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Valencia Molina L, Camacho Morales R, Zhang J, Schiek R, Staude I, Sukhorukov AA, Neshev DN. Enhanced Infrared Vision by Nonlinear Up-Conversion in Nonlocal Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402777. [PMID: 38781582 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The ability to detect and image short-wave infrared light has important applications in surveillance, autonomous navigation, and biological imaging. However, the current infrared imaging technologies often pose challenges due to large footprint, large thermal noise and inability to augment infrared and visible imaging. Here, infrared imaging is demonstrated by nonlinear up-conversion to the visible in an ultra-compact, high-quality-factor lithium niobate resonant metasurface. Images with high conversion efficiency and resolution quality are obtained despite the strong nonlocality of the metasurface. The possibility of edge-detection image processing augmented with direct up-conversion imaging for advanced night vision applications is further shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Valencia Molina
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Rocio Camacho Morales
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Jihua Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P.R. China
| | - Roland Schiek
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Isabelle Staude
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey A Sukhorukov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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2
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Leng R, Chen X, Liu P, Zhu Z, Zhang J. High Q lithium niobate metasurfaces with transparent electrodes for efficient amplitude and phase modulation. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:3156-3161. [PMID: 38856460 DOI: 10.1364/ao.514979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LN)-based metasurfaces have demonstrated remarkable potential in integrated electro-optically adjustable metadevices with the maturation of thin film LN on insulator (LNOI) technology. Here, we proposed a type of high Q factor tunable metasurface with etchless LN, which is electrically driven in the vertical direction by using transparent conductive film. A transmission amplitude modulation of over 60 dB at a voltage of 20 V is realized through guided mode resonances created at the LN layer with a Q factor of 1320. Meanwhile, phase modulation is also realized with a reflective design by adding a gold layer at the bottom of the metasurface. With a gate voltage of 80 V, about 1.75π phase modulation is achieved while keeping reflection over 92%. Our proposed device achieves effective modulation of optical amplitude and phase in the near-infrared band, which lays a good foundation for the development of high performance LN-based active nanophotonic devices.
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3
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Li Z, Ye X, Hu Z, Li H, Liu S, Zheng Y, Chen X. Plasmonic hotspot arrays boost second harmonic generation in thin-film lithium niobate. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:13140-13155. [PMID: 38859292 DOI: 10.1364/oe.520773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Focusing light down to subwavelength scales to enhance the light-matter interaction has been highly sought after, which has promoted significant researches and applications in nanophotonics. Plasmonic nanoantennae are a significant tool to achieve this goal since they can confine light into ultra-small volumes far below the diffraction limit. However, metallic materials have the property of central symmetry, resulting in weak second-order nonlinear effects. Here, we design plasmonic bowtie nanoantennae on thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) for deep-subwavelength light confinement to boost the second-harmonic generation (SHG) in TFLN via the plasmonic hotspot enhancement. The SHG enhancement factor of about 20 times as compared to unpatterned TFLN is achieved in the experiment when resonantly excited by femtosecond laser. This work proposes a route for subwavelength nonlinear optics on the TFLN platform.
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4
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Wang H, Chen Q, Cao Y, Sang W, Tan F, Li H, Wang T, Gan Y, Xiang D, Liu T. Anisotropic Strain-Tailoring Nonlinear Optical Response in van der Waals NbOI 2. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3413-3420. [PMID: 38456746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) NbOI2 demonstrates significant second-harmonic generation (SHG) with a high conversion efficiency. To unlock its full potential in practical applications, it is desirable to modulate the SHG behavior while utilizing the intrinsic lattice anisotropy. Here, we demonstrate direction-specific modulation of the SHG response in NbOI2 by applying anisotropic strain with respect to the intrinsic lattice orientations, where more than 2-fold enhancement in the SHG intensity is achieved under strain along the polar axis. The strain-driven SHG evolution is attributed to the strengthened built-in piezoelectric field (polar axis) and the enlarged Peierls distortions (nonpolar axis). Moreover, we provide quantifications of the correlation between strain and SHG intensity in terms of the susceptibility tensor. Our results demonstrate the effective coupling of orientation-specific strain to the anisotropic SHG response through the intrinsic polar order in 2D nonlinear optical crystals, opening a new paradigm toward the development of functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, and Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, and Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Semiconductors, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weihui Sang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, and Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feixia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Honghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yang Gan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, and Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Du Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, and Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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Ma J, Zhang J, Horder J, Sukhorukov AA, Toth M, Neshev DN, Aharonovich I. Engineering Quantum Light Sources with Flat Optics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313589. [PMID: 38477536 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Quantum light sources are essential building blocks for many quantum technologies, enabling secure communication, powerful computing, and precise sensing and imaging. Recent advancements have witnessed a significant shift toward the utilization of "flat" optics with thickness at subwavelength scales for the development of quantum light sources. This approach offers notable advantages over conventional bulky counterparts, including compactness, scalability, and improved efficiency, along with added functionalities. This review focuses on the recent advances in leveraging flat optics to generate quantum light sources. Specifically, the generation of entangled photon pairs through spontaneous parametric down-conversion in nonlinear metasurfaces, and single photon emission from quantum emitters including quantum dots and color centers in 3D and 2D materials are explored. The review covers theoretical principles, fabrication techniques, and properties of these sources, with particular emphasis on the enhanced generation and engineering of quantum light sources using optical resonances supported by nanostructures. The diverse application range of these sources is discussed and the current challenges and perspectives in the field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Ma
