1
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Ward MD, Docherty R, Minion L, Shi X, Anson K, Siligardi G, Nelson J, Wade J, Fuchter MJ. Development of low-cost, compact chiroptical imaging systems. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:11623-11632. [PMID: 38864422 PMCID: PMC11189636 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01651c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Circular dichroism spectroscopy is a key probe of the structural and optical properties of chiral materials, however, commercial circular dichroism spectrometers are large, prohibitively expensive and rarely offer environmental control of the sample under test. Using Fresnel rhombs as inexpensive broadband quarter-wave plates, we demonstrate two novel, low-cost (<£2000) and portable imaging systems controlled by our own bespoke open-source control software which are capable of spatially mapping the circular dichroism of chiral solid state films. By coupling these imaging systems with a temperature controlled stage, we show that we can rapidly identify the thermal processing conditions required to maximise circular dichroism in chiral solid state films by measuring circular dichroism in situ during thermal annealing of a sample under test. The accuracy and spatial resolution of these circular dichroism imagers are cross-compared against our previous studies using an existing circular dichroism imaging system at the Diamond Light Source and are shown to be in good agreement, with a sensitivity down to 250 mdeg and a spatial resolution of 100 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Ward
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ronan Docherty
- Department of Materials, Exhibition Road, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Louis Minion
- Department of Materials, Exhibition Road, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- B23 Beamline, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Xingyuan Shi
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Kai Anson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- B23 Beamline, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jessica Wade
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Materials, Exhibition Road, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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2
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Caricato M. A Perspective on the Simulation of Electronic Circular Dichroism and Circularly Polarized Luminescence Spectra in Chiral Solid Materials. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1197-1206. [PMID: 38295762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Chiral materials have shown tremendous potential for many technological applications, such as optoelectronics, sensing, magnetism, information technology, and imaging. Characterization of these materials is mostly based on chiroptical spectroscopies, such as electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). These experimental measurements would greatly benefit from theoretical simulations for interpretation of the spectra as well as predictions on new materials. While ECD and CPL simulations are well established for molecular systems, they are not for materials. In this Perspective, we describe the theoretical quantities necessary to simulate ECD and CPL spectra in oriented systems. Then, we discuss the approximate strategies currently used to perform these calculations, what computational machinery is already available to develop more general approaches, and some of the open challenges for the simulation of ECD and CPL spectra in solid materials. When methods that are as reliable and computationally efficient as those for molecules are developed, these simulations will provide invaluable insight and guidance for the rational design of optically active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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3
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Albano G, Taddeucci A, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Spatially Resolved Chiroptical Spectroscopies Emphasizing Recent Applications to Thin Films of Chiral Organic Dyes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301982. [PMID: 37515814 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Instrumental techniques able to identify and structurally characterize the aggregation states in thin films of chiral organic π-conjugated materials, from the first-order supramolecular arrangement up to the microscopic and mesoscopic scale, are very helpful for clarifying structure-property relationships. Chiroptical imaging is currently gaining a central role, for its ability of mapping local supramolecular structures in thin films. The present review gives an overview of electronic circular dichroism imaging (ECDi), circularly polarized luminescence imaging (CPLi), and vibrational circular dichroism imaging (VCDi), with a focus on their applications on thin films of chiral organic dyes as case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Taddeucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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4
