled the fermentation-free production of Hib vaccine antigens starting from widely available precursors and detailed characterization of the enzymatic machinery. The X-ray crystal structure of the capsule polymerase Bcs3 reveals a multi-enzyme machine adopting a basket-like shape that creates a protected environment for the synthesis of the complex Hib polymer. This architecture is commonly exploited for surface glycan synthesis by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. Supported by biochemical studies and comprehensive 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, our data explain how the ribofuranosyltransferase CriT, the phosphatase CrpP, the ribitol-phosphate transferase CroT and a polymer-binding domain function as a unique multi-enzyme assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier O Cifuente
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Julia Schulze
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Bethe
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valerio Di Domenico
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Christa Litschko
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Insa Budde
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lukas Eidenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hauke Thiesler
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Ramón Roth
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Monika Berger
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Claus
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia D'Angelo
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Alberto Marina
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mario Schubert
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain.
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Timm Fiebig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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5
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Gao Y, Widmalm G, Im W. Modeling and Simulation of Bacterial Outer Membranes with Lipopolysaccharides and Capsular Polysaccharides. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:1592-1601. [PMID: 36802606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Capsule is one of the common virulence factors in Gram-negative bacteria protecting pathogens from host defenses and consists of long-chain capsular polysaccharides (CPS) anchored in the outer membrane (OM). Elucidating structural properties of CPS is important to understand its biological functions as well as the OM properties. However, the outer leaflet of the OM in current simulation studies is represented exclusively by LPS due to the complexity and diversity of CPS. In this work, representative Escherichia coli CPS, KLPS (a lipid A-linked form) and KPG (a phosphatidylglycerol-linked form), are modeled and incorporated into various symmetric bilayers with co-existing LPS in different ratios. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations of these systems have been conducted to characterize various bilayer properties. Incorporation of KLPS makes the acyl chains of LPS more rigid and ordered, while incorporation of KPG makes them less ordered and flexible. These results are consistent with the calculated area per lipid (APL) of LPS, in which the APL of LPS becomes smaller when KLPS is incorporated, whereas it gets larger when KPG is included. Torsional analysis reveals that the influence of the CPS presence on the conformational distributions of the glycosidic linkages of LPS is small, and minor differences are also detected for the inner and outer regions of the CPS. Combined with previously modeled enterobacterial common antigens (ECAs) in the form of mixed bilayers, this work provides more realistic OM models as well as the basis for characterization of interactions between the OM and OM proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gao
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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6
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Beamud B, García-González N, Gómez-Ortega M, González-Candelas F, Domingo-Calap P, Sanjuan R. Genetic determinants of host tropism in Klebsiella phages. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112048. [PMID: 36753420 PMCID: PMC9989827 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages play key roles in bacterial ecology and evolution and are potential antimicrobials. However, the determinants of phage-host specificity remain elusive. Here, we isolate 46 phages to challenge 138 representative clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a widespread opportunistic pathogen. Spot tests show a narrow host range for most phages, with <2% of 6,319 phage-host combinations tested yielding detectable interactions. Bacterial capsule diversity is the main factor restricting phage host range. Consequently, phage-encoded depolymerases are key determinants of host tropism, and depolymerase sequence types are associated with the ability to infect specific capsular types across phage families. However, all phages with a broader host range found do not encode canonical depolymerases, suggesting alternative modes of entry. These findings expand our knowledge of the complex interactions between bacteria and their viruses and point out the feasibility of predicting the first steps of phage infection using bacterial and phage genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Beamud
- Joint Research Unit Infection and Public Health, FISABIO-Universitat de València, 46020 València, Spain; Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I(2)SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Neris García-González
- Joint Research Unit Infection and Public Health, FISABIO-Universitat de València, 46020 València, Spain; Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I(2)SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Mar Gómez-Ortega
- Joint Research Unit Infection and Public Health, FISABIO-Universitat de València, 46020 València, Spain
| | - Fernando González-Candelas
- Joint Research Unit Infection and Public Health, FISABIO-Universitat de València, 46020 València, Spain; Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I(2)SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Pilar Domingo-Calap
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I(2)SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Rafael Sanjuan
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I(2)SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
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7
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Surveying membrane landscapes: a new look at the bacterial cell surface. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41579-023-00862-w. [PMID: 36828896 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies applying advanced imaging techniques are changing the way we understand bacterial cell surfaces, bringing new knowledge on everything from single-cell heterogeneity in bacterial populations to their drug sensitivity and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. In both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the outermost surface of the bacterial cell is being imaged at nanoscale; as a result, topographical maps of bacterial cell surfaces can be constructed, revealing distinct zones and specific features that might uniquely identify each cell in a population. Functionally defined assembly precincts for protein insertion into the membrane have been mapped at nanoscale, and equivalent lipid-assembly precincts are suggested from discrete lipopolysaccharide patches. As we review here, particularly for Gram-negative bacteria, the applications of various modalities of nanoscale imaging are reawakening our curiosity about what is conceptually a 3D cell surface landscape: what it looks like, how it is made and how it provides resilience to respond to environmental impacts.