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
| | - Jihua Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Jake Horder
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Andrey A Sukhorukov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
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Zheng JX, Li HY, Tian KS, Yu YH, Liu XQ, Chen QD. Arbitrary fabrication of complex lithium niobate three-dimensional microstructures for second harmonic generation enhancement. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:850-853. [PMID: 38359198 DOI: 10.1364/ol.515576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LN) crystal plays important roles in future integrated photonics, but it is still a great challenge to efficiently fabricate three-dimensional micro-/nanostructures on it. Here, a femtosecond laser direct writing-assisted liquid back-etching technology (FsLDW-LBE) is proposed to achieve the three-dimensional (3D) microfabrication of lithium niobate (LN) with high surface quality (Ra = 0.422 nm). Various 3D structures, such as snowflakes, graphic arrays, criss-cross arrays, and helix arrays, have been successfully fabricated on the surface of LN crystals. As an example, a microcone array was fabricated on LN crystals, which showed a strong second harmonic signal enhancement with up to 12 times bigger than the flat lithium niobate. The results indicate that the method provides a new approach for the microfabrication of lithium niobate crystals for nonlinear optics.
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Ma J, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Fan T, Parry M, Neshev DN, Sukhorukov AA. Polarization Engineering of Entangled Photons from a Lithium Niobate Nonlinear Metasurface. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8091-8098. [PMID: 37610974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Complex polarization states of photon pairs are indispensable in various quantum technologies. Conventional methods for preparing desired two-photon polarization states are realized through bulky nonlinear crystals, which can restrict the versatility and tunability of the generated quantum states due to the fixed crystal nonlinear susceptibility. Here we present a solution using a nonlinear metasurface incorporating multiplexed silica metagratings on a lithium niobate film of 300 nm thickness. We fabricate two orthogonal metagratings on a single substrate with an identical resonant wavelength, thereby enabling the spectral indistinguishability of the emitted photons, and we demonstrate in experiments that the two-photon polarization states can be shaped by the metagrating orientation. Leveraging this essential property, we formulate a theoretical approach for generating arbitrary polarization-entangled qutrit states by combining three metagratings on a single metasurface, allowing the encoding of the desired quantum states or information. Our findings enable miniaturized optically controlled quantum devices by using ultrathin metasurfaces as polarization-entangled photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Ma
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS) Department of Electronic Materials Engineering Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jihua Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS) Department of Electronic Materials Engineering Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS) Department of Electronic Materials Engineering Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tongmiao Fan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS) Department of Electronic Materials Engineering Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew Parry
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS) Department of Electronic Materials Engineering Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS) Department of Electronic Materials Engineering Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrey A Sukhorukov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS) Department of Electronic Materials Engineering Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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8
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Ju Y, Zhou H, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Deng X, Yang Z, Wang F, Gu Q, Deng G, Zuo H. The electro-optic spatial light modulator of lithium niobate metasurface based on plasmonic quasi-bound states in the continuum. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:13965-13970. [PMID: 37565589 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02278a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface has attracted massive interest owing to its ability to control light arbitrarily in a wide range of applications, such as high-speed imaging, optical interconnection, and spectroscopy. Here we propose a free space light modulator combined with a gold grating metasurface based on lithium niobate (LiNbO3). The quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BIC) are achieved in the metasurface. In addition, the plasmonic quasi-BIC and the guided-mode resonance (GMR) can be modulated by controlling the polarization of the incident light without any geometric adjustment. Thus, the working wavelength range from 1480 nm to 1620 nm was achieved, and the maximum resonance depth reached about 51% at the resonant wavelength. In addition, the insertion loss of the device was -2.8 dB at a wavelength of 1510 nm. Furthermore, the dynamic modulation speed reached up to 190 MHz and the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) could reach about 49 dB at a frequency of 65 MHz. The data showed potential for the material for applications such as near-infrared imaging, beam steering, and free-space optical communication links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ju
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yulei Huang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yin Zhao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xin Deng
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zuogang Yang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fangjie Wang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Qiongqiong Gu
