1
|
Li Y, Wang S, Qian S, Liu Z, Weng Y, Zhang Y. Depolymerization and Re/Upcycling of Biodegradable PLA Plastics. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13509-13521. [PMID: 38559974 PMCID: PMC10976375 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
With the escalating utilization of plastic products, global attention has been increasingly drawn to environmental pollution and recycling challenges stemming from plastic waste. Against this backdrop, biodegradable plastics have emerged as viable alternatives owing to their sustainability and capacity for biodegradation. Polylactic acid (PLA) presently commands the largest market share among biodegradable plastics, finding extensive application in products such as thin films, medical materials, and biodegradable straws. However, the widespread adoption of PLA is hindered by challenges such as high cost, low recycling rates, and complete degradation to H2O and CO2 in natural conditions. Therefore, it is imperative and time-sensitive to explore solutions for the depolymerization and re/upcycling of PLA waste plastics. This review comprehensively outlines the current landscape of PLA recycling methods, emphasizing the advantages and significance of chemical re/upcycling. The subsequent exploration encompasses recent breakthroughs and technical obstacles inherent in diverse chemical depolymerization methods. Ultimately, this review accentuates the impediments and forthcoming possibilities in the realm of PLA plastics, emphasizing the pursuit of closed-loop recycling and upcycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YingChao Li
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic
University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic
University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Song Qian
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic
University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic
University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Yujing Weng
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic
University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic
University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clark R, Shaver MP. Depolymerization within a Circular Plastics System. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2617-2650. [PMID: 38386877 PMCID: PMC10941197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The societal importance of plastics contrasts with the carelessness with which they are disposed. Their superlative properties lead to economic and environmental efficiency, but the linearity of plastics puts the climate, human health, and global ecosystems at risk. Recycling is fundamental to transitioning this linear model into a more sustainable, circular economy. Among recycling technologies, chemical depolymerization offers a route to virgin quality recycled plastics, especially when valorizing complex waste streams poorly served by mechanical methods. However, chemical depolymerization exists in a complex and interlinked system of end-of-life fates, with the complementarity of each approach key to environmental, economic, and societal sustainability. This review explores the recent progress made into the depolymerization of five commercial polymers: poly(ethylene terephthalate), polycarbonates, polyamides, aliphatic polyesters, and polyurethanes. Attention is paid not only to the catalytic technologies used to enhance depolymerization efficiencies but also to the interrelationship with other recycling technologies and to the systemic constraints imposed by a global economy. Novel polymers, designed for chemical depolymerization, are also concisely reviewed in terms of their underlying chemistry and potential for integration with current plastic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robbie
A. Clark
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chai M, Xu G, Yang R, Sun H, Wang Q. Degradation Product-Promoted Depolymerization Strategy for Chemical Recycling of Poly(bisphenol A carbonate). Molecules 2024; 29:640. [PMID: 38338384 PMCID: PMC10856637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of waste plastics has a severe impact on the environment, and therefore, the development of efficient chemical recycling methods has become an extremely important task. In this regard, a new strategy of degradation product-promoted depolymerization process was proposed. Using N,N'-dimethyl-ethylenediamine (DMEDA) as a depolymerization reagent, an efficient chemical recycling of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (BPA-PC or PC) material was achieved under mild conditions. The degradation product 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) was proven to be a critical factor in facilitating the depolymerization process. This strategy does not require catalysts or auxiliary solvents, making it a truly green process. This method improves the recycling efficiency of PC and promotes the development of plastic reutilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maoqing Chai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China;
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
| | - Guangqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Rulin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Hongguang Sun
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China;
