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Young Chung J, Thone MN, Davies JE, Gach JS, Huw Davies D, Forthal DN, Kwon YJ. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 using extracellular blebs derived from spike protein-expressing dendritic cells. Cell Immunol 2023; 386:104691. [PMID: 36822152 PMCID: PMC9933546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide but also accelerated the clinical use of emerging vaccine formulations. To address the current shortcomings in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, this study developed a novel vaccine platform that closely mimics dendritic cells (DCs) in antigen presentation and T-cell stimulation in a cell-free and tunable manner. Genetically engineered DCs that express the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) were chemically converted into extracellular blebs (EBs). The resulting EBs elicited potentially protective humoral immunity in vivo, indicated by the production of antibodies that potently neutralized S-pseudotyped virus, presenting EBs as a promising and safe vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Melissa N. Thone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Jenny E. Davies
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Johannes S. Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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2
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Mohammad SN, Choi YS, Chung JY, Cedrone E, Neun BW, Dobrovolskaia MA, Yang X, Guo W, Chew YC, Kim J, Baek S, Kim IS, Fruman DA, Kwon YJ. Nanocomplexes of doxorubicin and DNA fragments for efficient and safe cancer chemotherapy. J Control Release 2023; 354:91-108. [PMID: 36572154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-targeted therapy by a chemotherapeutic agent formulated in a nanoscale platform has been challenged by complex and inefficient manufacturing, low drug loading, difficult characterization, and marginally improved therapeutic efficacy. This study investigated facile-to-produce nanocomplexes of doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used cancer drug, and clinically approved DNA fragments that are extracted from a natural source. DOX was found to self-assemble DNA fragments into relatively monodispersed nanocomplexes with a diameter of ∼70 nm at 14.3% (w/w) drug loading by simple and scalable mixing. The resulting DOX/DNA nanocomplexes showed sustained DOX release, unlike overly stable Doxil®, cellular uptake via multiple endocytosis pathways, and high hematological and immunological compatibility. DOX/DNA nanocomplexes eradicated EL4 T lymphoma cells in a time-dependent manner, eventually surpassing free DOX. Extended circulation of DOX/DNA nanocomplexes, while avoiding off-target accumulation in the lung and being cleared from the liver, resulted in rapid accumulation in tumor and lowered cardio toxicity. Finally, tumor growth of EL4-challenged C57BL/6 mice (syngeneic model) and OPM2-challenged NSG mice (human xenograft model) were efficiently inhibited by DOX/DNA nanocomplexes with enhanced overall survival, in comparison with free DOX and Doxil®, especially upon repeated administrations. DOX/DNA nanocomplexes are a promising chemotherapeutics delivery platform for their ease of manufacturing, high biocompatibility, desired drug release and accumulation, efficient tumor eradication with improved safety, and further engineering versatility for extended therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad N Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Yeon Su Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Jee Young Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Edward Cedrone
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Barry W Neun
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA 92604, United States
| | - Wei Guo
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA 92604, United States
| | - Yap Ching Chew
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA 92604, United States
| | - Juwan Kim
- Pharma Research, Co, Ltd., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggul Baek
- Pharma Research, Co, Ltd., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Soo Kim
- Pharma Research, Co, Ltd., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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3
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Thone MN, Chung JY, Ingato D, Lugin ML, Kwon YJ. Cell-free, Dendritic Cell-mimicking Extracellular Blebs for Molecularly Controlled Vaccination. Adv Ther (Weinh) 2023; 6:2200125. [PMID: 36733607 PMCID: PMC9888466 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are prime targets for vaccination and immunotherapy. However, limited control over antigen presentation at a desired maturation status in these plastic materials remains a fundamental challenge in efficiently orchestrating a controlled immune response. DC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can overcome some of these issues, but have significant production challenges. Herein, we employ a unique chemically-induced method for production of DC-derived extracellular blebs (DC-EBs) that overcome the barriers of DC and DC-derived EV vaccines. DC-EBs are molecular snapshots of DCs in time, cell-like particles with fixed stimulatory profiles for controlled immune signalling. DC-EBs were produced an order of magnitude more quickly and efficiently than conventional EVs and displayed stable structural integrity and antigen presentation compared to live DCs. Multi-omic analysis confirmed DC-EBs are majorly pure plasma membrane vesicles that are homogeneous at the single-vesicle level, critical for safe and effective vaccination. Immature vs. mature molecular profiles on DC-EBs exhibited molecularly modulated immune responses compared to live DCs, improving remission and survival of tumor-challenged mice via generation of antigen-specific T cells. For the first time, DC-EBs make their case for use in vaccines and for their potential in modulating other immune responses, potentially in combination with other immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N. Thone
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Jee Young Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Dominique Ingato
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Margaret L. Lugin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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4
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Kim S, Kang JH, Nguyen Cao TG, Kang SJ, Jeong K, Kang HC, Kwon YJ, Rhee WJ, Ko YT, Shim MS. Extracellular vesicles with high dual drug loading for safe and efficient combination chemo-phototherapy. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2817-2830. [PMID: 35384946 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm02005f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as biocompatible nanocarriers for efficient delivery of various therapeutic agents, with intrinsic long-term blood circulatory capability and low immunogenicity. Here, indocyanine green (ICG)- and paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded EVs [EV(ICG/PTX)] were developed as a biocompatible nanoplatform for safe and efficient cancer treatment through near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered combination chemo/photothermal/photodynamic therapy. High dual drug encapsulation in EVs was achieved for both the hydrophilic ICG and hydrophobic PTX by simple incubation. The EVs substantially improved the photostability and cellular internalization of ICG, thereby augmenting the photothermal effects and reactive oxygen species production in breast cancer cells upon NIR light irradiation. Hence, ICG-loaded EVs activated by NIR light irradiation showed greater cytotoxic effects than free ICG. EV(ICG/PTX) showed the highest anticancer activity owing to the simultaneous chemo/photothermal/photodynamic therapy when compared with EV(ICG) and free ICG. In vivo study revealed that EV(ICG/PTX) had higher accumulation in tumors and improved pharmacokinetics compared to free ICG and PTX. In addition, a single intravenous administration of EV(ICG/PTX) exhibited a considerable inhibition of tumor proliferation with negligible systemic toxicity. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential of EV(ICG/PTX) for clinical translation of combination chemo-phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hee Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
| | - Thuy Giang Nguyen Cao
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su Jin Kang
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeongsoo Jeong
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Won Jong Rhee
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea. .,Research Center for Bio Materials & Process Development, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Tag Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Cho SK, Lee RT, Hwang YH, Kwon YJ. Chemically Tuned Intracellular Gene Delivery by Core-Shell Nanoparticles: Effects of Proton Buffering, Acid Degradability, and Membrane Disruption. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100718. [PMID: 35060681 PMCID: PMC9779904 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles consisting of a condensed nucleic acid core surrounded by protective layers which aid to overcome extracellular and intracellular hurdles to gene delivery (i. e., core-shell nanoparticles, CSNPs) synthetically mimic viruses. The outer shells shield the core and are particularly designed to enable facilitated release of the gene payload into the cytoplasm, the major limiting step in intracellular gene delivery. The hypothetical proton sponge effect and degradability in response to a stimulus (i. e., mildly acidic pH in the endosome) are two prevailing, although contested, principles in designing effective carriers for intracellular gene delivery via endosomal escape. Utilizing the highly flexible chemical-tuning of the polymeric shell via surface-initiated photo-polymerization of the various monomers at different molecular ratios, the effects of proton buffering capacity, acid-degradability, and endosomal membrane-lysis property on intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA by CSNPs were investigated. This study demonstrated the equivalently critical roles of proton buffering and acid-degradability in achieving efficient intracellular gene delivery, independent of cellular uptake. Extended proton buffering resulted in further improved transfection as long as the core structure was not compromised. The results of the study present a promising synthetic strategy to the development of an efficient, chemically-tunable gene delivery carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Cho
- Crystal Bank PNU, Pusan National University, 2222 Nano Building, Samnangjin-ro, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463 (Republic of Korea)
| | - Rebecca T. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Irvine, B200 Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3958 (USA)
| | - Yoon-Hwae Hwang
- Department of Nano Energy Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjung-gu, Busan 46241 (Republic of Korea)
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Science, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine, 132 Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3958 (USA)
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6
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Cho SK, Lee RT, Hwang Y, Kwon YJ. Front Cover: Chemically Tuned Intracellular Gene Delivery by Core‐Shell Nanoparticles: Effects of Proton Buffering, Acid Degradability, and Membrane Disruption (ChemMedChem 7/2022). ChemMedChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Cho