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Taddeucci A, Zinna F, Siligardi G, Di Bari L. Circularly Polarized Microscopy of Thin Films of Chiral Organic Dyes. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:471-478. [PMID: 37655166 PMCID: PMC10467535 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an optical microscopy technique, circularly polarized microscopy or CPM, able to afford spatially resolved electronic circular dichroism (ECD) of thin films of chiral organic semiconductors through a commercial microscope equipped with a camera and inexpensive optics. Provided the dichroic ratio is sufficiently large, the spatial resolution is on the order of the μm and is only limited by the magnification optics integrated in the microscope. We apply CPM to thin films of small chiral π-conjugated molecules, which gave rise to ordered aggregates in the thin layer. Primarily, conventional ECD can reveal and characterize chiral supramolecular structures and possible interferences between anisotropic properties of solid samples; however, it cannot generally account for the spatial distribution of such properties. CPM offers a characterization of supramolecular chirality and of commingling polarization anisotropies of the material, describing their local distribution. To validate CPM, we demonstrated that it can be adopted to quantify the local ECD of samples characterized by intense signals, virtually on any standard optical microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Taddeucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Chilton, Didcot OX11 0DE, United
Kingdom
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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5
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Humphreys J, Killalea CE, Pop F, Davies ES, Siligardi G, Amabilino DB. Self-assembly of chiral diketopyrrolopyrrole chromophores giving supramolecular chains in monolayers and twisted microtapes. Chirality 2023; 35:281-297. [PMID: 36760121 PMCID: PMC10947275 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral diketopyrrolopyrroles appended with enantiomeric ethyl lactate functions through an ether linkage to the aryl backbone of the chromophore were synthesized via the Mitsunobu reaction. The molecules have good solubility and excellent optical properties, high molar absorption coefficients, and fluorescence quantum yields. Helical aggregates with circular dichroism arising from the supramolecular arrangement are seen in both solution and thin films, and the aggregates also display circularly polarized luminescence (glum ≈ ±0.1). The molecules assemble to give monolayers on graphite and precipitate from solution forming supramolecular twisted tapes hundreds of microns long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Humphreys
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - C. Elizabeth Killalea
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Flavia Pop
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Present address:
MOLTECH‐Anjou, UMR 6200, CNRSUniversity of AngersAngersFrance
| | | | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOxfordshireUK
| | - David B. Amabilino
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)Campus Universitari de CerdanyolaBarcelonaSpain
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6
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Buckley A, Warren J, Hussain R, Smith R. Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy reveals that gold and silver nanoparticles modify the secondary structure of a lung surfactant protein B analogue. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4591-4603. [PMID: 36763129 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06107d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) depositing in the alveolar region of the lung interact initially with a surfactant layer and in vitro studies have demonstrated that NPs can adversely affect the biophysical function of model pulmonary surfactants (PS), of which surfactant protein B (SP-B) is a key component. Other studies have demonstrated the potential for NPs to modify the structure and function of proteins. It was therefore hypothesised that NPs may affect the biophysical function of PS by modifying the structure of SP-B. Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy was used to explore the effect of various concentrations of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) (5, 10, 20 nm), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (10 nm) and silver citrate on the secondary structure of surfactant protein B analogue, SP-B1-25, in a TFE/PB dispersion. For Au and Ag NPs the SRCD spectra indicated a concentration dependent reduction in the α-helical structure of SP-B1-25 (5 nm AuNP ≈ 10 nm AgNP ≫ 10 nm AuNP > 20 nm AuNP). For AuNPs the effect was greater for the 5 nm size, which was not fully explained by consideration of surface area. The impact of the 10 nm AgNPs was greater than that of the 10 nm AuNPs and the effect of AgNPs was greater than that of silver citrate at equivalent Ag mass concentrations. For 10 nm AuNPs, SRCD spectra for dispersions in, the more physiologically relevant, DPPC showed a similar concentration dependent pattern. The results demonstrate the potential for inhaled NPs to modify SP-B1-25 structure and thus potentially adversely impact the physiological function of the lung, however, further studies are necessary to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Buckley
- Toxicology Department, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - James Warren
- Toxicology Department, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - Rohanah Hussain
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- Toxicology Department, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, UK.