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Q, Hu C, Li PY, Bai FQ, Pang X, Chen X. Solvent-Promoted Catalyst-Free Recycling of Waste Polyester and Polycarbonate Materials. ACS Macro Lett 2024:151-157. [PMID: 38227974 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric materials are indispensable in our daily lives. However, the generation of vast amounts of waste polymers poses significant environmental and ecological challenges. Instead of resorting to landfilling or incineration, strategies for polymer recycling offer a promising approach to mitigate environmental pollution. Pioneering studies have demonstrated the alcoholysis of waste polyesters and polycarbonates; however, these processes typically require the use of catalysts. Moreover, the development of strategies for catalyst removal and recycling is crucial, particularly in some industrial applications. In contrast, we present a catalyst-free method for the alcoholysis of common polyester and polycarbonate materials into small organic molecules. Certain polar organic solvents exhibit remarkable efficiency in polymer degradation under catalyst-free conditions. Employing these polar solvents, both polymer resins and commercially available products could be effectively degraded via alcoholysis. Our design contributes a straightforward route for recycling waste polymeric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Peng-Yuan Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xuan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McGuire T, Buchard A, Williams C. Chemical Recycling of Commercial Poly(l-lactic acid) to l-Lactide Using a High-Performance Sn(II)/Alcohol Catalyst System. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19840-19848. [PMID: 37654014 PMCID: PMC10510327 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) is a leading commercial polymer produced from biomass, showing useful properties for plastics and fiber applications; after use, it is compostable. One area for improvement is postconsumer waste PLLA chemical recycling to monomer (CRM), i.e., the formation of l-lactide (l-LA) from waste plastic. This process is currently feasible at high reaction temperatures and shows low catalytic activity accompanied, in some cases, by side reactions, including epimerization. Here, a commercial Sn(II) catalyst, applied with nonvolatile commercial alcohol, enables highly efficient CRM of PLLA to yield l-LA in excellent yield and purity (92% yield, >99% l-LA from theoretical max.). The depolymerization is performed using neat polymer films at low temperatures (160 °C) under a nitrogen flow or vacuum. The chemical recycling operates with outstanding activity, achieving turnover frequencies which are up to 3000× higher than previously excellent catalysts and applied at loadings up to 6000× lower than previously leading catalysts. The catalyst system achieves a TOF = 3000 h-1 at 0.01 mol % or 1:10,000 catalyst:PLLA loading. The depolymerization of waste PLLA plastic packaging (coffee cup lids) produces pure l-LA in excellent yield and selectivity. The new catalyst system (Sn + alcohol) can itself be recycled four times in different PLLA "batch degradations" and maintains its high catalytic productivity, activity, and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
M. McGuire
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Sustainability, University of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Charlotte Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Biswas S, Das A. A Versatile Step-Growth Polymerization Route to Functional Polyesters from an Activated Diester Monomer. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203849. [PMID: 36511092 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a versatile and efficient condensation polymerization route to aliphatic polyesters by organo-catalyzed (4-dimethylaminopyridine) transesterification reactions between an activated pentafluorophenyl-diester of adipic acid and structurally different diols. By introducing "monofunctional impurity" or "stoichiometric imbalance," this methodology can afford well-defined end-functionalized polyesters with predictable molecular weights and narrow dispersity under mild conditions without any necessity for the removal of the byproducts to accelerate the polymerization reaction, which remains a major challenge in conventional polyester synthesis with non-activated diesters. Wide substrate scope with structurally different monomers and the synthesis of block copolymers by chain extension following either ring-opening polymerization or controlled radical polymerization have been successfully demonstrated. Some of the polyesters synthesized by this newly introduced approach show high thermal stability, crystallinity, and enzymatic degradation in aqueous environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Biswas
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kolitha BS, Jayasekara SK, Tannenbaum R, Jasiuk IM, Jayakody LN. Repurposing of waste PET by microbial biotransformation to functionalized materials for additive manufacturing. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad010. [PMID: 37248049 PMCID: PMC10549213 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is an outstanding environmental thread. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most abundantly produced single-use plastics worldwide, but its recycling rates are low. In parallel, additive manufacturing is a rapidly evolving technology with wide-ranging applications. Thus, there is a need for a broad spectrum of polymers to meet the demands of this growing industry and address post-use waste materials. This perspective article highlights the potential of designing microbial cell factories to upcycle PET into functionalized chemical building blocks for additive manufacturing. We present the leveraging of PET hydrolyzing enzymes and rewiring the bacterial C2 and aromatic catabolic pathways to obtain high-value chemicals and polymers. Since PET mechanical recycling back to original materials is cost-prohibitive, the biochemical technology is a viable alternative to upcycle PET into novel 3D printing materials, such as replacements for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. The presented hybrid chemo-bio approaches potentially enable the manufacturing of environmentally friendly degradable or higher-value high-performance polymers and composites and their reuse for a circular economy. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Biotransformation of waste PET to high-value platform chemicals for additive manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhagya S Kolitha
- School of Biological Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Sandhya K Jayasekara
- School of Biological Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Rina Tannenbaum