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8
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Rigolot V, Rossez Y, Biot C, Lion C. A bioorthogonal chemistry approach to detect the K1 polysialic acid capsule in Escherichia coli. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:173-183. [PMID: 36794016 PMCID: PMC9906323 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Escherichia coli strains associated with neonatal meningitis express the K1 capsule, a sialic acid polysaccharide that is directly related to their pathogenicity. Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) has mostly been developed in eukaryotes, but has also been successfully applied to the study of several oligosaccharides or polysaccharides constitutive of the bacterial cell wall. However, bacterial capsules are seldom targeted despite their important role as virulence factors, and the K1 polysialic acid (PSA) antigen that shields bacteria from the immune system still remains untackled. Herein, we report a fluorescence microplate assay that allows the fast and facile detection of K1 capsules with an approach that combines MOE and bioorthogonal chemistry. We exploit the incorporation of synthetic analogues of N-acetylmannosamine or N-acetylneuraminic acid, metabolic precursors of PSA, and copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) as the click chemistry reaction to specifically label the modified K1 antigen with a fluorophore. The method was optimized, validated by capsule purification and fluorescence microscopy, and applied to the detection of whole encapsulated bacteria in a miniaturized assay. We observe that analogues of ManNAc are readily incorporated into the capsule while those of Neu5Ac are less efficiently metabolized, which provides useful information regarding the capsule biosynthetic pathways and the promiscuity of the enzymes involved. Moreover, this microplate assay is transferable to screening approaches and may provide a platform to identify novel capsule-targeted antibiotics that would circumvent resistance issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Rigolot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle Lille France
| | - Yannick Rossez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle Lille France
| | - Christophe Biot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle Lille France
| | - Cédric Lion
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle Lille France
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9
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Cao X, van Putten JPM, Wösten MMSM. Biological functions of bacterial lysophospholipids. Adv Microb Physiol 2023; 82:129-154. [PMID: 36948653 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPLs) are lipid-derived metabolic intermediates in the cell membrane. The biological functions of LPLs are distinct from their corresponding phospholipids. In eukaryotic cells LPLs are important bioactive signaling molecules that regulate many important biological processes, but in bacteria the function of LPLs is still not fully defined. Bacterial LPLs are usually present in cells in very small amounts, but can strongly increase under certain environmental conditions. In addition to their basic function as precursors in membrane lipid metabolism, the formation of distinct LPLs contributes to the proliferation of bacteria under harsh circumstances or may act as signaling molecules in bacterial pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the biological functions of bacterial LPLs including lysoPE, lysoPA, lysoPC, lysoPG, lysoPS and lysoPI in bacterial adaptation, survival, and host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Cao
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P M van Putten
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc M S M Wösten
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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10
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Sande C, Whitfield C. Capsules and Extracellular Polysaccharides in Escherichia coli and Salmonella. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00332020. [PMID: 34910576 PMCID: PMC11163842 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0033-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates produce a range of different polysaccharide structures that play important roles in their biology. E. coli isolates often possess capsular polysaccharides (K antigens), which form a surface structural layer. These possess a wide range of repeat-unit structures. In contrast, only one capsular polymer (Vi antigen) is found in Salmonella, and it is confined to typhoidal serovars. In both genera, capsules are vital virulence determinants and are associated with the avoidance of host immune defenses. Some isolates of these species also produce a largely secreted exopolysaccharide called colanic acid as part of their complex Rcs-regulated phenotypes, but the precise function of this polysaccharide in microbial cell biology is not fully understood. E. coli isolates produce two additional secreted polysaccharides, bacterial cellulose and poly-N-acetylglucosamine, which play important roles in biofilm formation. Cellulose is also produced by Salmonella isolates, but the genes for poly-N-acetylglucosamine synthesis appear to have been lost during its evolution toward enhanced virulence. Here, we discuss the structures, functions, relationships, and sophisticated assembly mechanisms for these important biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Sande
