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Ma L, Jiang J. Vehicular Motions Dominate the Ion Transport in Concentrated LiTFSI Aqueous Solutions? J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4531-4537. [PMID: 38635898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Water-in-salt electrolytes (WiSEs) show great promise for applications in grid-scale energy storage. The design of high-performance WiSEs requires a comprehensive understanding of their microstructures and ion transport properties. In the present work, based on the CL&Pol force field, we have developed a polarizable force field (PFF) tailored for high-concentration LiTFSI aqueous solutions, which accurately reproduces the structural and dynamical properties. Unlike the literature, we do not observe the presence of bulk-like water in LiTFSI solutions exceeding 19 mol/kg. Furthermore, we find that the vast majority of Li(H20)n+ are short-lived, and thus, the structural motion rather than the vehicular motion is the main mode of ion transport. Our results have significant implications for understanding the ion dynamics in WiSEs. Additionally, further in-depth experimental analyses are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Kim Y, Choi E, Kim S, Byon HR. Layered transition metal oxides (LTMO) for oxygen evolution reactions and aqueous Li-ion batteries. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10644-10663. [PMID: 37829040 PMCID: PMC10566458 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This perspective paper comprehensively explores recent electrochemical studies on layered transition metal oxides (LTMO) in aqueous media and specifically encompasses two topics: catalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and cathodes of aqueous lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). They involve conflicting requirements; OER catalysts aim to facilitate water dissociation, while for cathodes in aqueous LiBs it is essential to suppress water dissociation. The interfacial reactions taking place at the LTMO in these two distinct systems are of particular significance. We show various strategies for designing LTMO materials for each desired aim based on an in-depth understanding of electrochemical interfacial reactions. This paper sheds light on how regulating the LTMO interface can contribute to efficient water splitting and economical energy storage, all with a single material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryung Byon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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Nanoarchitecture factors of solid electrolyte interphase formation via 3D nano-rheology microscopy and surface force-distance spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1321. [PMID: 36898996 PMCID: PMC10006426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The solid electrolyte interphase in rechargeable Li-ion batteries, its dynamics and, significantly, its nanoscale structure and composition, hold clues to high-performing and safe energy storage. Unfortunately, knowledge of solid electrolyte interphase formation is limited due to the lack of in situ nano-characterization tools for probing solid-liquid interfaces. Here, we link electrochemical atomic force microscopy, three-dimensional nano-rheology microscopy and surface force-distance spectroscopy, to study, in situ and operando, the dynamic formation of the solid electrolyte interphase starting from a few 0.1 nm thick electrical double layer to the full three-dimensional nanostructured solid electrolyte interphase on the typical graphite basal and edge planes in a Li-ion battery negative electrode. By probing the arrangement of solvent molecules and ions within the electric double layer and quantifying the three-dimensional mechanical property distribution of organic and inorganic components in the as-formed solid electrolyte interphase layer, we reveal the nanoarchitecture factors and atomistic picture of initial solid electrolyte interphase formation on graphite-based negative electrodes in strongly and weakly solvating electrolytes.
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Yamagishi Y, Kominami H, Kobayashi K, Nomura Y, Igaki E, Yamada H. Molecular-Resolution Imaging of Interfacial Solvation of Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries by Frequency Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9907-9913. [PMID: 36473195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Solvation structures formed by ions and solvent molecules at solid/electrolyte interfaces affect the energy storage performance of electrochemical devices, such as lithium-ion batteries. In this study, the molecular-scale solvation structures of an electrolyte, a solution of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in propylene carbonate (PC) at the electrolyte-mica interface, were measured using frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM). The spacing of the characteristic force oscillation in the force versus distance curves increased with increasing ion concentration, suggesting an increase in the effective size of molecules at the interface. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the effective size of molecular assemblies, namely, solvated ions formed at the interface, increased with increasing ion concentrations, which was consistent with the experimental results. Knowledge of molecular-scale structures of solid/electrolyte interfaces obtained by a combination of FM-AFM and molecular dynamics simulations is important in the design of electrolytes for future energy devices and in improving their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamagishi
- Applied Materials Technology Center, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, 3-1-1 Yagumo-nakamachi, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kominami
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Kobayashi
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Nomura
- Applied Materials Technology Center, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, 3-1-1 Yagumo-nakamachi, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8501, Japan
| | - Emiko Igaki
- Applied Materials Technology Center, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, 3-1-1 Yagumo-nakamachi, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8501, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamada
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Bonagiri LKS, Panse KS, Zhou S, Wu H, Aluru NR, Zhang Y. Real-Space Charge Density Profiling of Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces with Angstrom Depth Resolution. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19594-19604. [PMID: 36351178 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and depletion of charges at electrode-electrolyte interfaces is crucial for all types of electrochemical processes. However, the spatial profile of such interfacial charges remains largely elusive. Here we develop charge profiling three-dimensional (3D) atomic force microscopy (CP-3D-AFM) to experimentally quantify the real-space charge distribution of the electrode surface and electric double layers (EDLs) with angstrom depth resolution. We first measure the 3D force maps at different electrode potentials using our recently developed electrochemical 3D-AFM. Through statistical analysis, peak deconvolution, and electrostatic calculations, we derive the depth profile of the local charge density. We perform such charge profiling for two types of emergent electrolytes, ionic liquids, and highly concentrated aqueous solutions, observe pronounced sub-nanometer charge variations, and find the integrated charge densities to agree with those derived from macroscopic electrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalith Krishna Samanth Bonagiri
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Kaustubh S Panse
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Shan Zhou
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Haiyi Wu
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Oden Institute for Computational Engineering & Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and Oden Institute for Computational Engineering & Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
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Goodwin ZAH, McEldrew MP, de Souza JP, Bazant MZ, Kornyshev AA. Gelation, Clustering and Crowding in the Electrical Double Layer of Ionic Liquids. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:094106. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0097055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the bulk and interfacial properties of super-concentrated electrolytes, such as ionic liquids (ILs), has attracted significant attention lately for their promising applications in supercapacitors and batteries. Recently, McEldrew et al. developed a theory for reversible ion associations in bulk ILs, which accounted for the formation of all possible Cayley tree clusters and a percolating ionic network (gel). Here we adopt and develop this approach to understand the associations of ILs in the electrical double layer at electrified interfaces. With increasing charge of the electrode, the theory predicts a transition from a regime dominated by a gelled or clustered state to a crowding regime dominated by free ions. This transition from gelation to crowding is conceptually similar to the overscreening to crowding transition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Patrick McEldrew
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, United States of America
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, United States of America
| | | | - Alexei A. Kornyshev
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London Faculty of Natural Sciences, United Kingdom
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