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, the Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Iwona M Jasiuk
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lahiru N Jayakody
- School of Biological Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
- Fermentation Science Institute, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou X, Liu Q, Xu G, Yang R, Sun H, Wang Q. Chemical upcycling of poly(lactide) plastic waste to lactate ester, lactide and new poly(lactide) under Mg-catalysis condition. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
9
|
Panariello L, Coltelli MB, Hadrich A, Braca F, Fiori S, Haviv A, Miketa F, Lazzeri A, Staebler A, Gigante V, Cinelli P. Antimicrobial and Gas Barrier Crustaceans and Fungal Chitin-Based Coatings on Biodegradable Bioplastic Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235211. [PMID: 36501606 PMCID: PMC9737123 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin nanofibrils (CN) can be obtained from crustaceans and fungal sources and can be used for preparing coatings for bioplastic films, that are fundamental for developing a safe and sustainable biodegradable food packaging. Coatings with different concentrations of CN from shrimps were applied on different bioplastic substrates, like Poly (butylene succinate-co-adipate)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PBSA/PHBV) blend, Polybutylene succinate (PBS), and Polybutylene adipate terephthalate/Poly(lactic acid) (PBAT/PLA) blend, but the adhesion to the substrates was scarce. On the contrary, the fungal-based CN showed a better adhesion. Additionally, it was found that the use of an additive based on oligomeric lactic acid was useful to prepare a coating with an improved adhesion to bioplastics. The gas barrier properties to oxygen and water vapour of coated and un-coated films were measured, revealing an improvement of these properties thanks to applied coatings, especially towards the oxygen. Antimicrobial properties and biodegradation capacity were also evaluated revealing an antibacterial effect of the coatings that did not significantly interfere with their biodegradability. The results are discussed and interpreted considering the correlation between composition and macromolecular structures with the observed functional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.-B.C.); (P.C.); Tel.: +39-05-0221-7856 (M.-B.C.); +39-05-0221-7869 (P.C.)
| | - Ahdi Hadrich
- Biomass Valorization Platform-Materials, CELABOR s.c.r.l., 4650 Chaineux, Belgium
| | | | - Stefano Fiori
- Condensia Quimica, C/Junqueras 11-A, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amit Haviv
- TIPA, 6 HaHarash St., Hod Hasharon 4524079, Israel
| | - Filip Miketa
- Bio-Mi Ltd., Put Brdo 15, 51 211 Matulji, Croatia
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., Via S. Giovanni Bosco 23, 56017 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreas Staebler
- Fraunhfer-Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.-B.C.); (P.C.); Tel.: +39-05-0221-7856 (M.-B.C.); +39-05-0221-7869 (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo M, Wu W, Wu W, Gao Q. Competitive Mechanism of Stereocomplexes and Homocrystals in High-Performance Symmetric and Asymmetric Poly(lactic acid) Enantiomers: Qualitative Methods. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:41412-41425. [PMID: 36406546 PMCID: PMC9670727 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To systematically explore the critical contributions of both molecular weights and crystallization temperature and chain length and molar ratios to the formation of stereocomplexes (SCs), our group quantitatively prepared a wide MW range of symmetric and asymmetric poly(lactic acid) (PLA) racemic blends, which contains L-MW PLLA with M n > 6k g/mol. The crystallinity and relative fraction of SCs increase with T c, and the SCs are exclusively formed at T c > 180 °C in M/H-MW racemic blends. When MWs of one of the enantiomers are over 6k and less than 41k, multiple stereocomplexation is clear in the asymmetric racemic blends and more ordered SCs form with less entanglement or the amorphous region compared to those for the MW of the enantiomers over 41k in the symmetric/asymmetric enantiomers. When the MW of the blends is more than 41k, SCs and homocrystals (HCs) coexist in the symmetric enantiomers and the multicomplexation can restrict the asymmetric enantiomers. This study provides a deep comprehensive insight into the stereocomplex crystallization mechanism of polymers and provides a reference value for future research attempting to prepare stereocomplex materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Guo
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing210037, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing210037, China
| | - Weixin Wu
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing210037, China
| | - Qinwei Gao
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing210037, China
- Co-Innovation
Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Isoselective mechanism for asymmetric kinetic resolution polymerization of rac-lactide catalyzed by chiral tridentate bis(oxazolinylphenyl)amido ligand supported zinc complexes. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Dong B, Xu G, Yang R, Wang Q. Chemical Upcycling of Poly(ε-caprolactone) to Valuable Chemical via TBD-Catalyzed Efficient Methanolysis Strategy. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200667. [PMID: 35983673 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As a petroleum-derived polyester material, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) plays an essential role in biomedical field due to its excellent biocompatibility and non-toxicity. With the increasing use of PCL in recent years, its waste disposal has become a significant challenge. To address this challenge, we demonstrate a high-efficiency organocatalysis strategy for the chemical upcycling of PCL to valuable chemical. Among organocatalysts explored in this article, 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4,4,0]dec-5-ene (TBD) shows superior performance for transforming end-of-life poly(ε-caprolactone) into highly value-added methyl 6-hydroxyhexanoate with quantitative conversion in a short time. The endwise unzipping depolymerization mechanism is corroborated by monitoring molecular weight during depolymerization process and 1 H NMR control experiments. Furthermore, this approach is also practicable for large-scale depolymerization for commercial PCL plastics, providing idea for promoting the sustainable development of PCL plastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhe Dong