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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11
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A Review: Ion Transport of Two-Dimensional Materials in Novel Technologies from Macro to Nanoscopic Perspectives. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14185819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ion transport is a significant concept that underlies a variety of technologies including membrane technology, energy storages, optical, chemical, and biological sensors and ion-mobility exploration techniques. These applications are based on the concepts of capacitance and ion transport, so a prior understanding of capacitance and ion transport phenomena is crucial. In this review, the principles of capacitance and ion transport are described from a theoretical and practical point of view. The review covers the concepts of Helmholtz capacitance, diffuse layer capacitance and space charge capacitance, which is also referred to as quantum capacitance in low-dimensional materials. These concepts are attributed to applications in the electrochemical technologies such as energy storage and excitable ion sieving in membranes. This review also focuses on the characteristic role of channel heights (from micrometer to angstrom scales) in ion transport. Ion transport technologies can also be used in newer applications including biological sensors and multifunctional microsupercapacitors. This review improves our understanding of ion transport phenomena and demonstrates various applications that is applicable of the continued development in the technologies described.
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12
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Buffet A, Rocha EPC, Rendueles O. Nutrient conditions are primary drivers of bacterial capsule maintenance in Klebsiella. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202876. [PMID: 33653142 PMCID: PMC7935059 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fitness cost associated with the production of bacterial capsules is considered to be offset by the protection provided by these extracellular structures against biotic aggressions or abiotic stress. However, it is unknown if the capsule contributes to fitness in the absence of these. Here, we explored conditions favouring the maintenance of the capsule in Klebsiella pneumoniae, where the capsule is known to be a major virulence factor. Using short-term experimental evolution on different Klebsiella strains, we showed that small environmental variations have a strong impact on the maintenance of the capsule. Capsule inactivation is frequent in nutrient-rich, but scarce in nutrient-poor media. Competitions between wild-type and capsule mutants in nine different strains confirmed that the capsule is costly in nutrient-rich media. Surprisingly, these results also showed that the presence of a capsule provides a clear fitness advantage in nutrient-poor conditions by increasing both growth rates and population yields. The comparative analyses of the wild-type and capsule mutants reveal complex interactions between the environment, genetic background and serotype even in relation to traits known to be relevant during pathogenesis. In conclusion, our data suggest there are novel roles for bacterial capsules yet to be discovered and further supports the notion that the capsule's role in virulence may be a by-product of its contribution to bacterial adaptation outside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Buffet
- Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR3525, Paris 75015, France
| | - Eduardo P. C. Rocha
- Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR3525, Paris 75015, France
| | - Olaya Rendueles
- Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR3525, Paris 75015, France
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13
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Liston SD, Willis LM. Racing to build a wall: glycoconjugate assembly in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 68:55-65. [PMID: 33429200 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The last two years have seen major advances in understanding the structural basis of bacterial cell envelope glycoconjugate biosynthesis, including capsules, lipopolysaccharide, teichoic acid, cellulose, and peptidoglycan. The recent crystal and cryo-electron microscopy structures of proteins involved in the initial glycosyltransferase steps in the cytoplasm, the transport of large and small lipid-linked glycoconjugates across the inner membrane, the polymerization of glycans in the periplasm, and the export of molecules from the cell have shed light on the mechanisms by which cell envelope glycoconjugates are made. We discuss these recent advances and highlight remaining unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Liston
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1M1, Canada
| | - Lisa M Willis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G2T2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G2T2, Canada; Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, AB, T6G2T2, Canada.