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7
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Clowes SR, Răsădean DM, Gianga TM, Jávorfi T, Hussain R, Siligardi G, Pantoş GD. Mueller Matrix Polarimetry on Cyanine Dye J-Aggregates. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041523. [PMID: 36838510 PMCID: PMC9960244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanine dyes are known to form H- and J-aggregates in aqueous solutions. Here we show that the cyanine dye, S0271, assembles in water into vortex induced chiral J-aggregates. The chirality of the J-aggregates depends on the directionality of the vortex. This study utilised both conventional benchtop CD spectropolarimeters and Mueller matrix polarimetry. It was found that J-aggregates have real chirality alongside linear dichroism and linear and circular birefringence. We identify the factors that are key to the formation of metastable chiral J-aggregates and propose a mechanism for their assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R. Clowes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Dora M. Răsădean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Tamás Jávorfi
- B23 Beamline, Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | | | | | - G. Dan Pantoş
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Correspondence:
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8
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Killalea CE, Samperi M, Siligardi G, Amabilino DB. Imaging deposition-dependent supramolecular chiral organisation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4468-4471. [PMID: 35297921 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06790g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thin films of a chiral diketopyrrolopyrrole derivative were imaged with spatially-defined Mueller Matrix Polarimetry, focussing on the Circular Dichroism signal, giving unique insight into the impact that deposition techniques and thermal annealing can have on chiral supramolecular structures in the solid state, where homogeneity was observed for spun-coated films while drop-coating afforded chiroptical diversity in the material, a feature invisible to absorption spectroscopy or optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Elizabeth Killalea
- School of Chemistry and GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Mario Samperi
- School of Chemistry and GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - David B Amabilino
- School of Chemistry and GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.,Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Universitari de Cerdanyola, 08193 Spain
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9
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Morgenroth M, Scholz M, Cho MJ, Choi DH, Oum K, Lenzer T. Mapping the broadband circular dichroism of copolymer films with supramolecular chirality in time and space. Nat Commun 2022; 13:210. [PMID: 35017508 PMCID: PMC8752614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurements of the electronic circular dichroism (CD) are highly sensitive to the absolute configuration and conformation of chiral molecules and supramolecular assemblies and have therefore found widespread application in the chemical and biological sciences. Here, we demonstrate an approach to simultaneously follow changes in the CD and absorption response of photoexcited systems over the ultraviolet-visible spectral range with 100 fs time resolution. We apply the concept to chiral polyfluorene copolymer thin films and track their electronic relaxation in detail. The transient CD signal stems from the supramolecular response of the system and provides information regarding the recovery of the electronic ground state. This allows for a quantification of singlet-singlet annihilation and charge-pair formation processes. Spatial mapping of chiral domains on femtosecond time scales with a resolution of 50 μm and diffraction-limited steady-state imaging of the circular dichroism and the circularly polarised luminescence (CPL) of the films is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Morgenroth
- Department Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry 2, Faculty IV: School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Mirko Scholz
- Department Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry 2, Faculty IV: School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Min Ju Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kawon Oum
- Department Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry 2, Faculty IV: School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Lenzer
- Department Chemistry and Biology, Physical Chemistry 2, Faculty IV: School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany.
