Temperature Driven Self-Assembly of a Zwitterionic Block Copolymer That Exhibits Triple Thermoresponsivity and pH Sensitivity

Polyzwitterions: controlled synthesis, soft materials and applications

Polyzwitterions refer to polymers containing both positive and negative charged groups in one side chain, which have shown unique physicochemical properties and significant potential in diverse applications due to their amphiphilic and net-neutral charged properties. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in the design and synthesis of polyzwitterions including direct polymerization of zwitterionic monomers and deionization of polymers. Furthermore, the formation of polyzwitterion based soft materials such as nanoparticles by self-assembly, hydrogels, coatings and polyzwitterion brushes, as well as the influence of the microstructure on their properties and applications are discussed. The potential applications of polyzwitterions in drug delivery, antifouling, lubrication, energy storage and antibacterial are also summarized. Finally, the prospects of polyzwitterions are proposed.

Study of the synergistic influence of zwitterionic interactions and graphene oxide on water diffusion mechanism and mechanical properties in hybrid hydrogel network

Hybrid hydrogels based on n-isopropylacrylamide, zwitterionic comonomer, and graphene oxide were synthesized to study their physical and mechanical properties. The compositional variation largely influenced the swelling characteristics of the hybrid hydrogels compared to mechanical properties, i.e., elongation and compression. Additionally, Rheometric swelling measurements on the swollen hydrogels were performed until they reached equilibrium showed a very low phase angle δ indicating strong covalent network, which intrun increases with increasing content of zwitterions and GO. Swelling kinetics were studied and found to follow Fickian dynamics, albeit zwitterion-containing gels showed a peculiar 2-step swelling pattern. Interestingly, differences in the swelling mechanism are also clear for the hydrogels with 2D GO (Graphene oxide) nano-fillers from its 1D nano-filler CNTs (Carbon nanotubes). In elongation, the samples break in a brittle fashion at Hencky strains ε_max around 0.4-0.65 with the maximum stress being observed for samples with high Zw-content and 0.2% GO, which can be explained by the stress-rising properties of sharp edges of GO. In contrast, the data in compression profits from higher GO-contents as crack growth is less important in this deformation mode. This work will contribute to future composite gel applications.

Double hydrophilic copolymers - synthetic approaches, architectural variety, and current application fields

Solubility and functionality of polymeric materials are essential properties determining their role in any application. In that regard, double hydrophilic copolymers (DHC) are typically constructed from two chemically dissimilar but water-soluble building blocks. During the past decades, these materials have been intensely developed and utilised as, e.g., matrices for the design of multifunctional hybrid materials, in drug carriers and gene delivery, as nanoreactors, or as sensors. This is predominantly due to almost unlimited possibilities to precisely tune DHC composition and topology, their solution behavior, e.g., stimuli-response, and potential interactions with small molecules, ions and (nanoparticle) surfaces. In this contribution we want to highlight that this class of polymers has experienced tremendous progress regarding synthesis, architectural variety, and the possibility to combine response to different stimuli within one material. Especially the implementation of DHCs as versatile building blocks in hybrid materials expanded the range of water-based applications during the last two decades, which now includes also photocatalysis, sensing, and 3D inkjet printing of hydrogels, definitely going beyond already well-established utilisation in biomedicine or as templates.

Stimuli-Responsive Block Copolymer Micelles Based on Mussel-Inspired Metal-Coordinated Supramolecular Networks

Amphiphilic diblock copolymers containing dopamine and zwitterions are synthesized via the RAFT polymerization method, which undergo temperature-mediated micellization in aqueous media. The presence of catechol moiety in dopamine is exploited to form pH-responsive cross-links with ferric ions (Fe³⁺ ) at different pH value. Herein, a comprehensive study of the effect of pH as well as temperature on the size and solution behavior of these cross-linked micelles is presented. These micelles cross-linked via metal-catechol coordination bonds can have several important biomedical applications such as degradable scaffolds for payload delivery.

100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-Based Thermally Responsive Micelles

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-based thermally responsive micelles are of great importance as smart materials for a number of applications such as drug delivery and biosensing, owing to their tunable lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Their design and synthesis in the nanoscale size range have been widely studied, and research interest in their structural and physic-chemical properties is continually growing. In this Viewpoint, representative research on the construction of PNIPAAm-based thermally responsive micelles as well as their applications are highlighted and discussed, which would serve as a good start for newcomers in this field and a positive guide for future research.

Precisely Synthesized Sequence-Controlled Amino Acid-Derived Vinyl Polymers: New Insights into Thermo-Responsive Polymer Design

Thermo-responsive block copolymers are of great interest in biomedical and nanotechnological fields. These polymers achieve a versatile and complex responsiveness through a sophisticated and intricate combination of different thermo-responsive blocks. While their utility is clear, the fundamental design principles of such vinyl polymers are not yet thoroughly understood. Herein, a precise synthesis of sequence-controlled amino-acid-derived vinyl polymers and their unique thermal response in water are reported. Seven distinct block (random) copolymers that contain two kinds of amino acid blocks (poly(N-acryloyl alanine(A)- or glycine(G)-methyl ester)) with the same total chain length (degree of polymerization [DP] ≈30) and chemical composition (A/G ≈1), but with systematic variations in the block sequence and length, with an accuracy target of DP ± 1, are prepared. By specifying the primary structure, the thermal responses including transition temperature, thermo-sensitivity, and microenvironment in the dehydrated state can be finely tuned. These findings offer new directions in the design of structurally and functionally diverse thermo-responsive vinyl polymers.