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14
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Gong H, Sani MA, Hu X, Fa K, Hart JW, Liao M, Hollowell P, Carter J, Clifton LA, Campana M, Li P, King SM, Webster JRP, Maestro A, Zhu S, Separovic F, Waigh TA, Xu H, McBain AJ, Lu JR. How do Self-Assembling Antimicrobial Lipopeptides Kill Bacteria? ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55675-55687. [PMID: 33259204 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are promising alternatives to traditional antibiotics. A group of self-assembling lipopeptides was formed by attaching an acyl chain to the N-terminus of α-helix-forming peptides with the sequence Cx-G(IIKK)yI-NH2 (CxGy, x = 4-12 and y = 2). CxGy self-assemble into nanofibers above their critical aggregation concentrations (CACs). With increasing x, the CACs decrease and the hydrophobic interactions increase, promoting secondary structure transitions within the nanofibers. Antimicrobial activity, determined by the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), also decreases with increasing x, but the MICs are significantly smaller than the CACs, suggesting effective bacterial membrane-disrupting power. Unlike conventional antibiotics, both C8G2 and C12G2 can kill Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli after only minutes of exposure under the concentrations studied. C12G2 nanofibers have considerably faster killing dynamics and lower cytotoxicity than their nonaggregated monomers. Antimicrobial activity of peptide aggregates has, to date, been underexploited, and it is found to be a very promising mechanism for peptide design. Detailed evidence for the molecular mechanisms involved is provided, based on superresolution fluorescence microscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, atomic force microscopy, neutron scattering/reflectivity, circular dichroism, and Brewster angle microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoning Gong
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Marc-Antoine Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xuzhi Hu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Ke Fa
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jack William Hart
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Mingrui Liao
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Peter Hollowell
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jessica Carter
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Luke A Clifton
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron & Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Mario Campana
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron & Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Peixun Li
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron & Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Stephen M King
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron & Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - John R P Webster
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron & Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Armando Maestro
- Institute Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS-20156, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Shiying Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas A Waigh
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and the Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Andrew J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jian Ren Lu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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15
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Gong H, Liao M, Hu X, Fa K, Phanphak S, Ciumac D, Hollowell P, Shen K, Clifton LA, Campana M, Webster JRP, Fragneto G, Waigh TA, McBain AJ, Lu JR. Aggregated Amphiphilic Antimicrobial Peptides Embedded in Bacterial Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44420-44432. [PMID: 32909733 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), and neutron reflection (NR) were combined to explore how antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can be designed to promote the formation of nanoaggregates in bacterial membranes and impose effective bactericidal actions. Changes in the hydrophobicity of the designed AMPs were found to have a strong influence on their bactericidal potency and cytotoxicity. G(IIKK)3I-NH2 (G3) achieved low minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) and effective dynamic kills against both antibiotic-resistant and -susceptible bacteria. However, a G3 derivative with weaker hydrophobicity, KI(KKII)2I-NH2 (KI), exhibited considerably lower membrane-lytic activity. In contrast, the more hydrophobic G(ILKK)3L-NH2 (GL) peptide achieved MICs similar to those observed for G3 but with worsened hemolysis. Both the model membranes studied by Brewster angle microscopy, zeta potential measurements, and NR and the real bacterial membranes examined with direct STORM contained membrane-inserted peptide aggregates upon AMP exposure. These structural features were well supported by MD simulations. By revealing how AMPs self-assemble in microbial membranes, this work provides important insights into AMP mechanistic actions and allows further fine-tuning of antimicrobial potency and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoning Gong
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Mingrui Liao
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Xuzhi Hu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Ke Fa
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Sorasak Phanphak
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Daniela Ciumac
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Peter Hollowell
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Kangcheng Shen
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Luke A Clifton
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Mario Campana
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - John R P Webster
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Giovanna Fragneto