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Guoliang Deng
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Haoyi Zuo
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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9
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Zhao Y, Chen Z, Wang C, Yang Y, Sun HB. Efficient second- and higher-order harmonic generation from LiNbO 3 metasurfaces. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:12926-12932. [PMID: 37465934 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02430j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a material that has drawn great interest in nonlinear optics because of its large nonlinear susceptibility and wide transparency window. However, for complex nonlinear processes such as high-harmonic generation (HHG), which involves frequency conversion over a wide frequency range, it can be extremely challenging for a bulk LiNbO3 crystal to fulfill the phase-matching conditions. LiNbO3 metasurfaces with resonantly enhanced nonlinear light-matter interaction at the nanoscale may circumvent such an issue. Here, we experimentally demonstrate efficient second-harmonic generation (SHG) and HHG from a LiNbO3 metasurface enhanced by guided-mode resonance. We observe a high normalized SHG efficiency of 5.1 × 10-5 cm2 GW-1. Moreover, with the alleviated above-gap absorption of the material, we demonstrate HHG up to the 7th order with the shortest generated wavelength of 226 nm. This work may provide a pathway towards compact coherent white-light sources with frequency spanning into the deep ultraviolet region for applications in spectroscopy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhaoxi Chen
- Department of Electronical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Electronical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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10
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Xu C, Wu H, He Y, Xu L. Efficient Second- and Third-Harmonic Generations in Er 3+/Fe 2+-Doped Lithium Niobate Single Crystal with Engineered Surficial Cylindrical Hole Arrays. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101639. [PMID: 37242055 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, significant enhancement of second- and third-harmonic generation efficiencies in a 1 mol% Er3+ and 0.07 mol% Fe2+-doped lithium niobate single-crystal plate were achieved after ablating periodic cylindrical pit arrays on the surface. Enhanced absorption and reduced transmittance of light were measured when the incident light signal passed through the patterned sample. Enhanced photoluminescence and two-photon-pumped upconversion emission spectra were also explored to obtain more details on the efficiency gains. The excitation-energy-dependent second-harmonic generation efficiency was measured, and an enhancement as high as 20-fold was calculated. The conversion efficiency of second-harmonic generation is 1 to 3 orders higher than that from other lithium niobite metasurfaces and nanoantennas. This work provides a convenient and effective method to improve the nonlinear conversion efficiency in a thin lithium niobite plate, which is desirable for applying to integrated optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Xu
- School of Primary Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400700, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hongli Wu
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yanwei He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Long Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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11
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Qu L, Bai L, Jin C, Liu Q, Wu W, Gao B, Li J, Cai W, Ren M, Xu J. Giant Second Harmonic Generation from Membrane Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9652-9657. [PMID: 36445198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have emerged as a fascinating framework for nonlinear optics, which have advantages of a compact footprint and unprecedented flexibility in manipulating light. But their nonlinear responses are generally limited by the short interaction lengths with light. Therefore, further enhancement is highly desired for building high-efficiency nonlinear devices. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a record high second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of 2.0 × 10-4 using lithium niobate (LN) membrane metasurfaces. Benefiting from the large refractive index contrast in the vertical direction and high fabrication quality, distinct spectral resonances and tight field confinements in the LN layer were achieved. Strong SHG peaks resulting from pump resonances of the metasurfaces were observed. Our nonlinear efficiency is more than 2 orders of magnitude larger than previously reported LN metasurfaces. The results inspire a way to improve the efficiency of nonlinear metasurfaces for ultracompact nonlinear light sources in applications of nonlinear holography, Li-Fi, beam shaping, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lu Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Bofeng Gao
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan 250101, P. R. China
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Mengxin Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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12
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Ju Y, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Wang F, Yang Z, Deng X, Wu Z, Guoliang D, Zuo H. Hybrid resonance metasurface for a lithium niobate electro-optical modulator. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5905-5908. [PMID: 37219133 DOI: 10.1364/ol.474784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electrically tunable metasurfaces can realize two-dimensional pixelated spatial light modulation and have a wide range of applications in optical switching, free-space communication, high-speed imaging, and so on, arousing the interest of researchers. Here, a gold nanodisk metasurface on a lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) substrate is fabricated and experimentally demonstrated as an electrically tunable optical metasurface for transmissive free-space light modulation. Using the hybrid resonance formed by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold nanodisks and the Fabry-Perot (FP) resonance, the incident light is trapped in the gold nanodisk edges and a thin lithium niobate layer to realize field enhancement. In this way, an extinction ratio of 40% is achieved at the resonance wavelength. In addition, the proportion of hybrid resonance components can be adjusted by the size of the gold nanodisks. By applying a driving voltage of ± 2.8 V, a dynamic modulation of 135 MHz is achieved at resonant wavelength. The highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is up to 48 dB at 75 MHz. This work paves the way for the realization of spatial light modulators based on CMOS-compatible LiNbO3 planar optics, which can be used in lidar, tunable displays, and so on.