- Crystal Bank PNU Pusan National University 2222 Nano Building, Samnangjin-ro Miryang Gyeongsangnam-do 50463 Republic of Korea
| | - Rebecca T. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Scientist Training Program University of California, Irvine B200 Sprague Hall Irvine CA 92697-3958 USA
| | - Yoon‐Hwae Hwang
- Department of Nano Energy Engineering Pusan National University Pusandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2 Jangjeon-dong, Geumjung-gu Busan 46241 (Republic of Korea)
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Science, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Biomedical Engineering, and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine 132 Sprague Hall Irvine CA 92697-3958 USA
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7
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Abstract
Modern medicine has been waging a war on cancer for nearly a century with no tangible end in sight. Cancer treatments have significantly progressed, but the need to increase specificity and decrease systemic toxicities remains. Early diagnosis holds a key to improving prognostic outlook and patient quality of life, and diagnostic tools are on the cusp of a technological revolution. Nanotechnology has steadily expanded into the reaches of cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy, diagnostics, and imaging, demonstrating the capacity to augment each and advance patient care. Nanomaterials provide an abundance of versatility, functionality, and applications to engineer specifically targeted cancer medicine, accurate early-detection devices, robust imaging modalities, and enhanced radiotherapy adjuvants. This review provides insights into the current clinical and pre-clinical nanotechnological applications for cancer drug therapy, diagnostics, imaging, and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Kemp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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8
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Kang JH, Turabee MH, Lee DS, Kwon YJ, Ko YT. Temperature and pH-responsive in situ hydrogels of gelatin derivatives to prevent the reoccurrence of brain tumor. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112144. [PMID: 34509823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade IV malignant brain tumor with a median survival time of approximately 12-16 months. Because of its highly aggressive and heterogeneous nature it is very difficult to remove by surgical resection. Herein we have reported dual stimuli-responsive and biodegradable in situ hydrogels of oligosulfamethazine-grafted gelatin and loaded with anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) for preventing the progress of Glioblastoma. The oligosulfamethazine (OSM) introduced to the gelatin backbone for the formation of definite and stable in situ hydrogel. The hydrogels transformed from a sol to a gel state upon changes in stimuli. pH and temperature and retained a distinct shape after subcutaneous administration in BALB/c mice. The viscosity of the sol state hydrogels was tuned by varying the feed molar ratio between gelatin and OSM. The porosity of the hydrogels was confirmed to be lower in higher degree OSM by SEM. Sustained release of PTX from hydrogels in physiological environments (pH 7.4) was further retarded up to 63% in 9th days in tumor environments (pH 6.5). While the empty hydrogels were non-toxic in cultured cells, the hydrogels loaded with PTX showed antitumor efficacy in orthotopic-GBM xenograft mice. Collectively, the gelatin-OSM formed porous hydrogels and released the cargo in a sustained manner in tumor environments efficiently suppressing the progress of GBM. Thus, gelatin-OSM hydrogels are a potential candidate for the direct delivery of therapeutics to the local areas in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hee Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 21936 Incheon, South Korea
| | - Md Hasan Turabee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 21936 Incheon, South Korea
| | - Doo Sung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419 Suwon, South Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, 92697 Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, 92697 Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 92697 Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, 92697 Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Young Tag Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 21936 Incheon, South Korea.
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Abdel-Maksoud MS, El-Gamal MI, Lee BS, Gamal El-Din MM, Jeon HR, Kwon D, Ammar UM, Mersal KI, Ali EMH, Lee KT, Yoo KH, Han DK, Lee JK, Kim G, Choi HS, Kwon YJ, Lee KH, Oh CH. Discovery of New Imidazo[2,1- b]thiazole Derivatives as Potent Pan-RAF Inhibitors with Promising In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-melanoma Activity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6877-6901. [PMID: 33999621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BRAF is an important component of MAPK cascade. Mutation of BRAF, in particular V600E, leads to hyperactivation of the MAPK pathway and uncontrolled cellular growth. Resistance to selective inhibitors of mutated BRAF is a major obstacle against treatment of many cancer types. In this work, a series of new (imidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-5-yl)pyrimidine derivatives possessing a terminal sulfonamide moiety were synthesized. Pan-RAF inhibitory effect of the new series was investigated, and structure-activity relationship is discussed. Antiproliferative activity of the target compounds was tested against the NCI-60 cell line panel. The most active compounds were further tested to obtain their IC50 values against cancer cells. Compound 27c with terminal open chain sulfonamide and 38a with a cyclic sulfamide moiety showed the highest activity in enzymatic and cellular assay, and both compounds were able to inhibit phosphorylation of MEK and ERK. Compound 38a was selected for testing its in vivo activity against melanoma. Cellular and animal activities are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Abdel-Maksoud
- Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Bong S Lee
- CTC SCIENCE, 38, Hyundaikia-ro, Paltan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18576, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud M Gamal El-Din
- Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Hong R Jeon
- CTCBIO Inc., 450-34, Noha-ri, Paltan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18576, Republic of Korea
| | - Dow Kwon
- CTC SCIENCE, 38, Hyundaikia-ro, Paltan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18576, Republic of Korea
| | - Usama M Ammar
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Karim I Mersal
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seoul 136-791, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Yuseong-gu 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eslam M H Ali
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seoul 136-791, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Yuseong-gu 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Yoo
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Lee
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seoul 136-791, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kwan Hyi Lee
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seoul 136-791, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Oh
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seoul 136-791, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Edson JA, Chu W, Porwollik S, Tran K, Iribe N, McClelland M, Kwon YJ. Eradication of Intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium by Polyplexes of Acid-Transforming Chitosan and Fragment DNA. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000408. [PMID: 33870627 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are highly successful against microbial infections. However, current challenges include rising antibiotic resistance rates and limited efficacy against intracellular pathogens. A novel form of a nanomaterial-based antimicrobial agent is investigated for efficient treatment of an intracellular Salmonella enterica sv Typhimurium infection. A known antimicrobial polysaccharide, chitosan, is engineered to be readily soluble under neutral aqueous conditions for systemic administration. The modified biologic, named acid-transforming chitosan (ATC), transforms into an insoluble, antimicrobial compound in the mildly acidic intracellular compartment. In cell culture experiments, ATC is confirmed to have antimicrobial activity against intracellular S. Typhimurium in a concentration- and pH-dependent manner, without affecting the host cells, RAW264.7 macrophages. For improved cellular uptake and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, ATC is further complexed with fragment DNA (fDNA), to form nano-sized spherical polyplexes. The resulting ATC/fDNA polyplexes efficiently eradicated S. Typhimurium from RAW264.7 macrophages. ATC/fDNA polyplexes may bind with microbial wall and membrane components. Consistent with this expectation, transposon insertion sequencing of a complex random mutant S. Typhimurium library incubated with ATC does not reveal specific genomic target regions of the antimicrobial. This study demonstrates the utility of a molecularly engineered nanomaterial as an efficient and safe antimicrobial agent, particularly against an intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius A Edson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Weiping Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kaycee Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Nathalie Iribe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Kwon YJ, Forthal D. COVID-19: An unprecedented challenge and an opportunity for change. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:48-49. [PMID: 33524417 PMCID: PMC7845530 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| | - Donald Forthal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
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12
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Chung JY, Thone MN, Kwon YJ. COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:1-25. [PMID: 33359141 PMCID: PMC7759095 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence and long incubation periods often without symptoms, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of individuals globally, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even with the recent approval of the anti-viral drug, remdesivir, and Emergency Use Authorization of monoclonal antibodies against S protein, bamlanivimab and casirimab/imdevimab, efficient and safe COVID-19 vaccines are still desperately demanded not only to prevent its spread but also to restore social and economic activities via generating mass immunization. Recent Emergency Use Authorization of Pfizer and BioNTech’s mRNA vaccine may provide a pathway forward, but monitoring of long-term immunity is still required, and diverse candidates are still under development. As the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and interactions with the immune system continues to evolve, a variety of drug candidates are under investigation and in clinical trials. Potential vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 include repurposed drugs, monoclonal antibodies, antiviral and antigenic proteins, peptides, and genetically engineered viruses. This paper reviews the virology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2, alternative therapies for COVID-19 to vaccination, principles and design considerations in COVID-19 vaccine development, and the promises and roles of vaccine carriers in addressing the unique immunopathological challenges presented by the disease.
