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Yon M, Gibot L, Gineste S, Laborie P, Bijani C, Mingotaud C, Coutelier O, Desmoulin F, Pestourie C, Destarac M, Ciuculescu-Pradines D, Marty JD. Assemblies of poly( N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-based double hydrophilic block copolymers triggered by lanthanide ions: characterization and evaluation of their properties as MRI contrast agents. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3893-3906. [PMID: 36723163 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04691a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Because of the formation of specific antibodies to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) leading to life-threatening side effects, there is an increasing need to develop alternatives to treatments and diagnostic methods based on PEGylated copolymers. Block copolymers comprising a poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) segment can be used for the design of such vectors without any PEG block. As an example, a poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PAA-b-PVP) copolymer with controlled composition and molar mass is synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Mixing this copolymer with lanthanide cations (Gd3+, Eu3+, Y3+) leads to the formation of hybrid polyion complexes with increased stability, preventing the lanthanide cytotoxicity and in vitro cell penetration. These new nanocarriers exhibit enhanced T1 MRI contrast, when intravenously administered into mice. No leaching of gadolinium ions is detected from such hybrid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Yon
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, France.
| | - Laure Gibot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, France.
| | - Stéphane Gineste
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, France.
| | - Pascale Laborie
- Plateforme scientifique et technique Institut de Chimie de Toulouse ICT - UAR 2599, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Christophe Mingotaud
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, France.
| | - Olivier Coutelier
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, France.
| | - Franck Desmoulin
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Inserm, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- CREFRE-Anexplo, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UT3, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Pestourie
- CREFRE-Anexplo, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UT3, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Destarac
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, France.
| | - Diana Ciuculescu-Pradines
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, France.
| | - Jean-Daniel Marty
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, France.
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Boyer C, Kamigaito M, Satoh K, Moad G. Radical-Promoted Single-unit Monomer Insertion (SUMI) [aka. Reversible-Deactivation Radical Addition (RDRA)]. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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3
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Gineste S, Mingotaud C. Double-hydrophilic block copolymer-metal ion associations: Structures, properties and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 311:102808. [PMID: 36442323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid polyionic complexes (HPICs), constructed from double-hydrophilic block copolymers and metal ions, have been largely developed with increasing interest in the past decade in the fields of catalysis, materials science and biological applications. The chemical natures of both blocks are very versatile, but one block should be able to interact with ions, and the second one should be neutral. Many metals have been used to form HPICs, which have, in their simplest architectural form, a core-shell structure of a few tens of nanometers in radius with an external shell made of the neutral block of the copolymer. In this review, we focus our discussion on the stability, shape, size and inner structure of these hybrid micelles. We then describe the most recent applications of HPICs, as reported in the literature, and point out the current challenges, missing structural information and future perspectives for this class of organized structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Gineste
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Mingotaud
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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4
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Baek SL, Kim Y, Jang Y, Lee SM. Polyphenol-Incorporated Composite Nanogels of Multimodal Interactions for Enhanced Gel Stability and Cisplatin Delivery. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1129-1135. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- So-Lee Baek
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Yeojin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Yoojin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