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10
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Górecki M, Lipparini F, Albano G, Jávorfi T, Hussain R, Siligardi G, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Electronic Circular Dichroism Imaging (ECDi) Casts a New Light on the Origin of Solid-State Chiroptical Properties. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103632. [PMID: 34935206 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state ECD (ss-ECD) spectra of a model microcrystalline solid, finasteride, dispersed into a KCl pellet were recorded by using the synchrotron radiation source at the Diamond B23 beamline. Scanning a surface of 36 mm2 with a step of 0.5 mm, we measured a set of ECD imaging (ECDi) spectra very different from each other and from the ss-ECD recorded with a bench-top instrument (1 cm2 area). This is due to the anisotropic part of the ECD (ACD), which averages to zero in solution or on a large number of randomly oriented crystallites, but can otherwise be extremely large. Two-way singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis, through experimental and simulated TDDFT spectra, disclosed that the measured and theoretical principal components are in line with each other. This finding demonstrates that the observed isotropic ss-ECD spectrum is governed by the anisotropy of locally oriented crystals. It also introduces a new quality for ss-ECD measurements and opens a new future for probing and mapping chiral materials in the solid state such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Górecki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Present address: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Tamás Jávorfi
- Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Rohanah Hussain
- Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | | | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Valentín-Pérez Á, Rosa P, Hillard EA, Giorgi M. Chirality determination in crystals. Chirality 2021; 34:163-181. [PMID: 34766388 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review article discusses chirality determination in the solid state, both in single crystals and in crystal assemblies, with an emphasis on X-ray diffraction. The main principles of using X-ray diffraction to reliably determine absolute structure are summarized, and the complexity which can be encountered in chiral structures-kryptoracemates, scalemates, and inversion twinning-is illustrated with examples from our laboratories and the literature. We then address the problem of the bulk crystallization and discuss different techniques to determine chirality in a large assembly of crystal structures, with a special prominence given to an X-ray natural circular dichroism mapping technique that we recently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Rosa
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, Cedex, France
| | - Elizabeth A Hillard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, Cedex, France.,CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, Pessac, France
| | - Michel Giorgi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole, Marseille, France
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12
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Górecki M, Frelek J. Towards seeking the right chiroptical tool to assign the stereochemistry of bioactive compounds: Effectiveness, challenges, and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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Huang SY, Singh AK, Huang JS. Signal and noise analysis for chiral structured illumination microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:23056-23072. [PMID: 34614578 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, chiral structured illumination microscopy has been proposed to image fluorescent chiral domains at sub-wavelength resolution. Chiral structured illumination microscopy is based on the combination of structured illumination microscopy, fluorescence-detected circular dichroism, and optical chirality engineering. Since circular dichroism of natural chiral molecules is typically weak, the differential fluorescence is also weak and can be easily buried by the noise, hampering the fidelity of the reconstructed images. In this work, we systematically study the impact of the noise on the quality and resolution of chiral domain images obtained by chiral SIM. We analytically describe the signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed chiral SIM image in the Fourier domain and verify our theoretical calculations with numerical demonstrations. Accordingly, we discuss the feasibility of chiral SIM in different experimental scenarios and propose possible strategies to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio for samples with weak circular dichroism.
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14
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Abstract
The polarizing spectroscopy techniques in visible range optics have been used since the beginning of the 20th century to study the anisotropy of crystals based on birefringence and optical activity phenomena. On the other hand, the phenomenon of X-ray optical activity has been demonstrated only relatively recently. It is a selective probe for the element-specific properties of individual atoms in non-centrosymmetric materials. We report the X-ray Natural Circular Dichroism (XNCD) imaging technique which enables spatially resolved mapping of X-ray optical activity in non-centrosymmetric materials. As an example, we present the results of combining micro-focusing X-ray optics with circularly polarized hard X-rays to make a map of enantiomorphous twinning in a multiferroic SmFe3(BO3)4 crystal. Our results demonstrate the utility and potential of polarization-contrast imaging with XNCD as a sensitive technique for multiferroic crystals where the local enantiomorphous properties are especially important. In perspective, this brings a novel high-performance method for the characterization of structural changes associated with phase transitions and identification of the size and spatial distribution of twin domains.