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Lugin ML, Lee RT, Kwon YJ. Synthetically Engineered Adeno-Associated Virus for Efficient, Safe, and Versatile Gene Therapy Applications. ACS Nano 2020; 14:14262-14283. [PMID: 33073995 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy directly targets mutations causing disease, allowing for a specific treatment at a molecular level. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been of increasing interest as a gene delivery vehicle, as AAV vectors are safe, effective, and capable of eliciting a relatively contained immune response. With the recent FDA approval of two AAV drugs for treating rare genetic diseases, AAV vectors are now on the market and are being further explored for other therapies. While showing promise in immune privileged tissue, the use of AAV for systemic delivery is still limited due to the high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). To avoid nAb-mediated inactivation, engineered AAV vectors with modified protein capsids, materials tethered to the capsid surface, or fully encapsulated in a second, larger carrier have been explored. Many of these engineered AAVs have added benefits, including avoided immune response, overcoming the genome size limit, targeted and stimuli-responsive delivery, and multimodal therapy of two or more therapeutic modalities in one platform. Native and engineered AAV vectors have been tested to treat a broad range of diseases, including spinal muscular atrophy, retinal diseases, cancers, and tissue damage. This review will cover the benefits of AAV as a promising gene vector by itself, the progress and advantages of engineered AAV vectors, particularly synthetically engineered ones, and the current state of their clinical translation in therapy.
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Wong S, Kemp JA, Shim MS, Kwon YJ. Solvent-driven, self-assembled acid-responsive poly(ketalized serine)/siRNA complexes for RNA interference. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6718-6729. [PMID: 33111729 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01478h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in bionanotechnology aim to develop smart nucleic acid delivery carriers with stimuli-responsive features to overcome challenges such as non-biodegradability, rapid clearance, immune response, and reaching intracellular targets. Peptide-based nanomaterials have become widely used in the field of gene and drug delivery due to their structural versatility and biomimetic properties. Particularly, polypeptide gene vectors that respond to biological stimuli, such as acidic intracellular environments, have promising applications in mediating efficient endosomal escape and drug release. Unfortunately, synthesis strategies for efficient polymerization of acid-labile peptides have been limited due to conditions that fail to preserve acid-degradable functional groups. Stable urethane derivatives of the acid-labile amino acid ketalized serine (kSer) were synthesized and polymerized to a high molecular weight under permissive conditions independent of elevated temperature, restrictive solvents, or an inert atmosphere. A new formulation strategy utilizing solvent-driven self-assembly of poly(kSer) peptides with small interfering RNA (siRNA) was developed, and the resulting poly(kSer)/siRNA complexes were further cross-linked for reinforced stability under physiological conditions. The complexes were highly monodisperse and precisely spherical in morphology, which has significant clinical implications in definitive biodistribution, cellular internalization, and intracellular trafficking patterns. Self-assembled, cross-linked poly(kSer)/siRNA complexes demonstrated efficient nucleic acid encapsulation, internalization, endosomal escape, and acid-triggered cargo release, tackling multiple hurdles in siRNA delivery. The acid-responsive polypeptides and solvent-driven self-assembly strategies demonstrated in this study could be applicable to developing other efficient and safe delivery systems for gene and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Wong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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15
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Kwon YE, Choi HY, Oh HJ, Ahn SY, Ryu DR, Kwon YJ. Vertebral fracture is associated with myocardial infarction in incident hemodialysis patients: a Korean nationwide population-based study. Osteoporos Int 2020; 31:1965-1973. [PMID: 32394062 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic kidney disease (CKD)-mineral and bone disorder suggests that fragile bone and vascular disorder might be connected closely in CKD patients. In this study, fracture event was significantly associated with myocardial infarction (MI) in end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis (HD), especially for vertebral fractures. INTRODUCTION CKD-mineral and bone disorder is characterized by biochemical abnormalities, bone disorders, and vascular calcification. We aimed to verify the association between fracture and MI in CKD patients. METHODS Records for incident CKD stage 3 to 5 patients and patients who initiated HD between July 2014 and June 2018 were retrieved from the Korean Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service Database. Fractures were defined using diagnostic codes and were classified into vertebral, femoral, and other site fractures. MI was defined using a combination of MI diagnostic codes and related procedure codes. Multiple logistic regressions and 1:1 propensity score matching analysis were conducted. RESULTS A total of 38,935 patients (HD, 11,379; pre-dialysis CKD, 27,556) were included in this study. A total of 5,057 (13.0%) patients experienced fracture, and 1,431 (3.7%) patients had MI. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that fracture was significantly associated with MI in the HD group (odds ratio (OR) 1.34, P = 0.024), but not in the pre-dialysis CKD group (OR 1.04, P = 0.701). After propensity score matching for age, gender, and diabetes mellitus between patients with and without fracture, fracture still significantly correlated with MI in HD patients (OR 1.47, P = 0.034) but not in patients with pre-dialysis CKD (OR 1.04, P = 0.751). Subgroup analysis by fracture site found that vertebral fracture was associated with MI in HD patients (OR 2.11, P = 0.024), but femoral or other site fractures were not. CONCLUSION In HD patients, fracture was significantly associated with MI, especially for vertebral fractures patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang-si, South Korea
| | - H Y Choi
- The Korean Society of Nephrology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H J Oh
- Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine and Research Institute for Human Health Information, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S Y Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - D-R Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Y J Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 132 Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA 92617, United States.