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Nabiyan A, Max JB, Schacher FH. Double hydrophilic copolymers - synthetic approaches, architectural variety, and current application fields. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:995-1044. [PMID: 35005750 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Solubility and functionality of polymeric materials are essential properties determining their role in any application. In that regard, double hydrophilic copolymers (DHC) are typically constructed from two chemically dissimilar but water-soluble building blocks. During the past decades, these materials have been intensely developed and utilised as, e.g., matrices for the design of multifunctional hybrid materials, in drug carriers and gene delivery, as nanoreactors, or as sensors. This is predominantly due to almost unlimited possibilities to precisely tune DHC composition and topology, their solution behavior, e.g., stimuli-response, and potential interactions with small molecules, ions and (nanoparticle) surfaces. In this contribution we want to highlight that this class of polymers has experienced tremendous progress regarding synthesis, architectural variety, and the possibility to combine response to different stimuli within one material. Especially the implementation of DHCs as versatile building blocks in hybrid materials expanded the range of water-based applications during the last two decades, which now includes also photocatalysis, sensing, and 3D inkjet printing of hydrogels, definitely going beyond already well-established utilisation in biomedicine or as templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Nabiyan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. .,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes B Max
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. .,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany. .,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Zhou D, Zhu LW, Wu BH, Xu ZK, Wan LS. End-functionalized polymers by controlled/living radical polymerizations: synthesis and applications. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01252e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on end-functionalized polymers synthesized by controlled/living radical polymerizations and the applications in fields including bioconjugate formation, surface modification, topology construction, and self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang-Wei Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bai-Heng Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ling-Shu Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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7
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Yu W, Kim Y, Jang Y, Lee SM. Eu(III)-Chelated Polymeric Hybrid Nanoplatform for Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (LRET)-Based Real-Time Monitoring of Organic Cargo Release. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1602-1608. [PMID: 35549142 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The real-time monitoring of specific guest release from nanoscale assemblies has been of great interest for the potential application in nanomedicine. Herein, we present a facile one-pot strategy to achieve a metal-chelated nanoscale platform that enables a highly efficient luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) for the monitoring of hydrophobic cargo release. To this end, Eu(III) as a lanthanide luminophore was employed to induce the metal-mediated self-assembly of chelating block copolymers in the presence of fluorescent Nile Blue (NB) as an organic cargo, which can then produce a nanoscale assembly containing a hybrid polyionic complex (HPIC) of Eu(III) and NB as LRET pairs. Exploiting this Eu(III)-chelated, NB-incorporated polymeric assembly as a luminescent platform that allows for the intermolecular distance-sensitive LRET, we further demonstrate that the facile monitoring of NB release from the carriers was made possible upon the addition of serum albumin as a protein reservoir for the released hydrophobic guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjeong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Yeojin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Yoojin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
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Gineste S, Lonetti B, Yon M, Giermanska J, Di Cola E, Sztucki M, Coppel Y, Mingotaud AF, Chapel JP, Marty JD, Mingotaud C. Hybrid polymeric micelles stabilized by gallium ions: Structural investigation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 609:698-706. [PMID: 34862046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The addition of gallium ions to a solution of a double-hydrophilic block copolymer, i.e. poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(acrylic acid), leads to the spontaneous formation of highly monodisperse micelles with a Hybrid PolyIon Complexes (HPICs) core. By combining several techniques, a precise description of the HPIC architecture was achieved. In particular and for the first time, NMR and anomalous small angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS) enable tracking of the inorganic ions in solution and highlighting the co-localization of the gallium and the poly(acrylic acid) blocks in a rigid structure at the core of the micelle. Such a core has a radius of ca 4.3 nm while the complete nano-object with its poly(ethylene oxide) shell has a total radius of ca 11 nm. The aggregation number was also estimated using the ASAXS results. This comprehensive structural characterization of the Ga HPICs corroborates the assumptions made for HPICs based on other inorganic ions and demonstrates the universality of the HPIC structure leading, for example, to new families of contrast agents in medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Gineste
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Barbara Lonetti
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Marjorie Yon
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Joanna Giermanska
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS UMR 5031, University of Bordeaux,115, Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer 33600 Pessac, France
| | | | - Michael Sztucki
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71, avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Yannick Coppel
- Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, CNRS UPR 8241, University of Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Françoise Mingotaud
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Paul Chapel
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS UMR 5031, University of Bordeaux,115, Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Marty