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15
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Hussain R, Jávorfi T, Siligardi G. CD Imaging at High Spatial Resolution at Diamond B23 Beamline: Evolution and Applications. Front Chem 2021; 9:616928. [PMID: 33898387 PMCID: PMC8060634 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.616928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular Dichroism imaging in the 190–650 nm spectral region pionered at Diamond Light Source B23 beamline, has been made possible by the highly collimated microbeam generated at the beamline and has been used to study the homogeneity of the supramolecular structures of thin films of chiral materials deposited on fused quartz substrates. This facility has been expanded with the installation of a Mueller Matrix Polarimeter, MMP, coupled to the beamlight, of which a preliminary data will be discussed. In the solid state, the measurement of CD related to the supramolecular structure is hampered by the presence of circular birefringence, linear dichroism, and linear birefringence that can only be evaluated using the MMP technique. The ability to characterize the chiroptical property of thin chiral films prepared under a variety of conditions and protocols such as drop cast, spin coating, spray at different temperatures and concentrations will enable the determination of the critical parameters for reproducible, uniform and homogeneous specimen preparation, which is the sine qua non for any commercial application. This is of particular importance for optoelectronic materials, but it can also be extended to a broad variety of materials with applications from biosensors to biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohanah Hussain
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Tamás Jávorfi
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
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16
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Mapping the Chiroptical Properties of Local Domains in Thin Films of Chiral Silicon Phthalocyanines by CD Imaging. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25246048. [PMID: 33371353 PMCID: PMC7767354 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The first example of uniformly chiral thin films of silicon phthalocyanines (SiPcs) are reported. The local domains of the films are mapped using circular dichroism (CD) imaging (CDi) technique available at the Diamond B23 beamline. The CDi allowed us to increase the spatial resolution up to 525× when compared with benchtop spectrometers. The results indicate formation on-surface of chiral and stable supramolecular assemblies with homogenous distribution. Chemical functionalization and solvent choice for deposition allow controllable chiroptical properties to be obtained. The method and technique reported in this work could be applied to prepare and characterize a wide variety of chiral thin films.
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17
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Wade J, Hilfiker JN, Brandt JR, Liirò-Peluso L, Wan L, Shi X, Salerno F, Ryan STJ, Schöche S, Arteaga O, Jávorfi T, Siligardi G, Wang C, Amabilino DB, Beton PH, Campbell AJ, Fuchter MJ. Natural optical activity as the origin of the large chiroptical properties in π-conjugated polymer thin films. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6137. [PMID: 33262352 PMCID: PMC7708482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer thin films that emit and absorb circularly polarised light have been demonstrated with the promise of achieving important technological advances; from efficient, high-performance displays, to 3D imaging and all-organic spintronic devices. However, the origin of the large chiroptical effects in such films has, until now, remained elusive. We investigate the emergence of such phenomena in achiral polymers blended with a chiral small-molecule additive (1-aza[6]helicene) and intrinsically chiral-sidechain polymers using a combination of spectroscopic methods and structural probes. We show that – under conditions relevant for device fabrication – the large chiroptical effects are caused by magneto-electric coupling (natural optical activity), not structural chirality as previously assumed, and may occur because of local order in a cylinder blue phase-type organisation. This disruptive mechanistic insight into chiral polymer thin films will offer new approaches towards chiroptical materials development after almost three decades of research in this area. Polymer thin films that emit and absorb circularly polarised light are promising in achieving important technological advances, but the origin of the large chiroptical effects in such films has remained elusive. Here the authors demonstrate that in non-aligned polymer thin films, large chiroptical effects are caused by magneto-electric coupling, not structural chirality as previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wade
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James N Hilfiker
- J.A. Woollam Co. Inc., 645M Street, Suite 102, Lincoln, NE, 68508-2243, USA
| | - Jochen R Brandt
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Letizia Liirò-Peluso
- School of Chemistry & The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xingyuan Shi
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Francesco Salerno
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Seán T J Ryan
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Stefan Schöche
- J.A. Woollam Co. Inc., 645M Street, Suite 102, Lincoln, NE, 68508-2243, USA
| | - Oriol Arteaga
- Departament de Física Aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona, IN2UB, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Tamás Jávorfi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - David B Amabilino
- School of Chemistry & The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alasdair J Campbell
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. .,Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. .,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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18
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Diamond B23 CD Imaging of Thin Films of Chiral Materials or Achiral Polymers Coated with Chiral Molecules. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12111847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel vertical sample chamber, developed at the B23 beamline for synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD), has enabled the Diamond User community to conduct different types of experiments from high throughput CD of protein and DNA folding using 96-well multiplates to CD imaging at high spatial resolution. Here, we present the application of CD imaging to large areas of achiral polymer PVA films doped with D-dopa to assess the chiral homogeneity of the film preparation with potential antimicrobial property. Synopsis: CDi application of Diamond B23 SRCD beamline.