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Cortés E, Wendisch FJ, Sortino L, Mancini A, Ezendam S, Saris S, de S. Menezes L, Tittl A, Ren H, Maier SA. Optical Metasurfaces for Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15082-15176. [PMID: 35728004 PMCID: PMC9562288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured surfaces with designed optical functionalities, such as metasurfaces, allow efficient harvesting of light at the nanoscale, enhancing light-matter interactions for a wide variety of material combinations. Exploiting light-driven matter excitations in these artificial materials opens up a new dimension in the conversion and management of energy at the nanoscale. In this review, we outline the impact, opportunities, applications, and challenges of optical metasurfaces in converting the energy of incoming photons into frequency-shifted photons, phonons, and energetic charge carriers. A myriad of opportunities await for the utilization of the converted energy. Here we cover the most pertinent aspects from a fundamental nanoscopic viewpoint all the way to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cortés
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,
| | - Fedja J. Wendisch
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Sortino
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Ezendam
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Seryio Saris
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Leonardo de S. Menezes
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Haoran Ren
- MQ Photonics
Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Macquarie
Park, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,School
of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,Department
of Phyiscs, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom,
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14
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Barbillon G. Latest Advances in Metasurfaces for SERS and SEIRA Sensors as Well as Photocatalysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810592. [PMID: 36142501 PMCID: PMC9506333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces can enable the confinement of electromagnetic fields on huge surfaces and zones, and they can thus be applied to biochemical sensing by using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA). Indeed, these metasurfaces have been examined for SERS and SEIRA sensing thanks to the presence of a wide density of hotspots and confined optical modes within their structures. Moreover, some metasurfaces allow an accurate enhancement of the excitation and emission processes for the SERS effect by supporting resonances at frequencies of these processes. Finally, the metasurfaces allow the enhancement of the absorption capacity of the solar light and the generation of a great number of catalytic active sites in order to more quickly produce the surface reactions. Here, we outline the latest advances in metasurfaces for SERS and SEIRA sensors as well as photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Barbillon
- EPF-Ecole d'Ingénieurs, 55 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94230 Cachan, France
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15
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Bărar A, Dănilă O. Spectral Response and Wavefront Control of a C-Shaped Fractal Cadmium Telluride/Silicon Carbide Metasurface in the THz Bandgap. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15175944. [PMID: 36079325 PMCID: PMC9457378 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report theoretical investigations on the spectral behavior of two fractal metasurfaces, performed in the 3-6 THz frequency window (5-10 μm equivalent wavelength window), under illumination with both linear and circular polarization state fields. Both metasurfaces stem from the same tree-like structure, based on C-shaped elements, made of cadmium telluride (CdTe), and deposited on silicon carbide (SiC) substrates, the main difference between them being the level of structural complexity. The simulated spectral behavior of both structures indicates the tunability of the reflection spectrum by varying the complexity of the tree-like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bărar
- Electronic Technology and Reliability Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Dănilă
- Physics Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
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16
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Zhang J, Ma J, Parry M, Cai M, Camacho-Morales R, Xu L, Neshev DN, Sukhorukov AA. Spatially entangled photon pairs from lithium niobate nonlocal metasurfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq4240. [PMID: 35905188 PMCID: PMC9337756 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces consisting of nanoscale structures are underpinning new physical principles for the creation and shaping of quantum states of light. Multiphoton states that are entangled in spatial or angular domains are an essential resource for many quantum applications; however, their production traditionally relies on bulky nonlinear crystals. We predict and demonstrate experimentally the generation of spatially entangled photon pairs through spontaneous parametric down-conversion from a metasurface incorporating a nonlinear thin film of lithium niobate covered by a silica meta-grating. We measure the correlations of photon pairs and identify their spatial antibunching through violation of the classical Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, witnessing the presence of multimode entanglement. Simultaneously, the photon-pair rate is strongly enhanced by 450 times as compared to unpatterned films because of high-quality-factor resonances. These results pave the way to miniaturization of various quantum devices by incorporating ultrathin metasurfaces functioning as room temperature sources of quantum-entangled photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jinyong Ma