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Kemp JA, Keebaugh A, Edson JA, Chow D, Kleinman MT, Chew YC, McCracken AN, Edinger AL, Kwon YJ. Biocompatible Chemotherapy for Leukemia by Acid-Cleavable, PEGylated FTY720. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:673-684. [PMID: 31986014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the inability of cancerous cells to adapt to metabolic stress is a promising alternative to conventional cancer chemotherapy. FTY720 (Gilenya), an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, has recently been shown to inhibit cancer progression through the down-regulation of essential nutrient transport proteins, selectively starving cancer cells to death. However, the clinical use of FTY720 for cancer therapy is prohibited because of its capability of inducing immunosuppression (lymphopenia) and bradycardia when phosphorylated upon administration. A prodrug to specifically prevent phosphorylation during circulation, hence avoiding bradycardia and lymphopenia, was synthesized by capping its hydroxyl groups with polyethylene glycol (PEG) via an acid-cleavable ketal linkage. Improved aqueous solubility was also accomplished by PEGylation. The prodrug reduces to fully potent FTY720 upon cellular uptake and induces metabolic stress in cancer cells. Enhanced release of FTY720 at a mildly acidic endosomal pH and the ability to substantially down-regulate cell-surface nutrient transporter proteins in leukemia cells only by an acid-cleaved drug were confirmed. Importantly, the prodrug demonstrated nearly identical efficacy to FTY720 in an animal model of BCR-Abl-driven leukemia without inducing bradycardia or lymphopenia in vivo, highlighting its potential clinical value. The prodrug formulation of FTY720 demonstrates the utility of precisely engineering a drug to avoid undesirable effects by tackling specific molecular mechanisms as well as a financially favorable alternative to new drug development. A multitude of existing cancer therapeutics may be explored for prodrug formulation to avoid specific side effects and preserve or enhance therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yap Ching Chew
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, California 92604, United States
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18
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Thone MN, Kwon YJ. Extracellular blebs: Artificially-induced extracellular vesicles for facile production and clinical translation. Methods 2019; 177:135-145. [PMID: 31734187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biologic and comprehensive therapies for precision medicine. Despite their potential demonstrated at the benchtop, few EV formulations have made it to the clinic due to challenges in regulatory compliant scalable production; including purity, homogeneity, and reproducibility. For translation of this technology, there is a strong need for novel production methods that can meet clinical production criteria. Initial research aimed to address these challenges by taking advantage of natural pathways to increase EV yields. Such "conventional" approaches moderately increased yields but produced inhomogeneous EVs. Additionally, as there are currently no standard methods for isolation, characterization, or quantification, isolated EVs were often impure, contaminated with proteins and other biomacromolecules, and highly diverse in function. The use of shear stress and extrusion methods for EV-like vesicle production has also been investigated. While these processes can produce large EV-like vesicle yields nearly immediately, the harsh processes still result in inhomogeneous loading, and still suffer from poor purity. Chemically-induced membrane blebbing is a promising alternative production method that has the potential to overcome the previously insurmountable barriers of these current methods. This technique produces pure, and well defined EV-like vesicles, termed extracellular blebs (EBs), in clinically relevant scales over the course of minutes to hours. Furthermore, blebbing agents act on the cell in a way which locks the current surface properties and contents, preventing change, allowing for homogeneous EB production, and further preventing post-production changes. EBs may provide a promising pathway for clinical translation of EV technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Thone
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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19
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Kim H, Kim D, Nam H, Moon S, Kwon YJ, Lee JB. Engineered extracellular vesicles and their mimetics for clinical translation. Methods 2019; 177:80-94. [PMID: 31626895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) to external environments to achieve cellular homeostasis and cell-to-cell communication. Their therapeutic potential has been constantly spotlighted since they mirror both cytoplasmic and membranous components of parental cells. Meanwhile, growing evidence suggests that EV engineering could further promote EVs with a maximized capacity. In this review, a range of engineering techniques as well as upscaling approaches to exploit EVs and their mimetics are introduced. By laying out the pros and cons of each technique from different perspectives, we sought to provide an overview potentially helpful for understanding the current state of the art EV engineering and a guideline for choosing a suitable technique for engineering EVs. Furthermore, we envision that the advances in each technique will give rise to the combinatorial engineering of EVs, taking us a step closer to a clinical translation of EV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyangsu Nam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
| | - Jong Bum Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
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Ingato D, Edson JA, Zakharian M, Kwon YJ. Cancer Cell-Derived, Drug-Loaded Nanovesicles Induced by Sulfhydryl-Blocking for Effective and Safe Cancer Therapy. ACS Nano 2018; 12:9568-9577. [PMID: 30130093 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) pose great promise as therapeutic carriers due to their ideal size range and intrinsic biocompatibility. Limited scalability, poor quality control during production, and cumbersome isolation and purification processes have caused major setbacks in the progression of EV therapeutics to the clinic. Here, we overcome these setbacks by preparing cell-derived nanovesicles induced by sulfhydryl-blocking (NIbS), in the desirable size range for therapeutic delivery, that can be further loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX), resulting in NIbS/DOX. Applicable to most cell types, this chemical blebbing approach enables efficient, quick, and simple harvest and purification as well as easily scalable production. Cellular uptake and intracellular release of DOX was improved using NIbS/DOX compared to a liposomal formulation. We also confirmed that in tumor-challenged C57BL/6 mice NIbS/DOX significantly slowed tumor growth and led to improved survival compared to treatment with free drug or liposomal drug. NIbS are a promising therapeutic carrier for improving cancer treatment outcomes since they are easy to prepare at a large scale, good candidates for drug loading, and capable of efficient administration of therapeutic agents with avoided nonspecific major distribution in vital organs. In addition, the utility of NIbS can be easily expanded to immunotherapy, gene therapy, and cell therapy when they are derived from applicable cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Ingato
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Julius A Edson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Michael Zakharian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
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Dias MF, Joo K, Kemp JA, Fialho SL, da Silva Cunha A, Woo SJ, Kwon YJ. Corrigendum to molecular genetics and emerging therapies for retinitis pigmentosa: Basic research and clinical perspective progress in retinal and eye research (2018) Vol 63,107-131. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 66:220-221. [PMID: 30104149 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina França Dias
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kwangsic Joo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jessica A Kemp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Ligório Fialho
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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22
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Edson JA, Ingato D, Wu S, Lee B, Kwon YJ. Aqueous-Soluble, Acid-Transforming Chitosan for Efficient and Stimuli-Responsive Gene Silencing. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1508-1516. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kim CS, Ingato D, Wilder-Smith P, Chen Z, Kwon YJ. Stimuli-disassembling gold nanoclusters for diagnosis of early stage oral cancer by optical coherence tomography. Nano Converg 2018; 5:3. [PMID: 29399435 PMCID: PMC5785591 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-018-0134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A key design consideration in developing contrast agents is obtaining distinct, multiple signal changes in diseased tissue. Plasmonic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have been developed as contrast agents due to their strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR). This study aims to demonstrate that stimuli-responsive plasmonic Au nanoclusters (Au NCs) can be used as a contrast agent for optical coherence tomography (OCT) in detecting early-stage cancer. Au NPs were clustered via acid-cleavable linkers to synthesize Au NCs that disassemble under mildly acidic conditions into individual Au NPs, simultaneously diminishing SPR effect (quantified by scattering intensity) and increasing Brownian motion (quantified by Doppler variance). The acid-triggered morphological and accompanying optico-physical property changes of the acid-disassembling Au NCs were confirmed by TEM, DLS, UV/Vis, and OCT. Stimuli-responsive Au NCs were applied in a hamster check pouch model carrying early-stage squamous carcinoma tissue. The tissue was visualized by OCT imaging, which showed reduced scattering intensity and increased Doppler variance in the dysplastic tissue. This study demonstrates the promise of diagnosing early-stage cancer using molecularly programmable, inorganic nanomaterial-based contrast agents that are capable of generating multiple, stimuli-triggered diagnostic signals in early-stage cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575 USA
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Dominique Ingato
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575 USA
| | - Petra Wilder-Smith