- Institute of Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS-20156, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Thomas A Waigh
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Andrew J McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jian Ren Lu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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Modular prophage interactions driven by capsule serotype select for capsule loss under phage predation. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:2980-2996. [PMID: 32732904 PMCID: PMC7784688 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Klebsiella species are able to colonize a wide range of environments and include worrisome nosocomial pathogens. Here, we sought to determine the abundance and infectivity of prophages of Klebsiella to understand how the interactions between induced prophages and bacteria affect population dynamics and evolution. We identified many prophages in the species, placing these taxa among the top 5% of the most polylysogenic bacteria. We selected 35 representative strains of the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex to establish a network of induced phage-bacteria interactions. This revealed that many prophages are able to enter the lytic cycle, and subsequently kill or lysogenize closely related Klebsiella strains. Although 60% of the tested strains could produce phages that infect at least one other strain, the interaction network of all pairwise cross-infections is very sparse and mostly organized in modules corresponding to the strains' capsule serotypes. Accordingly, capsule mutants remain uninfected showing that the capsule is a key factor for successful infections. Surprisingly, experiments in which bacteria are predated by their own prophages result in accelerated loss of the capsule. Our results show that phage infectiousness defines interaction modules between small subsets of phages and bacteria in function of capsule serotype. This limits the role of prophages as competitive weapons because they can infect very few strains of the species complex. This should also restrict phage-driven gene flow across the species. Finally, the accelerated loss of the capsule in bacteria being predated by their own phages, suggests that phages drive serotype switch in nature.
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Whitfield C, Wear SS, Sande C. Assembly of Bacterial Capsular Polysaccharides and Exopolysaccharides. Annu Rev Microbiol 2020; 74:521-543. [PMID: 32680453 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-011420-075607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are dominant features of most bacterial surfaces and are displayed in different formats. Many bacteria produce abundant long-chain capsular polysaccharides, which can maintain a strong association and form a capsule structure enveloping the cell and/or take the form of exopolysaccharides that are mostly secreted into the immediate environment. These polymers afford the producing bacteria protection from a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological stresses, support biofilms, and play critical roles in interactions between bacteria and their immediate environments. Their biological and physical properties also drive a variety of industrial and biomedical applications. Despite the immense variation in capsular polysaccharide and exopolysaccharide structures, patterns are evident in strategies used for their assembly and export. This review describes recent advances in understanding those strategies, based on a wealth of biochemical investigations of select prototypes, supported by complementary insight from expanding structural biology initiatives. This provides a framework to identify and distinguish new systems emanating from genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Samantha S Wear
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Caitlin Sande
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada;
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Rendueles O. Deciphering the role of the capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae during pathogenesis: A cautionary tale. Mol Microbiol 2020; 113:883-888. [PMID: 31997409 PMCID: PMC7317218 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular capsule polysaccharides increase the cellular fitness under abiotic stresses and during competition with other bacteria. They are best-known for their role in virulence, particularly in human hosts. Specifically, capsules facilitate tissue invasion by enhancing bacterial evasion from phagocytosis and protect cells from biocidal molecules. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a worrisome nosocomial pathogen with few known virulence factors, but the most important one is its capsule. In this issue, Tan et al. assess the fitness advantage of the capsule by competing a wild-type strain against four different mutants where capsule production is interrupted at different stages of the biosynthetic pathway. Strikingly, not all mutants provide a fitness advantage. They suggest that some mutants have secondary defects altering virulence-associated phenotypes and blurring the role of the capsule in pathogenesis. This study indicates that the K1 capsule in K. pneumoniae is not required for gut colonization but that it is critical for bloodstream dissemination to other organs. These results contribute to clarify the contradictory literature on the role of the Klebsiella capsule during infection. Finally, the varying fitness effects of different capsule mutations observed for K. pneumoniae K1 might apply also to other capsulated diderm bacteria that are facultative or emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaya Rendueles
- Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR3525, Paris, France
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19
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Recent advances in short peptide self-assembly: from rational design to novel applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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