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew Parry
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Marcus Cai
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rocio Camacho-Morales
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lei Xu
- Advanced Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Dragomir N. Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrey A. Sukhorukov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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17
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Jana K, Okocha E, Møller SH, Mi Y, Sederberg S, Corkum PB. Reconfigurable terahertz metasurfaces coherently controlled by wavelength-scale-structured light. NANOPHOTONICS 2022; 11:787-795. [PMID: 35880004 PMCID: PMC8997698 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structuring light-matter interaction at a deeply subwavelength scale is fundamental to optical metamaterials and metasurfaces. Conventionally, the operation of a metasurface is determined by the collective electric polarization response of its lithographically defined structures. The inseparability of electric polarization and current density provides the opportunity to construct metasurfaces from current elements instead of nanostructures. Here, we realize metasurfaces using structured light rather than structured materials. Using coherent control, we transfer structure from light to transient currents in a semiconductor, which act as a source for terahertz radiation. A spatial light modulator is used to control the spatial structure of the currents and the resulting terahertz radiation with a resolution of 5.6 ± 0.8 μm , or approximately λ / 54 at a frequency of 1 THz. The independence of the currents from any predefined structures and the maturity of spatial light modulator technology enable this metasurface to be reconfigured with unprecedented flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalesh Jana
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Okocha
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Søren H. Møller
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yonghao Mi
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shawn Sederberg
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Paul B. Corkum
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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18
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Okhlopkov KI, Zilli A, Tognazzi A, Rocco D, Fagiani L, Mafakheri E, Bollani M, Finazzi M, Celebrano M, Shcherbakov MR, De Angelis C, Fedyanin AA. Tailoring Third-Harmonic Diffraction Efficiency by Hybrid Modes in High-Q Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10438-10445. [PMID: 34874171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are versatile tools for manipulating light; however, they have received little attention as devices for the efficient control of nonlinearly diffracted light. Here, we demonstrate nonlinear wavefront control through third-harmonic generation (THG) beaming into diffraction orders with efficiency tuned by excitation of hybrid Mie-quasi-bound states in the continuum (BIC) modes in a silicon metasurface. Simultaneous excitation of the high-Q collective Mie-type modes and quasi-BIC modes leads to their hybridization and results in a local electric field redistribution. We probe the hybrid mode by measuring far-field patterns of THG and observe the strong switching between (0,-1) and (-1,0) THG diffraction orders from 1:6 for off-resonant excitation to 129:1 for the hybrid mode excitation, showing tremendous contrast in controlling the nonlinear diffraction patterns. Our results pave the way to the realization of metasurfaces for novel light sources, telecommunications, and quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill I Okhlopkov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Attilio Zilli
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Tognazzi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- CNR-INO (National Institute of Optics), Via Branze 45, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Rocco
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- CNR-INO (National Institute of Optics), Via Branze 45, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Fagiani
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CNR-IFN, LNESS Laboratory, Via Anzani 42, 22100 Como, Italy
| | | | - Monica Bollani
- CNR-IFN, LNESS Laboratory, Via Anzani 42, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Marco Finazzi
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Celebrano
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maxim R Shcherbakov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Costantino De Angelis
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- CNR-INO (National Institute of Optics), Via Branze 45, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrey A Fedyanin
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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19