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575 USA
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2715 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2715 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 147 Bison Modular, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3900 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 132 Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Dias MF, Joo K, Kemp JA, Fialho SL, da Silva Cunha A, Woo SJ, Kwon YJ. Molecular genetics and emerging therapies for retinitis pigmentosa: Basic research and clinical perspectives. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 63:107-131. [PMID: 29097191 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a hereditary retinopathy that affects about 2.5 million people worldwide. It is characterized with progressive loss of rods and cones and causes severe visual dysfunction and eventual blindness in bilateral eyes. In addition to more than 3000 genetic mutations from about 70 genes, a wide genetic overlap with other types of retinal dystrophies has been reported with RP. This diversity of genetic pathophysiology makes treatment extremely challenging. Although therapeutic attempts have been made using various pharmacologic agents (neurotrophic factors, antioxidants, and anti-apoptotic agents), most are not targeted to the fundamental cause of RP, and their clinical efficacy has not been clearly proven. Current therapies for RP in ongoing or completed clinical trials include gene therapy, cell therapy, and retinal prostheses. Gene therapy, a strategy to correct the genetic defects using viral or non-viral vectors, has the potential to achieve definitive treatment by replacing or silencing a causative gene. Among many clinical trials of gene therapy for hereditary retinal diseases, a phase 3 clinical trial of voretigene neparvovec (AAV2-hRPE65v2, Luxturna) recently showed significant efficacy for RPE65-mediated inherited retinal dystrophy including Leber congenital amaurosis and RP. It is about to be approved as the first ocular gene therapy biologic product. Despite current limitations such as limited target genes and indicated patients, modest efficacy, and the invasive administration method, development in gene editing technology and novel gene delivery carriers make gene therapy a promising therapeutic modality for RP and other hereditary retinal dystrophies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina França Dias
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kwangsic Joo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica A Kemp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Ligório Fialho
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Ingato D, Lee JU, Sim SJ, Kwon YJ. Good things come in small packages: Overcoming challenges to harness extracellular vesicles for therapeutic delivery. J Control Release 2016; 241:174-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Over the past few years, there have been calls for novel antimicrobials to combat the rise of drug-resistant bacteria. While some promising new discoveries have met this call, it is not nearly enough. The major problem is that although these new promising antimicrobials serve as a short-term solution, they lack the potential to provide a long-term solution. The conventional method of creating new antibiotics relies heavily on the discovery of an antimicrobial compound from another microbe. This paradigm of development is flawed due to the fact that microbes can easily transfer a resistant mechanism if faced with an environmental pressure. Furthermore, there has been some evidence to indicate that the environment of the microbe can provide a hint as to their virulence. Because of this, the use of materials with antimicrobial properties has been garnering interest. Nanoantibiotics, (nAbts), provide a new way to circumvent the current paradigm of antimicrobial discovery and presents a novel mechanism of attack not found in microbes yet; which may lead to a longer-term solution against drug-resistance formation. This allows for environment-specific activation and efficacy of the nAbts but may also open up and create new design methods for various applications. These nAbts provide promise, but there is still ample work to be done in their development. This review looks at possible ways of improving and optimizing nAbts by making them stimuli-responsive, then consider the challenges ahead, and industrial applications.Graphical abstractA graphic detailing how the current paradigm of antibiotic discovery can be circumvented by the use of nanoantibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius A. Edson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- 132 Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA USA
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Hong CA, Cho SK, Edson JA, Kim J, Ingato D, Pham B, Chuang A, Fruman D, Kwon YJ. Viral/Nonviral Chimeric Nanoparticles To Synergistically Suppress Leukemia Proliferation via Simultaneous Gene Transduction and Silencing. ACS Nano 2016; 10:8705-14. [PMID: 27472284 PMCID: PMC5602606 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Single modal cancer therapy that targets one pathological pathway often turns out to be inefficient. For example, relapse of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) after inhibiting BCR-ABL fusion protein using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) (e.g., Imatinib) is of significant clinical concern. This study developed a dual modal gene therapy that simultaneously tackles two key BCR-ABL-linked pathways using viral/nonviral chimeric nanoparticles (ChNPs). Consisting of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) core and an acid-degradable polymeric shell, the ChNPs were designed to simultaneously induce pro-apoptotic BIM expression by the AAV core and silence pro-survival MCL-1 by the small interfering RNA (siRNA) encapsulated in the shell. The resulting BIM/MCL-1 ChNPs were able to efficiently suppress the proliferation of BCR-ABL+ K562 and FL5.12/p190 cells in vitro and in vivo via simultaneously expressing BIM and silencing MCL-1. Interestingly, the synergistic antileukemic effects generated by BIM/MCL-1 ChNPs were specific to BCR-ABL+ cells and independent of a proliferative cytokine, IL-3. The AAV core of ChNPs was efficiently shielded from inactivation by anti-AAV serum and avoided the generation of anti-AAV serum, without acute toxicity. This study demonstrates the development of a synergistically efficient, specific, and safe therapy for leukemia using gene carriers that simultaneously manipulate multiple and interlinked pathological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Am Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Soo Kyung Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Julius A. Edson
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jane Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dominique Ingato
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Bryan Pham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anthony Chuang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Abstract
Precise control over the structure of metal nanomaterials is important for developing advanced nanobiotechnology. Assembly methods of nanoparticles into structured blocks have been widely demonstrated recently. However, synthesis of nanocrystals with controlled, three-dimensional structures remains challenging. Here we show a directed crystallization of gold by a single DNA molecular regulator in a sequence-independent manner and its applications in three-dimensional topological controls of crystalline nanostructures. We anchor DNA onto gold nanoseed with various alignments to form gold nanocrystals with defined topologies. Some topologies are asymmetric including pushpin-, star- and biconcave disk-like structures, as well as more complex jellyfish- and flower-like structures. The approach of employing DNA enables the solution-based synthesis of nanocrystals with controlled, three-dimensional structures in a desired direction, and expands the current tools available for designing and synthesizing feature-rich nanomaterials for future translational biotechnology. Bottom-up synthesis of colloidal metallic nanomaterials with a designable structure is challenging. Here, the authors report the directed crystallisation of gold by a single DNA molecular regulator, using it to synthesise gold nanocrystals with defined complex morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Ma
- Department of Chemical &Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical &Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea
| | - Wounjhang Park
- Department of Electrical, Computer &Energy Engineering, Materials Science &Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Luke P Lee
- Institute of Quantitative Biosciences &Biophysics, Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical Engineering &Computer Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Engineering &Materials Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical &Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea.,Green School, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea
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Al-Sanea MM, Abdelazem AZ, Park BS, Yoo KH, Sim T, Kwon YJ, Lee SH. ROS1 Kinase Inhibitors for Molecular-Targeted Therapies. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:142-60. [PMID: 26438251 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666151006093623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ROS1 is a pivotal transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase which regulates several cellular processes like apoptosis, survival, differentiation, proliferation, cell migration, and transformation. There is increasing evidence supporting that ROS1 plays an important role in different malignancies including glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, gastric adenocarcinoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, ovarian cancer, angiosarcoma, and non small cell lung cancer; thus, ROS1 has become a potential drug discovery target. ROS1 shares about 49% sequence homology with ALK primary structure; therefore, wide range of ALK kinase inhibitors have shown in vitro inhibitory activity against ROS1 kinase. After Crizotinib approval by FDA for the management of ALK-rearranged lung cancer, ROS1-positive tumors have been focused. Although significant advancements have been achieved in understanding ROS1 function and its signaling pathways plus recent discovery of small molecules modulating ROS1 protein, a vital need of medicinal chemistry efforts is still required to produce selective and potent ROS1 inhibitors as an important therapeutic strategy for different human malignancies. This review focuses on the current knowledge about different scaffolds targeting ROS1 rearrangements, methods to synthesis, and some biological data about the most potent compounds that have delivered various scaffold structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - S H Lee