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
| | - Christophe Mingotaud
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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Jeong YH, Ahn T, Yu W, Lee SM. Cholesterol-Functionalized Linear/Brush Block Copolymers for Metal-Incorporated Nanostructures with Modulated Core Density and Enhanced Self-Assembly Efficiency. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:492-497. [PMID: 35549233 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal-mediated self-assembly of chelating double-hydrophilic block copolymer has become a facile preparation strategy of great importance for the metal-chelated hybrid nanostructures. Herein, we present a delicate control over the morphology regulation of metal-chelated nanostructures by a terminal modification of polymer building blocks with mesogenic cholesterol. Such a molecular design motif at an end of chelating linear/brush-type block copolymer imparts not only additional hydrophobicity for enhanced cohesive force to facilitate the metal-mediated self-assembly, but also significant morphological alteration of a metal-chelated core that otherwise generally forms a spherical interior with cholesterol-free block copolymers. The presence of cholesterol entities localized at the central core further allows for the density modulation of the final PtII-chelated nanostructures while maintaining the colloidal stability, comparable to that of the cholesterol-free nanoparticles in physiological conditions. This metal-mediated assembly strategy with modified polymer building blocks can provide a potential platform for the delivery of inorganic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Taekyung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Wonjeong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
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Suárez-García S, Solórzano R, Novio F, Alibés R, Busqué F, Ruiz-Molina D. Coordination polymers nanoparticles for bioimaging. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Chiang MT, Wang HL, Han TY, Hsieh YK, Wang J, Tsai DH. Assembly and Detachment of Hyaluronic Acid on a Protein-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticle. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:14782-14792. [PMID: 33236916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The assembly-disassembly of hyaluronic acid (HA) with a bovine serum albumin-conjugated gold nanoparticle (BSA-AuNP) was demonstrated using a gas-phase electrophoresis approach, electrospray-differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA). Physical sizes, number and mass concentrations, and degrees of aggregation of HA, BSA, and AuNP were successfully quantified using ES-DMA hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was employed complementarily for an orthogonal characterization of the assembly of HA with BSA-AuNP and the subsequent HA detachment. The results show that the surface packing density of HA on BSA-AuNP was proportional to the concentration of HA (CHA) when CHA ≤ 5 × 10-3 μmol/L, and the equilibrium binding constant of HA on BSA-AuNP was identified as ≈ 4 × 105 L/mol at pH 3. The pH-sensitive and enzyme-induced detachments of HA from BSA-AuNP were both successfully characterized using ES-DMA and ATR-FTIR. In the absence of enzymatic catalysis, the rate constant of HA detachment (k) was shown to increase by at least 3.7 times on adjusting the environmental acidity from pH 3 to pH 7. A significant enzyme-induced HA detachment was identified at pH 7, showing a remarkable increase of k by at least two times in the presence of an enzyme. This work provides a proof of concept for assembly of HA-based hybrid colloidal nanomaterials through the tuning of surface chemistry in the aqueous phase with the ability of in situ quantitative characterization, which has shown promise for the development of a variety of HA-derivative biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Li Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzung-You Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Kong Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jane Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
| | - De-Hao Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
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12
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Sohn H, Shin HW, Lee SM. Metal-Mediated Morphology Regulation of Self-Assembled Double-Hydrophilic Block Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:600-605. [PMID: 35648493 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a nanoscale morphology-regulation strategy of self-assembled double-hydrophilic block copolymers with square planar PtII compounds. The selective coordination of PtII on the chelating blocks of poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PAA-b-PEG) induced the self-association of metal-chelated unimers by the known cohesive force of PtII. The block-length variation of PAA with constant PEG led to the shape transition from normal core/shell and crew-cut spheres to anisotropic pearl-string structures. On the other hand, PtII adsorption on PEG blocks by extensive hydrogen bonding can further modify the molecular geometry of metal-chelated unimers by decreasing the volume of hydrophilic segments, eventually leading to the shape transition to vesicular structures. This result was well correlated to the structural constraint of PEG conformation estimated by the quantitative 1H NMR analysis. The vesicles also exhibited the enclosing nature for the fluorescent guest molecules, which demonstrated the promising potential for the encapsulating delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerin Sohn
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woo Shin
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea
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