Switch It Inside-Out: "Schizophrenic" Behavior of All Thermoresponsive UCST-LCST Diblock Copolymers

This feature article reviews our recent advancements on the synthesis, phase behavior, and micellar structures of diblock copolymers consisting of oppositely thermoresponsive blocks in aqueous environments. These copolymers combine a nonionic block, which shows lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior, with a zwitterionic block that exhibits an upper critical solution temperature (UCST). The transition temperature of the latter class of polymers is strongly controlled by its molar mass and by the salt concentration, in contrast to the rather invariant transition of nonionic polymers with type II LCST behavior such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) or poly(N-isopropyl methacrylamide). This allows for implementing the sequence of the UCST and LCST transitions of the polymers at will by adjusting either molecular or, alternatively, physical parameters. Depending on the location of the transition temperatures of both blocks, different switching scenarios are realized from micelles to inverse micelles, namely via the molecularly dissolved state, the aggregated state, or directly. In addition to studies of (semi)dilute aqueous solutions, highly concentrated systems have also been explored, namely water-swollen thin films. Concerning applications, we discuss the possible use of the diblock copolymers as "smart" nanocarriers.

Synthesis, Assembled Structures, and DNA Complexation of Thermoresponsive Lysine-Based Zwitterionic and Cationic Block Copolymers

A series of anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic lysine-based block copolymers with a thermoresponsive segment were synthesized by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of N-acryloyl- N-carbobenzoxy-l-lysine [A-Lys(Cbz)-OH], which contains a carboxylic acid and a protected amine-functionality in the monomer unit. Carboxylic acid-containing homopolymers, poly(A-Lys(Cbz)-OH), with predetermined molecular weights with relatively low polydispersities were initially synthesized by RAFT polymerization of A-Lys(Cbz)-OH. The chain extension of the dithiocarbamate-terminated poly(A-Lys(Cbz)-OH) to N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) via the RAFT process and subsequent deprotection afforded the zwitterionic block copolymer composed of thermoresponsive poly(NIPAM) and poly(A-Lys-OH), which exhibited switchability among the zwitterionic, anionic, and cationic states by pH change. The assembled structures and thermoresponsive and chiroptical properties of these block copolymers were evaluated by dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism, and turbidity measurements. Finally, the cationic block copolymer, poly(A-Lys-OMe)- b-poly(NIPAM), was obtained by the methylation of the carboxylic acid group in the zwitterionic poly(A-Lys-OH) segment. Selective interactions of DNA with the cationic poly(A-Lys-OMe) segment in the lysine-based block copolymer were further evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy measurements, which revealed characteristic assembled structures and temperature-responsive properties of the polyplexes.

Tryptophan-based styryl homopolymer and polyzwitterions with solvent-induced UCST, ion-induced LCST and pH-induced UCST

A multi-stimuli responsive tryptophan-based styryl homopolymer and polyzwitterions with solvent-induced UCST, ion-induced LCST and pH-induced UCST under different conditions are presented.

Self-assembling outside equilibrium: emergence of structures mediated by dissipation

Self-assembly under non-equilibrium conditions may give rise to the formation of structures not available at equilibrium.

Soluble-Insoluble-Soluble Transitions of Thermoresponsive Cryptand-Containing Graft Copolymers

Cryptand-containing alternative copolymers were first made from copolymerization of styrenic derivatives and maleic anhydride and then chemically modified in this work by grafting methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) onto the maleic functional groups. These graft copolymers show interesting multistep soluble-insoluble-soluble (S-I-S) transitions in acidic aqueous media at a cloud point (T cp) and a subsequent mixing temperature (T mix). Turbidity measurements and dynamic light scattering studies indicate that such complex transitions may be attributed to the entropic contribution associated with the dehydration and aggregation of the MPEG groups and then the enthalpic contribution associated with the hydrogen bonding between ethylene glycol and carboxylic acid groups. More importantly, the phase transition temperatures and insoluble temperature ranges are very sensitive to changes in subtle hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of the copolymers, such as the variation of pH, the cryptand size, and the length of the MPEG graft. The understanding of the S-I-S transition in relation to the structure of the copolymers and the external conditions may be useful in the design of smart materials and sensors.

Amphiphilic and double hydrophilic block copolymers containing a polydehydroalanine block

We present the synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic and double hydrophilic block copolymers containing a polydehydroalanine (PDha) block.

Facile synthesis of thermo-, pH-, CO2- and oxidation-responsive poly(amido thioether)s with tunable LCST and UCST behaviors

Multi-responsive N-substituted poly(amido thioether) copolymers synthesized by one-pot amine–thiol–acrylate polyaddition could exhibit composition-dependent and stimuli-triggered single or double thermoresponsivity.

Upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phase transition of halide salts of branched polyethylenimine and methylated branched polyethylenimine in aqueous solutions

The upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phase transition of halide salts of branched polyethylenimine (PEI) and methylated branched polyethylenimine (MPEI) is first reported in aqueous solutions. In particular, iodide counter-ions can introduce UCST properties in MPEI. The importance of the counter-ion composition of MPEI for UCST transition is discussed in detail.