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
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Ahad MA, Nahar MK, Amin MR, Suh SJ, Kwon YJ. Effect of weed extracts against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) of mung bean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v41i1.27671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The n-hexane extracts of the weeds bhatpata Clerodendrum viscosum, kashiature Cassia tora, dhakishak Dryoptris filix-max, bonmorich Croton bonpalandianum and ghagra Xanthium strumarium were used to evaluate their effectiveness for suppressing pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis reared on mung bean Vigna radiata grains. The investigations were done with 1, 2 and 4% n-hexane extracts of the weeds and an untreated control. The weed extracts exhibited considerable effectiveness which varied with weed species, concentrations and exposure durations. The higher concentrations showed the higher rate of insect mortality, fecundity, adult emergence inhibition, and grain protection. The LC50 values of the extracts ranged from 5.3 to 7.8, 4.7 to 6.5 and 4.1 to 6.0 g/100 ml at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment, respectively. The fecundity inhibition varied from 31.7 to 78.7%, adult emergence inhibition from 33.8 to 81.1%, and grain damage inhibition from 10.3 to 60.1% when bhatpata with concentration of 1 g/100 ml and ghagra with concentration of 4g/100 ml were applied, respectively. Among the tested weeds, ghagra (4g/100 ml) showed better efficacy against C. chinensis compared to other tested extracts and may be suggested to control pulse beetle and protection of mung bean grains.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(1): 75-84, March 2016
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Abstract
It has been more than two decades since the first aptamer molecule was discovered. Since then, aptamer molecules have gain much attention in the scientific field. This increasing traction can be attributed to their many desirable traits, such as 1) their potentials to bind a wide range of molecules, 2) their malleability, and 3) their low cost of production. These traits have made aptamer molecules an ideal platform to pursue in the realm of pharmaceuticals and bio-sensors. Despite the broad applications of aptamers, tedious procedure, high resource consumption, and limited nucleobase repertoire have hindered aptamer in application usage. To address these issues, new innovative methodologies, such as automation and single round SELEX, are being developed to improve the outcomes and rates in which aptamers are discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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Kemp JA, Shim MS, Heo CY, Kwon YJ. "Combo" nanomedicine: Co-delivery of multi-modal therapeutics for efficient, targeted, and safe cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 98:3-18. [PMID: 26546465 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic and versatile nature of diseases such as cancer has been a pivotal challenge for developing efficient and safe therapies. Cancer treatments using a single therapeutic agent often result in limited clinical outcomes due to tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. Combination therapies using multiple therapeutic modalities can synergistically elevate anti-cancer activity while lowering doses of each agent, hence, reducing side effects. Co-administration of multiple therapeutic agents requires a delivery platform that can normalize pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the agents, prolong circulation, selectively accumulate, specifically bind to the target, and enable controlled release in target site. Nanomaterials, such as polymeric nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles/cages/shells, and carbon nanomaterials, have the desired properties, and they can mediate therapeutic effects different from those generated by small molecule drugs (e.g., gene therapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and radiotherapy). This review aims to provide an overview of developing multi-modal therapies using nanomaterials ("combo" nanomedicine) along with the rationale, up-to-date progress, further considerations, and the crucial roles of interdisciplinary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Kemp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yeong Heo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Plastic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Plastic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science,University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering,University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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Cho SK, Dang C, Wang X, Ragan R, Kwon YJ. Mixing-sequence-dependent nucleic acid complexation and gene transfer efficiency by polyethylenimine. Biomater Sci 2015. [PMID: 26221945 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00041f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyplexes, complexed nucleic acids by cationic polymers, are the most common forms of nonviral gene delivery vectors. In contrast to a great deal of efforts in synthesizing novel cationic polymers and exploring their extracellular and intracellular delivery pathways, polyplex preparation methods of mixing nucleic acids and cationic polymers are often overlooked. In this study, the mixing sequence, that is adding nucleic acids to polymers or vice versa, was found to greatly affect complexation of both plasmid DNA and siRNA, polyplexes' size, and polyplexes' surface charge, which all collaboratively affected the transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity. Adding polyethylenimine (PEI), the most conventionally used standard in nonviral gene delivery, to plasmid DNA and siRNA resulted in larger polyplexes, higher gene expression and silencing, but higher cytotoxicity than polyplexes prepared in the reverse order. Based on the experimental results, the authors developed a model that gradual addition of cationic polymers (e.g., PEI) to nucleic acids (e.g., plasmid DNA and siRNA) incorporates more copies of nucleic acids in larger polyplexes in a smaller number, results in higher gene expression and silencing levels in transfected cells, and generates higher cytotoxicity by leaving more free polymers upon complete mixing than the other mixing sequence. The proposed model can be explored using a broad range of cationic polymers and nucleic acids, and provide insightful information about how to prepare polyplexed nonviral vectors for efficient and safe gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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34
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Shim SG, Kwon YJ, Lee HS, Park MJ. Comparison of the efficacy of tenofovir and entecavir for the treatment of nucleos(t) ide-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B. Niger J Clin Pract 2015; 18:796-801. [DOI: 10.4103/1119-3077.163296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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35
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Cao GP, Arooj M, Thangapandian S, Park C, Arulalapperumal V, Kim Y, Kwon YJ, Kim HH, Suh JK, Lee KW. A lazy learning-based QSAR classification study for screening potential histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) inhibitors. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2015; 26:397-420. [PMID: 25986171 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2015.1040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases 8 (HDAC8) is an enzyme repressing the transcription of various genes including tumour suppressor gene and has already become a target of human cancer treatment. In an effort to facilitate the discovery of HDAC8 inhibitors, two quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) classification models were developed using K nearest neighbours (KNN) and neighbourhood classifier (NEC). Molecular descriptors were calculated for the data set and database compounds using ADRIANA.Code of Molecular Networks. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to select the descriptors. The developed models were validated by leave-one-out cross validation (LOO CV). The performances of the developed models were evaluated with an external test set. Highly predictive models were used for database virtual screening. Furthermore, hit compounds were subsequently subject to molecular docking. Five hits were obtained based on consensus scoring function and binding affinity as potential HDAC8 inhibitors. Finally, HDAC8 structures in complex with five hits were also subjected to 5 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to evaluate the complex structure stability. To the best of our knowledge, the NEC classification model used in this study is the first application of NEC to virtual screening for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Cao
- a Department of Biochemistry, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program) , Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Centre (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
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Jang M, Kwon YJ, Lee NY. Non-photolithographic plastic-mold-based fabrication of cylindrical and multi-tiered poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannels for biomimetic lab-on-a-chip applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cylindrical and multi-tiered PDMS microchannels were fabricated from two thermoplastic molds having large difference in glass transition temperatures, and were used for constructing LOC platforms mimicking human microvasculature and liver sinusoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Jang
- Department of BioNano Technology
- Gachon University
- Seongnam-si
- Korea
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of California Irvine
- Irvine
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology
- Gachon University
- Seongnam-si
- Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Wong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of California; Irvine, 132 Sprague Hall Irvine California 92697-3905
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of California; Irvine, 132 Sprague Hall Irvine California 92697-3905
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of California, Irvine; 132 Sprague Hall Irvine California 92697-3905