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bio-based materials, CHINA
| | - Guangqiang Xu
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bio-based Materials, CHINA
| | - Rulin Yang
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bio-based Materials, CHINA
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bio-based Materials, Songling Road 189., 266101, Qingdao, CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cederholm L, Wohlert J, Olsén P, Hakkarainen M, Odelius K. “Like Recycles Like”: Selective Ring‐Closing Depolymerization of Poly(L‐Lactic Acid) to L‐Lactide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204531. [PMID: 35582840 PMCID: PMC9541399 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of poly(L‐lactic acid) to the cyclic monomer L‐lactide is hampered by low selectivity and by epimerization and elimination reactions, impeding its use on a large scale. The high number of side reactions originates from the high ceiling temperature (Tc) of L‐lactide, which necessitates high temperatures or multistep reactions to achieve recycling to L‐lactide. To circumvent this issue, we utilized the impact of solvent interactions on the monomer–polymer equilibrium to decrease the Tc of L‐lactide. Analyzing the observed Tc in different solvents in relation to their Hildebrand solubility parameter revealed a “like recycles like” relationship. The decreased Tc, obtained by selecting solvents that interact strongly with the monomer (dimethyl formamide or the green solvent γ‐valerolactone), allowed chemical recycling of high‐molecular‐weight poly(L‐lactic acid) directly to L‐lactide, within 1–4 h at 140 °C, with >95 % conversion and 98–99 % selectivity. Recycled L‐lactide was isolated and repolymerized with high control over molecular weight and dispersity, closing the polymer loop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Cederholm
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Peter Olsén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yao H, Zuo Y, Song Y, Huang W, Jiang Q, Xue X, Jiang L, Xu J, Yang H, Jiang B. Precisely Tailoring and Renewing Polymers: An Efficient Strategy for Polymer Recycling. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Yongkang Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Yiye Song
- Changzhou University Huaide College Jingjiang Jiangsu 214500 P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Qimin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter School of Materials and Energy Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
| | - Bibiao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 P. R. China
- Changzhou University Huaide College Jingjiang Jiangsu 214500 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cederholm L, Wohlert J, Olsén P, Hakkarainen M, Odelius K. “Like Recycles Like”: Selective Ring‐Closing Depolymerization of Poly(L‐Lactic Acid) to L‐Lactide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Cederholm
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Peter Olsén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang D, Pei M, Wei K, Tan F, Gao C, Bao D, Qin S. Flame-Retardant Properties and Mechanism of Polylactic Acid-Conjugated Flame-Retardant Composites. Front Chem 2022; 10:894112. [PMID: 35646831 PMCID: PMC9130745 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.894112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The DOPO derivative-conjugated flame retardant 4, 4'-{1'', 4'' - phenylene - bis [amino - (10‴ - oxy -10‴-hydro-9‴-hydrogen-10‴ λ5 -phosphaphenanthrene-10''-yl)-methyl]}-diphenol (P-PPD-Ph) with two hydroxyl groups was synthesized. Polylactic acid conjugated flame-retardant composites with P-PPD-Ph were papered by using a twin-screw extruder. The flame-retardant properties of polylactic acid-conjugated flame-retardant composites were investigated. The flame-retardant properties of PLA-conjugated flame-retardant composites were characterized by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the vertical burning test (UL94). The results showed that the PLA-conjugated flame-retardant composites achieved a V-0 rating (UL-94, 3.2 mm) when the conjugated flame retardant was added at 5 wt%, and increase in LOI value from 22.5% to 31.4% relative to composites without added conjugated flame retardant. The flame-retardant mechanism of PLA-conjugated flame-retardant composites were further studied by TG-FTIR, the results showed that the P-PPD-Ph promoted the PLA-conjugated flame-retardant composites to decompose and also released fragments with quenching and dilution, which suggests that P-PPD-Ph for PLA-conjugated flame-retardant composites mainly play a role of the gas-phase flame retardant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daohai Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Chengtao Gao, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
| | - Meng Pei
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou, China
| | - Ke Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
| | - Fang Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou, China
| | - Chengtao Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Chengtao Gao, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
| | - Dongmei Bao
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Chengtao Gao, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
| | - Shuhao Qin
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Chengtao Gao, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
| |
Collapse
|