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19
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Albano G, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Chiroptical Properties in Thin Films of π-Conjugated Systems. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10145-10243. [PMID: 32892619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chiral π-conjugated molecules provide new materials with outstanding features for current and perspective applications, especially in the field of optoelectronic devices. In thin films, processes such as charge conduction, light absorption, and emission are governed not only by the structure of the individual molecules but also by their supramolecular structures and intermolecular interactions to a large extent. Electronic circular dichroism, ECD, and its emission counterpart, circularly polarized luminescence, CPL, provide tools for studying aggregated states and the key properties to be sought for designing innovative devices. In this review, we shall present a comprehensive coverage of chiroptical properties measured on thin films of organic π-conjugated molecules. In the first part, we shall discuss some general concepts of ECD, CPL, and other chiroptical spectroscopies, with a focus on their applications to thin film samples. In the following, we will overview the existing literature on chiral π-conjugated systems whose thin films have been characterized by ECD and/or CPL, as well other chiroptical spectroscopies. Special emphasis will be put on systems with large dissymmetry factors (gabs and glum) and on the application of ECD and CPL to derive structural information on aggregated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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20
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Enzyme-Ligand Interaction Monitored by Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31773649 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0163-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
CD spectroscopy is the essential tool to quickly ascertain in the far-UV region the global conformational changes, the secondary structure content, and protein folding and in the near-UV region the local tertiary structure changes probed by the local environment of the aromatic side chains, prosthetic groups (hemes, flavones, carotenoids), the dihedral angle of disulfide bonds, and the ligand chromophore moieties, the latter occurring as a result of protein-ligand binding interaction. Qualitative and quantitative investigations into ligand-binding interactions in both the far- and near-UV regions using CD spectroscopy provide unique and direct information whether induced conformational changes upon ligand binding occur and of what nature that are unattainable with other techniques such as fluorescence, ITC, SPR, and AUC.This chapter provides an overview of how to perform circular dichroism (CD) experiments, detailing methods, hints and tips for successful CD measurements. Descriptions of different experimental designs are discussed using CD to investigate ligand-binding interactions. This includes standard qualitative CD measurements conducted in both single-measurement mode and high-throughput 96-well plate mode, CD titrations, and UV protein denaturation assays with and without ligand.The highly collimated micro-beam available at B23 beamline for synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) at Diamond Light Source (DLS) offers many advantages to benchtop instruments. The synchrotron light source is ten times brighter than a standard xenon arc light source of benchtop instruments. The small diameter of the synchrotron beam can be up to 160 times smaller than that of benchtop light beams; this has enabled the use of small aperture cuvette cells and flat capillary tubes reducing substantially the amount of volume sample to be investigated. Methods, hints and tips, and golden rules to measure good quality, artifact-free SRCD and CD data will be described in this chapter in particular for the study of protein-ligand interactions and protein photostability.
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21
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Albano G, Górecki M, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L, Jávorfi T, Hussain R, Siligardi G. Electronic circular dichroism imaging (CDi) maps local aggregation modes in thin films of chiral oligothiophenes. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02746g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A detailed investigation of the circular dichroism imaging (CDi) technique on thin films of a chiral 1,4-dialkoxyphenylene-based oligothiophene with outstanding chiroptical features revealed the primary role of local supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Marcin Górecki
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
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22
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Resta C, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L. Impact and amplification of chirality in the aggregation of leucine-appended poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) (PPE). Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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