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Jin B, Mishra D, Argyropoulos C. Efficient single-photon pair generation by spontaneous parametric down-conversion in nonlinear plasmonic metasurfaces. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19903-19914. [PMID: 34806742 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) is one of the most versatile nonlinear optical techniques for the generation of entangled and correlated single-photon pairs. However, it suffers from very poor efficiency leading to extremely weak photon generation rates. Here we propose a plasmonic metasurface design based on silver nanostripes combined with a bulk lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal to realize a new scalable, ultrathin, and efficient SPDC source. By coinciding fundamental and higher order resonances of the metasurface with the generated signal and idler frequencies, respectively, the electric field in the nonlinear media is significantly boosted. This leads to a substantial enhancement in the SPDC process which, subsequently, by using the quantum-classical correspondence principle, translates to very high photon-pair generation rates. The emitted radiation is highly directional and perpendicular to the metasurface in contrast to relevant dielectric structures. The incorporation of circular polarized excitation further increases the photon-pair generation efficiency. The presented work will lead to the design of new efficient ultrathin SPDC single-photon nanophotonic sources working at room temperature that are expected to be critical components in free-space quantum optical communications. In a more general context, our findings can have various applications in the emerging field of quantum plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyuan Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
| | - Dhananjay Mishra
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
| | - Christos Argyropoulos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
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20
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Yuan S, Wu Y, Dang Z, Zeng C, Qi X, Guo G, Ren X, Xia J. Strongly Enhanced Second Harmonic Generation in a Thin Film Lithium Niobate Heterostructure Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:153901. [PMID: 34678011 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.153901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Boosting second-order optical nonlinear frequency conversion over subwavelength thickness has long been pursued through optical resonance in micro- and nanophotonics. However, the availability of thin film materials with high second-order nonlinearity is limited to III-V semiconductors, which have low transparency in the visible. Here, we experimentally demonstrated strongly enhanced second harmonic generation in one-dimensional heterostructure cavities on thin film lithium niobate. A guided-mode resonance resonator and distributed Bragg reflectors are combined for both efficient coupling and electromagnetic field localization. Over 1200 times second harmonic generation enhancement is experimentally realized compared with flat thin film lithium niobate through optimizing the trade-off between quality factor and mode volume, leading to a record high normalized conversion efficiency of 2.03×10^{-5} cm^{2}/GW under 1.92 MW/cm^{2} pump intensity. Our approach could inspire the miniaturization and integration of compact resonant nonlinear photonic devices on thin film lithium niobate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Wuhan National laboratory of Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunkun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhongzhou Dang
- Wuhan National laboratory of Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Wuhan National laboratory of Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaozhuo Qi
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guangcan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xifeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinsong Xia
- Wuhan National laboratory of Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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21
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Nauman M, Yan J, de Ceglia D, Rahmani M, Zangeneh Kamali K, De Angelis C, Miroshnichenko AE, Lu Y, Neshev DN. Tunable unidirectional nonlinear emission from transition-metal-dichalcogenide metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5597. [PMID: 34552076 PMCID: PMC8458373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear light sources are central to a myriad of applications, driving a quest for their miniaturisation down to the nanoscale. In this quest, nonlinear metasurfaces hold a great promise, as they enhance nonlinear effects through their resonant photonic environment and high refractive index, such as in high-index dielectric metasurfaces. However, despite the sub-diffractive operation of dielectric metasurfaces at the fundamental wave, this condition is not fulfilled for the nonlinearly generated harmonic waves, thereby all nonlinear metasurfaces to date emit multiple diffractive beams. Here, we demonstrate the enhanced single-beam second- and third-harmonic generation in a metasurface of crystalline transition-metal-dichalcogenide material, offering the highest refractive index. We show that the interplay between the resonances of the metasurface allows for tuning of the unidirectional second-harmonic radiation in forward or backward direction, not possible in any bulk nonlinear crystal. Our results open new opportunities for metasurface-based nonlinear light-sources, including nonlinear mirrors and entangled-photon generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Nauman
- School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jingshi Yan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Domenico de Ceglia
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via G. Gradenigo, 6/B, Padova, Italy.
| | - Mohsen Rahmani
- Advanced Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Khosro Zangeneh Kamali
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Costantino De Angelis
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia.