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Shim MS, Chang SS, Kwon YJ. Stimuli-responsive siRNA carriers for efficient gene silencing in tumors via systemic delivery. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:35-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60187k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Wong S, Shim MS, Kwon YJ. Synthetically designed peptide-based biomaterials with stimuli-responsive and membrane-active properties for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:595-615. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21344g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Zamora G, Wang F, Sun CH, Trinidad A, Kwon YJ, Cho SK, Berg K, Madsen SJ, Hirschberg H. Photochemical internalization-mediated nonviral gene transfection: polyamine core-shell nanoparticles as gene carrier. J Biomed Opt 2014; 19:105009. [PMID: 25341069 PMCID: PMC4206751 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.10.105009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The overall objective of the research was to investigate the utility of photochemical internalization (PCI) for the enhanced nonviral transfection of genes into glioma cells. The PCI-mediated introduction of the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) or the cytosine deaminase (CD) pro-drug activating gene into U87 or U251 glioma cell monolayers and multicell tumor spheroids were evaluated. In the study reported here, polyamine-DNA gene polyplexes were encapsulated in a nanoparticle (NP) with an acid degradable polyketal outer shell. These NP synthetically mimic the roles of viral capsid and envelope, which transport and release the gene, respectively. The effects of PCI-mediated suppressor and suicide genes transfection efficiency employing either “naked” polyplex cores alone or as NP-shelled cores were compared. PCI was performed with the photosensitizer AlPcS 2a and λ=670-nm laser irradiance. The results clearly demonstrated that the PCI can enhance the delivery of both the PTEN or CD genes in human glioma cell monolayers and multicell tumor spheroids. The transfection efficiency, as measured by cell survival and inhibition of spheroid growth, was found to be significantly greater at suboptimal light and DNA levels for shelled NPs compared with polyamine-DNA polyplexes alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesis Zamora
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Frederick Wang
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Chung-Ho Sun
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Anthony Trinidad
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- University of California, Department of Chemical Engineering/Material Science, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, California 92697-2575, United States
- University of California, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 147 Bison Modular, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Soo Kyung Cho
- University of California, Department of Chemical Engineering/Material Science, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, California 92697-2575, United States
| | - Kristian Berg
- Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Department of Radiation Biology, Ullernchausseen 70, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Steen J. Madsen
- University of Nevada, Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Henry Hirschberg
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- University of Nevada, Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
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Kwon Y, Cho SI, Kwon YJ, Yang KS, Jang YJ, Kim JH, Park SH, Mok YJ, Park S. Safety of transorally-inserted anvil for esophagojejunostomy in laparoscopic total gastrectomy. Eur J Surg Oncol 2013; 40:330-7. [PMID: 24373299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the safety of transorally-inserted anvil (TOA) for use during esophagojejunostomy (EJ) reconstruction during laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG). METHODS Between March 2009 and December 2011, 39 consecutive open total gastrectomies (OTGs) and 36 LTGs using TOA for gastric cancer were comparatively evaluated. We investigated postoperative complications, using the Clavien-Dindo classification. To evaluate the effect of a learning period in using TOA for LTG, we also investigated shifts in the patterns of complications and changes in total operation time over the course of the study. RESULTS The patient characteristics at baseline were not different between both groups, except for the extent of lymphadenectomy (P < 0.001) and depth of tumor invasion (P = 0.003). Multivariate analysis revealed that TOA usage elevated the occurrence of infectious complications significantly (OR = 3.32, P = 0.042), but was not associated with EJ-related complications. TOA usage did not need a learning period for the length of time required to complete the operation, or the likelihood of developing an EJ-related or infectious complication. CONCLUSIONS TOA use for EJ during LTG is relatively simple and easy enough not to require a learning period for surgeons. This procedure did not elevated the occurrence of EJ-related complications compared to circular stapling in open surgery, but it does require special prevention efforts to avoid infectious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kwon
- Division of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Inchon-ro 73, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea.
| | - S I Cho
- Division of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Inchon-ro 73, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea.
| | - Y J Kwon
- Division of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Inchon-ro 73, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea.
| | - K S Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Inchon-ro 73, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Y J Jang
- Division of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Inchon-ro 73, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea.
| | - J H Kim
- Division of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Inchon-ro 73, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea.
| | - S H Park
- Division of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Inchon-ro 73, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea.
| | - Y-J Mok
- Division of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Inchon-ro 73, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea.
| | - S Park
- Division of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Inchon-ro 73, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea.
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Cho SK, Pedram A, Levin ER, Kwon YJ. Acid-degradable core-shell nanoparticles for reversed tamoxifen-resistance in breast cancer by silencing manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Biomaterials 2013; 34:10228-37. [PMID: 24055523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance acquired by cancer cells is a significant challenge in the clinic and requires impairing the responsible pathological pathway. Administering chemotherapeutics along with silencing resistance-basis activity using RNA interference (RNAi) is expected to restore the activity of the chemotherapeutic and generate synergistic cancer eradication. This study attempted to reverse tamoxifen (TAM)-resistance in breast cancer by silencing a mitochondrial enzyme, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), which dismutates TAM-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) (i.e., superoxide) to less harmful hydrogen peroxide and hampers therapeutic effects. Breast cancer cells were co-treated with TAM and MnSOD siRNA-delivering nanoparticles (NPs) made of a siRNA/poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendriplex core and an acid-degradable polyketal (PK) shell. The (siRNA/PAMAM)-PK NPs were designed for the PK shell to shield siRNA from nucleases, minimize detrimental aggregation in serum, and facilitate cytosolic release of siRNA from endosomal compartments. This method of forming the PK shell around the siRNA/PAMAM core via surface-initiated photo-polymerization enables ease of tuning NPs' size for readily controlled siRNA release kinetics. The resulting NPs were notably homogenous in size, resistant to aggregation in serum, and invulnerable to heparan sulfate-mediated disassembly, compared to siRNA/PAMAM dendriplexes. Gel electrophoresis and confocal microscopy confirmed efficient siRNA release from the (siRNA/PAMAM)-PK NPs upon stimuli-responsive hydrolysis of the PK shell. Sensitization of TAM-resistant MCF7-BK-TR breast cancer cells with (MnSOD siRNA/PAMAM)-PK NPs restored TAM-induced cellular apoptosis in vitro and significantly suppressed tumor growth in vivo, as confirmed by biochemical assays and histological observations. This study implies that combined gene silencing and chemotherapy is a promising strategy to overcoming a significant challenge in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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Song MS, Choi SP, Lee J, Kwon YJ, Sim SJ. Real-time, sensitive, and specific detection of promoter-polymerase interactions in gene transcription using a nanoplasmonic sensor. Adv Mater 2013; 25:1265-1269. [PMID: 23166096 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201203467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Kim CS, Qi W, Zhang J, Kwon YJ, Chen Z. Imaging and quantifying Brownian motion of micro- and nanoparticles using phase-resolved Doppler variance optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt 2013; 18:030504. [PMID: 23515863 PMCID: PMC3603150 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.3.030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Different types and sizes of micro- and nanoparticles have been synthesized and developed for numerous applications. It is crucial to characterize the particle sizes. Traditional dynamic light scattering, a predominant method used to characterize particle size, is unable to provide depth resolved information or imaging functions. Doppler variance optical coherence tomography (OCT) measures the spectral bandwidth of the Doppler frequency shift due to the Brownian motion of the particles utilizing the phase-resolved approach and can provide quantitative information about particle size. Spectral bandwidths of Doppler frequency shifts for various sized particles were quantified and were demonstrated to be inversely proportional to the diameter of the particles. The study demonstrates the phase-resolved Doppler variance spectral domain OCT technique has the potential to be used to investigate the properties of particles in highly scattering media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Soo Kim
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Irvine, California 92697
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California 92612
| | - Wenjuan Qi
