1
|
Dash A, Guchait S, Scheunemann D, Vijayakumar V, Leclerc N, Brinkmann M, Kemerink M. Spontaneous Modulation Doping in Semi-Crystalline Conjugated Polymers Leads to High Conductivity at Low Doping Concentration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2311303. [PMID: 38118058 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to control the charge carrier density through doping is one of the defining properties of semiconductors. For organic semiconductors, the doping process is known to come with several problems associated with the dopant compromising the charge carrier mobility by deteriorating the host morphology and/or introducing Coulomb traps. While for inorganic semiconductors these factors can be mitigated through (top-down) modulation doping, this concept has not been employed in organics. Here, this work shows that properly chosen host/dopant combinations can give rise to spontaneous, bottom-up modulation doping, in which the dopants preferentially sit in an amorphous phase, while the actual charge transport occurs predominantly in a crystalline phase with an unaltered microstructure, spatially separating dopants and mobile charges. Combining experiments and numerical simulations, this work shows that this leads to exceptionally high conductivities at relatively low dopant concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Dash
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shubhradip Guchait
- Institute Charles Sadron, UPR022, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67034, France
| | - Dorothea Scheunemann
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vishnu Vijayakumar
- Institute Charles Sadron, UPR022, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67034, France
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75120, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICPEES UMR 7515, Strasbourg, F-67087, France
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institute Charles Sadron, UPR022, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67034, France
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gilhooly-Finn PA, Jacobs IE, Bardagot O, Zaffar Y, Lemaire A, Guchait S, Zhang L, Freeley M, Neal W, Richard F, Palma M, Banerji N, Sirringhaus H, Brinkmann M, Nielsen CB. Interplay between Side Chain Density and Polymer Alignment: Two Competing Strategies for Enhancing the Thermoelectric Performance of P3HT Analogues. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:9029-9039. [PMID: 38027547 PMCID: PMC10653083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of polythiophenes with varying side chain density was synthesized, and their electrical and thermoelectric properties were investigated. Aligned and non-aligned thin films of the polymers were characterized in the neutral and chemically doped states. Optical and diffraction measurements revealed an overall lower order in the thin films with lower side chain density, also confirmed using polarized optical experiments on aligned thin films. However, upon doping the non-aligned films, a sixfold increase in electrical conductivity was observed for the polythiophene with the lowest side chain density compared to poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). We found that the improvement in conductivity was not due to a larger charge carrier density but an increase in charge carrier mobility after doping with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ). On the other hand, doped aligned films did not show the same trend; lower side chain density instead led to a lower conductivity and Seebeck coefficient compared to those for P3HT. This was attributed to the poorer alignment of the polymer thin films with lower side chain density. The study demonstrates that optimizing side chain density is a synthetically simple and effective way to improve electrical conductivity in polythiophene films relevant to thermoelectric applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Gilhooly-Finn
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Ian E. Jacobs
- Optoelectronics
Group, University of Cambridge, Cavendish
Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Olivier Bardagot
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Zaffar
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Antoine Lemaire
- Charles
Sadron Institute (ICS), CNRS Université de Strasbourg, UPR
22, 23 Rue du Loess, Strasbourg Cedex 02, 67034, France
| | - Shubhradip Guchait
- Charles
Sadron Institute (ICS), CNRS Université de Strasbourg, UPR
22, 23 Rue du Loess, Strasbourg Cedex 02, 67034, France
| | - Lu Zhang
- Optoelectronics
Group, University of Cambridge, Cavendish
Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Mark Freeley
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - William Neal
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Fanny Richard
- Université
de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Matteo Palma
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics
Group, University of Cambridge, Cavendish
Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Charles
Sadron Institute (ICS), CNRS Université de Strasbourg, UPR
22, 23 Rue du Loess, Strasbourg Cedex 02, 67034, France
| | - Christian B. Nielsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Yang K, Wang D, Liu B, Wang Y, Jeong SY, Chen Z, Woo HY, Guo X. Regioisomeric Cyanated Polythiophenes Bearing Polar Side Chains for n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Zhicai Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Das R, Linseis M, Scheerer S, Zoller K, Senft L, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Winter RF. Reversible Multielectron Release from Redox-Active Three-Dimensional Molecular Barrels with Ruthenium-Alkenyl Moieties. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12662-12677. [PMID: 35917328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional molecular barrels Ru6-4 and Ru6-5 were synthesized in high yields from dinuclear ruthenium-vinyl clamps and tritopic triphenylamine-derived carboxylate linkers and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy including 1H-1H COSY and 1H DOSY measurements, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The metal frameworks of the cages adopt the shape of twisted trigonal prisms, and they crystallize as racemic mixtures of interdigitating Δ- and Λ-enantiomers with a tight columnar packing in Ru6-4. Electrochemical studies and redox titrations revealed that the cages are able to release up to 11 electrons on the voltammetric timescale and that their cage structures persist up to the hexacation level. IR and UV-vis-near-infrared spectroelectrochemical studies confirm substituent-dependent intramolecular electronic communication within the π-conjugated 1,3-divinylphenylene backbone in the tricationic states, where all three divinylphenylene-bridged diruthenium clamps are present in mixed-valent radical cation states. The formation of 1:3 charge-transfer salts with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane as the electron acceptor is also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajorshi Das
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Linseis
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheerer
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Katrin Zoller
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Laura Senft
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus D, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus D, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Rainer F Winter
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Das R, Linseis M, Schupp SM, Schmidt‐Mende L, Winter RF. Electron-Rich Diruthenium Complexes with π-Extended Alkenyl Ligands and Their F 4 TCNQ Charge-Transfer Salts. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104403. [PMID: 35235235 PMCID: PMC9310581 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of dinuclear ruthenium alkenyl complexes with {Ru(CO)(Pi Pr3 )2 (L)} entities (L=Cl- in complexes Ru2 -3 and Ru2 -7; L=acetylacetonate (acac- ) in complexes Ru2 -4 and Ru2 -8) and with π-conjugated 2,7-divinylphenanthrenediyl (Ru2 -3, Ru2 -4) or 5,8-divinylquinoxalinediyl (Ru2 -7, Ru2 -8) as bridging ligands are reported. The bridging ligands are laterally π-extended by anellating a pyrene (Ru2 -7, Ru2 -8) or a 6,7-benzoquinoxaline (Ru2 -3, Ru2 -4) π-perimeter. This was done with the hope that the open π-faces of the electron-rich complexes will foster association with planar electron acceptors via π-stacking. The dinuclear complexes were subjected to cyclic and square-wave voltammetry and were characterized in all accessible redox states by IR, UV/Vis/NIR and, where applicable, by EPR spectroscopy. These studies signified the one-electron oxidized forms of divinylphenylene-bridged complexes Ru2 -7, Ru2 -8 as intrinsically delocalized mixed-valent species, and those of complexes Ru2 -3 and Ru2 -4 with the longer divinylphenanthrenediyl linker as partially localized on the IR, yet delocalized on the EPR timescale. The more electron-rich acac- congeners formed non-conductive 1 : 1 charge-transfer (CT) salts on treatment with the F4 TCNQ electron acceptor. All spectroscopic techniques confirmed the presence of pairs of complex radical cations and F4 TCNQ.- radical anions in these CT salts, but produced no firm evidence for the relevance of π-stacking to their formation and properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajorshi Das
- Fachbereich ChemieUniversität KonstanzUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Michael Linseis
- Fachbereich ChemieUniversität KonstanzUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Stefan M. Schupp
- Fachbereich PhysikUniversität KonstanzUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Lukas Schmidt‐Mende
- Fachbereich PhysikUniversität KonstanzUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Rainer F. Winter
- Fachbereich ChemieUniversität KonstanzUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| |
Collapse
|