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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22
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Lu Y, Feng X, Wang Q, Zhang X, Fang M, Sha WEI, Huang Z, Xu Q, Niu L, Chen X, Ouyang C, Yang Y, Zhang X, Plum E, Zhang S, Han J, Zhang W. Integrated Terahertz Generator-Manipulators Using Epsilon-near-Zero-Hybrid Nonlinear Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7699-7707. [PMID: 34498876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In terahertz (THz) technologies, generation and manipulation of THz waves are two key processes usually implemented by different device modules. Integrating THz generation and manipulation into a single compact device will advance the applications of THz technologies in various fields. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid nonlinear plasmonic metasurface incorporating an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) indium tin oxide (ITO) layer to seamlessly combine efficient generation and manipulation of THz waves across a wide frequency band. The coupling between the plasmonic resonance of the metasurface and the ENZ mode of the ITO thin film enhances the THz conversion efficiency by more than 4 orders of magnitude. Meanwhile, such a hybrid device is capable of shaping the polarization and wavefront of the emitted THz beam via the engineered nonlinear Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phases of the plasmonic meta-atoms. The presented hybrid nonlinear metasurface opens a new avenue toward miniaturized integrated THz devices and systems with advanced functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Lu
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xi Feng
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qingwei Wang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Wei E I Sha
- Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhixiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xieyu Chen
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chunmei Ouyang
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077China
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weili Zhang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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23
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Yang H, Pan J, Zhang S, Zhu W, Zhang L, Zheng H, Zhong Y, Yu J, Chen Z. Steering Nonlinear Twisted Valley Photons of Monolayer WS 2 by Vector Beams. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7261-7269. [PMID: 34432477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides have intrinsic spin-valley degrees of freedom, drawing broad interests due to their potential applications in information storage and processing. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of using cylindrical vector pumped beams, which are nonseparable in their polarization and spatial modes, to manipulate nonlinear valley-locked twisted-vortex emissions in monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2). The second-harmonic (SH) photons from K and K' valleys are encoded with opposite optical vortices, thus allowing the SH beams to emerge as cylindrical vector beams with doubled topological orders compared to the fundamental beams. The conically refracted pumped beams allow us to generate the first-order SH cylindrical vector and full Poincaré beams via tuning the valley-locked emitted light field profiles. With fanshaped WS2 films breaking the axial symmetry of SH beams, the SH valley photons are routed to opposite directions. Our results pave the way to develop atomically thin nonlinear photonic devices and valleytronic nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongWei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jintao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Huadan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongchun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianhui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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24
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Lin YX, Younesi M, Chung HP, Chiu HK, Geiss R, Tseng QH, Setzpfandt F, Pertsch T, Chen YH. Ultra-compact, broadband adiabatic passage optical couplers in thin-film lithium niobate on insulator waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:27362-27372. [PMID: 34615154 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of broadband adiabatic directional couplers in thin-film lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) waveguides. A three LN-waveguide configuration with each waveguide having a ridge cross section of less than 1 square micron, built atop a layer of SiO2 based on a 500-µm-thick Si substrate, has been designed and constructed to optically emulate a three-state stimulated Raman adiabatic passage system, with which a unique counterintuitive adiabatic light transfer phenomenon in a high coupling efficiency of >97% (corresponding to a >15 dB splitting ratio) spanning telecom S, C, and L bands for both TE and TM polarization modes has been observed for a 2-mm long coupler length. An even broader operating bandwidth of >800 nm of the device can be found from the simulation fitting of the experimental data. The footprint of the realized LNOI adiabatic coupler has been reduced by >99% compared to its bulk counterparts. Such an ultra-compact, broadband LNOI adiabatic coupler can be further used to implement or integrate with various photonic elements, a potential building block for realizing large-scale integrated photonic (quantum) circuits in LN.
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25
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Santiago-Cruz T, Fedotova A, Sultanov V, Weissflog MA, Arslan D, Younesi M, Pertsch T, Staude I, Setzpfandt F, Chekhova M. Photon Pairs from Resonant Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4423-4429. [PMID: 33971095 PMCID: PMC8289292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
All-dielectric optical metasurfaces are a workhorse in nano-optics, because of both their ability to manipulate light in different degrees of freedom and their excellent performance at light frequency conversion. Here, we demonstrate first-time generation of photon pairs via spontaneous parametric-down conversion in lithium niobate quantum optical metasurfaces with electric and magnetic Mie-like resonances at various wavelengths. By engineering the quantum optical metasurface, we tailor the photon-pair spectrum in a controlled way. Within a narrow bandwidth around the resonance, the rate of pair production is enhanced up to 2 orders of magnitude, compared to an unpatterned film of the same thickness and material. These results enable flat-optics sources of entangled photons-a new promising platform for quantum optics experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Santiago-Cruz
- Max
Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- University
of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max
Planck School of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Anna Fedotova
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Vitaliy Sultanov
- Max
Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- University
of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian A. Weissflog
- Max
Planck School of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Dennis Arslan
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammadreza Younesi
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Pertsch
- Max
Planck School of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Isabelle Staude