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Irvine, California 92697
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California 92612
| | - Jun Zhang
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California 92612
- Address all correspondence to: Young Jik Kwon, University of California, Irvine, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Irvine, California 92697; Tel: +949-824-8714; Fax: +949-824-4023; E-mail or Zhongping Chen, University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697. Tel: +949-824-1247; Fax: +949-824-8413; E-mail
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Irvine, California 92697
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irvine, California 92697
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Zhongping Chen
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Irvine, California 92697
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California 92612
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697
- Pusan National University, Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, World Class University Program, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
- Address all correspondence to: Young Jik Kwon, University of California, Irvine, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Irvine, California 92697; Tel: +949-824-8714; Fax: +949-824-4023; E-mail or Zhongping Chen, University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California 92697. Tel: +949-824-1247; Fax: +949-824-8413; E-mail
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Mathews MS, Shih EC, Zamora G, Sun CH, Cho SK, Kwon YJ, Hirschberg H. Erratum: Re: “glioma cell growth inhibition following photochemical internalization enhanced non-viral PTEN gene transfection” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 2012;44(9):746-754. Lasers Surg Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mathews MS, Shih EC, Zamora G, Sun CH, Cho SK, Kwon YJ, Hirschberg H. Glioma cell growth inhibition following photochemical internalization enhanced non-viral PTEN gene transfection. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44:746-54. [PMID: 23018764 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE One of many limitations for cancer gene therapy is the inability of the therapeutic gene to transfect a sufficient number of tumor cells. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a photodynamic therapy-based approach for improving the delivery of macromolecules and genes into the cell cytosol. The utility of PCI for the delivery of the GFP reporter gene on the same plasmid as a tumor suppressor gene (PTEN) was investigated in monolayers of U251 human glioma cells and muticell U87 glioma spheroids. MATERIALS AND METHODS U251 monolayers or U87 spheroids were incubated in AlPcS(2a) and non-viral vector polyplexes for 18 hours. In all cases, light treatment was performed with a diode laser at a wavelength of 670 nm. The non-viral transfection agents, branched polyethylenimine (bPEI), or protamine sulfate (PS), were used with the plasmid constructs GFP/PTEN or GFP. RESULTS PS/GFP polyplexes were much less toxic to the glioma cells compared to bPEI/GFP polyplexes but were highly inefficient at gene transfection if used alone. PCI resulted in a 5- to 10-fold increase in GFP protein expression compared to controls. PCI-bPEI/PTEN or PCI-PS/PTEN transfection of either U251 monolayers or U87 spheroids significantly inhibited their growth. but had no effect on MCF-7 cells containing a wild-type PTEN gene. In addition PCI-GFP transfection of gliomas cells had no effect on their growth pattern. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the results suggest that AlPcS(2a) -mediated PCI can be used to enhance cell growth inhibition via transfection of tumor suppressor genes in glioma cells containing mutant PTEN genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon S Mathews
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
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Shim MS, Kwon YJ. Stimuli-responsive polymers and nanomaterials for gene delivery and imaging applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1046-59. [PMID: 22329941 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple extra- and intracellular obstacles, including low stability in blood, poor cellular uptake, and inefficient endosomal escape and disassembly in the cytoplasm, have to be overcome in order to deliver nucleic acids for gene therapy. This review introduces the recent advances in tackling the key challenges in achieving efficient, targeted, and safe nonviral gene delivery using various nucleic acid-containing nanomaterials that are designed to respond to various extra- and intracellular biological stimuli (e.g., pH, redox potential, and enzyme) as well as external artificial triggers (e.g., light and ultrasound). Gene delivery in combination with molecular imaging and targeting enables diagnostic assessment, treatment monitoring and quantification of efficiency, and confirmation of cure, thus fulfilling the great promise of efficient and personalized medicine. Nanomaterials platform for combined imaging and gene therapy, nanotheragnostics, using stimuli-responsive materials is also highlighted in this review. It is clear that developing novel multifunctional nonviral vectors, which transform their physico-chemical properties in response to various stimuli in a timely and spatially controlled manner, is highly desired to translate the promise of gene therapy for the clinical success.
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Kwon YJ. Before and after endosomal escape: roles of stimuli-converting siRNA/polymer interactions in determining gene silencing efficiency. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1077-88. [PMID: 22103667 DOI: 10.1021/ar200241v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Silencing the expression of a target gene by RNA interference (RNAi) shows promise as a potentially revolutionizing strategy for manipulating biological (pathological) pathways at the translational level. However, the lack of reliable, efficient, versatile, and safe means for the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, which are large in molecular weight, negatively charged, and subject to degradation, has impeded their use in basic research and therapy. Polyplexes of siRNA and polymers are the predominant mode of siRNA delivery, but innovative synthetic strategies are needed to further evolve them to generate the desired biological and therapeutic effects. This Account focuses on the design of polymeric vehicles for siRNA delivery based on an understanding of the molecular interactions between siRNA and cationic polymers. Ideal siRNA/polymer polyplexes should address an inherent design dilemma for successful gene silencing: (1) Cationic polymers must form tight complexes with siRNA via attractive electrostatic interactions during circulation and cellular internalization and (2) siRNA must dissociate from its cationic carrier in the cytoplasm before they are loaded into RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and initiate gene silencing. The physicochemical properties of polymers, which dictate their molecular affinity to siRNA, can be programmed to be altered by intracellular stimuli, such as acidic pH in the endosome and cytosolic reducers, subsequently inducing the siRNA/polymer polyplex to disassemble. Specific design goals include the reduction of the cationic density and the molecular weight, the loss of branched structure, and changes in the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the polymeric siRNA carriers, via acid-responsive degradation and protonation processes within the endosome and glutathione (GSH)-mediated reduction in the cytoplasm, possibly in combination with gradual stimuli-independent hydrolysis. Acetals/ketals are acid-cleavable linkages that have been incorporated into polymeric materials for stimuli-responsive gene and drug delivery. Tailoring the ketalization ratio and the molecular weight of ketalized branched PEI (K-BPEI) offers molecular control of the intracellular trafficking of siRNA/polymer polyplexes and, therefore, the gene silencing efficiency. The ketalization of linear PEI (K-LPEI) enhances gene silencing in vitro and in vivo by improving siRNA complexation with the polymer during circulation and cellular internalization, supplementing proton buffering efficiency of the polymer in the endosome, and facilitating siRNA dissociation from the polymer in the cytoplasm, in a serum-resistant manner. Spermine polymerization via ketalization and esterification for multistep intracellular degradations provides an additional polymeric platform for improved siRNA delivery and highly biocompatible gene silencing. The chemistry presented in this Account will help lay the foundation for the development of innovative and strategic approaches that advance RNAi technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Kwon YJ, Kang BH, Bae SY, Seo JH, Kim JY, Lee EA, Wang JK, Lee YM, Go KJ, Pyo HJ, Lee JB. CALCIUM REQUIREMENT AFTER PARATHYROIDECTOMY (PTX) IN SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM (2° HPT). Kidney Res Clin Pract 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.krcp.2012.04.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Cho SK, Kwon YJ. Simultaneous gene transduction and silencing using stimuli-responsive viral/nonviral chimeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3316-23. [PMID: 22281425 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite viral vectors' predominant use in clinical trials, due to higher gene delivery efficiency than nonviral counterparts, intrinsic immunogenicity and limited tunability for multi-modal effects are major concerns for their usage in gene therapy. An adeno-associated viral (AAV) particle was shielded with acid-degradable, siRNA-encapsulating polyketal (PK) shell, resulting in core-shell viral/nonviral chimeric nanoparticles (ChNPs). The AAV core of a ChNP is protected from immune responses by the PK shell which also facilitates the intracellular trafficking of the AAV core and efficiently releases the encapsulated siRNA into the cytoplasm. ChNPs led to significantly enhanced gene transduction, compared to unmodified free AAVs, and simultaneous silencing of a target gene, while avoiding inactivation by recognition from the immune system. Furthermore, conjugation of sialic acid (SA) on the surface of ChNPs enabled receptor-mediated targeted gene delivery to CD22-expressing cells. The ChNPs developed in this study combine the advantages of both viral and nonviral vectors and are a promising platform for targeted co-delivery of DNA and siRNA in inducing synergistic therapeutic effects by simultaneous expression and silencing of multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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