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Setzpfandt
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Chekhova
- Max
Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- University
of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max
Planck School of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
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26
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Huang Z, Wang M, Li Y, Shang J, Li K, Qiu W, Dong J, Guan H, Chen Z, Lu H. Highly efficient second harmonic generation of thin film lithium niobate nanograting near bound states in the continuum. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:325207. [PMID: 33951615 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abfe23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bound states in the continuum (BICs) are ubiquitous physical phenomena where such states occur due to strong coupling between leaky modes in side lossy systems. BICs in meta-optics and nanophotonics enable optical mode confinement to strengthen local field enhancement in nonlinear optics. In this study, we numerically investigate second-harmonic generation (SHG) in the vicinity of BICs with a photonic structure comprising one-dimensional nanogratings and a slab waveguide made of lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN). By breaking the symmetry of LN nanogratings, BICs transition to quasi-BICs, which enable strong local field confinement inside LN slab waveguide to be supported, thereby resulting in improving SHG conversion with lower pump power of fundamental frequency (FW). With a peak intensity of 1.33 GW cm-2at the FW, our structure features a second-harmonic conversion efficiency up to 8.13 × 10-5at quasi-BICs. We believe that our results will facilitate the application of LN in integrated nonlinear nanophotonic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjia Wang
- FEMTO-ST Institute UMR 6174, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte CNRS, Besancon, F-25030, France
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jumei Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangli Dong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510532, People's Republic of China
| | - Heyuan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510532, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510532, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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27
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Carletti L, Zilli A, Moia F, Toma A, Finazzi M, De Angelis C, Neshev DN, Celebrano M. Steering and Encoding the Polarization of the Second Harmonic in the Visible with a Monolithic LiNbO 3 Metasurface. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:731-737. [PMID: 33842671 PMCID: PMC8029498 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear metasurfaces constitute a key asset in meta-optics, given their ability to scale down nonlinear optics to sub-micrometer thicknesses. To date, nonlinear metasurfaces have been mainly realized using narrow band gap semiconductors, with operation limited to the near-infrared range. Nonlinear meta-optics in the visible range can be realized using transparent materials with high refractive index, such as lithium niobate (LiNbO3). Yet, efficient operation in this strategic spectral window has been so far prevented by the nanofabrication challenges associated with LiNbO3, which considerably limit the aspect ratio and minimum size of the nanostructures (i.e., meta-atoms). Here we demonstrate the first monolithic nonlinear periodic metasurface based on LiNbO3 and operating in the visible range. Realized through ion beam milling, our metasurface features a second-harmonic (SH) conversion efficiency of 2.40 × 10-8 at a pump intensity as low as 0.5 GW/cm2. By tuning the pump polarization, we demonstrate efficient steering and polarization encoding into narrow SH diffraction orders, opening novel opportunities for polarization-encoded nonlinear meta-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carletti
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Attilio Zilli
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Moia
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Toma
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Finazzi
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Costantino De Angelis
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Dragomir N. Neshev
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS),
Research School of Physics, Australian National
University, 58 Mills Road, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michele Celebrano
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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28
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Pakhomov AV, Hammerschmidt M, Burger S, Pertsch T, Setzpfandt F. Modeling of surface-induced second-harmonic generation from multilayer structures by the transfer matrix method. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:9098-9122. [PMID: 33820345 DOI: 10.1364/oe.417066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We analytically and numerically investigate surface second-harmonic generation (SHG) from a stack of dielectric layers. We develop a theoretical formalism based on the transfer matrix method for the calculation of the surface-driven second-harmonic radiation from multilayer structures and elaborate it for the case of ultrathin dielectric layers using a power series expansion to derive the effective surface nonlinear tensor for the whole stack. We show that for deeply subwavelength thicknesses of the layers the surface responses from all interfaces can efficiently sum up, leading to largely enhanced efficiency of SHG. As a result, such surface-driven nonlinearity can become comparable to the bulk nonlinearity in noncentrosymmetric semiconductors and can yield high performance for nonlinear nanophotonic applications.
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29
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Kang L, Bao H, Werner DH. Efficient second-harmonic generation in high Q-factor asymmetric lithium niobate metasurfaces. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:633-636. [PMID: 33528427 DOI: 10.1364/ol.413764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LN) has been widely used for second-harmonic generation (SHG) from bulk crystals. Recent studies have reported improved SHG efficiency in LN micro-ring resonators and hybrid waveguiding structures, as well as in LN nanostructures supporting anapole modes and plasmon-assisted dipole resonances. Here we numerically demonstrate that high Q-factor resonances associated with symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum can lead to highly efficient frequency doubling in LN metasurfaces. Simulations show that the radiative Q-factor and on-resonance field enhancement factor observed in the metasurface are closely dependent on the asymmetric parameter α of the system. Furthermore, high Q-factor resonances boost the SH conversion process in the LN nanostructures. In particular, for a LN metasurface with a Q-factor of ∼8×104, a 0.49% peak SH conversion efficiency is achieved at a pump intensity of 3.3kW/cm2. This suggests that such high Q-factor LN metasurfaces may be good candidates for practical blue-ultraviolet light sources. Our work provides insight into the possible implementation of metadevices based on nanoengineering of conventional nonlinear crystals.
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