1
|
Wang G, Han S, Lu Y. From Structure to Application: The Evolutionary Trajectory of Spherical Nucleic Acids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310026. [PMID: 38860348 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Since the proposal of the concept of spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) in 1996, numerous studies have focused on this topic and have achieved great advances. As a new delivery system for nucleic acids, SNAs have advantages over conventional deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nanostructures, including independence from transfection reagents, tolerance to nucleases, and lower immune reactions. The flexible structure of SNAs proves that various inorganic or organic materials can be used as the core, and different types of nucleic acids can be conjugated to realize diverse functions and achieve surprising and exciting outcomes. The special DNA nanostructures have been employed for immunomodulation, gene regulation, drug delivery, biosensing, and bioimaging. Despite the lack of rational design strategies, potential cytotoxicity, and structural defects of this technology, various successful examples demonstrate the bright and convincing future of SNAs in fields such as new materials, clinical practice, and pharmacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guijia Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Sanyang Han
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dilmen E, Orhon I, Jansen J, Hoenderop JGJ. Advancements in kidney organoids and tubuloids to study (dys)function. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:299-311. [PMID: 37865608 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of kidney diseases urges the need for novel therapies. Kidney organoids and tubuloids are advanced in vitro models and have recently been described as promising tools to study kidney (patho)physiology. Recent developments have shown their application in disease modeling, drug screening, and nephrotoxicity. These applications rely on their ability to mimic (dys)function in vitro including endocrine activity and drug, electrolyte, and water transport. This review provides an overview of these emerging kidney models and focuses on the most recent developments that utilize their functional capabilities. In addition, we cover current limitations and provide future perspectives for this rapidly evolving field, including what these functional properties mean for translational and personalized medicine now and in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Dilmen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I Orhon
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - J G J Hoenderop
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Çomaklı S, Özdemir S, Güloğlu M. Chrysin attenuates paclitaxel-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis. Life Sci 2023; 332:122096. [PMID: 37716503 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Paclitaxel (Pax) is a chemotherapeutic drug from the taxane family that is used in the treatment of human cancer, including ovarian, breast, and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Chrysin (CR) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-diabetic, and anti-carcinogenic properties, as well as hepatoprotective and renoprotective activities. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of CR against Pax-induced hepatorenal toxicity on inflammation, apoptosis, antioxidant levels, oxidative DNA damage, and histopathology in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n = 7): Group I (normal control), Group II (CR alone at a dose of 50 mg/kg), Group III (Pax at a dose of 2 mg/kg), Group IV (Pax+CR 25), and Group V (Pax+CR 50). The expressions of apoptotic (Bax and Bcl-2) and antioxidant genes (SOD1, CAT, GPx3, and GST) were evaluated using RT-PCR from paraffin sections. Caspase 3, KIM-1, NF-kB, COX-2, and 8-OHdG were also determined by immunohistochemical examination. KEY FINDINGS The results revealed that Pax exposure caused hepatic and renal damage in rats, which was indicated by a significant elevation of caspase 3, Bax, KIM-1, NF-kB, COX-2, and 8-OHdG. However, there was a marked downregulation in the expressions of the Bcl-2, SOD1, CAT, GPx3, and GST genes. In contrast, rats given CR in combination showed better gene expression, histological structure, and immunohistochemical staining results. SIGNIFICANCE Consequently, CR exhibited the ability to reduce oxidative DNA damage, exert anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties, and mitigate the toxic effects of Pax-induced hepatorenal toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selim Çomaklı
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Selçuk Özdemir
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Meryem Güloğlu
- Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Erzurum, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Yu CY, Wei H. Spherical nucleic acids-based nanoplatforms for tumor precision medicine and immunotherapy. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100750. [PMID: 37545568 PMCID: PMC10400933 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise diagnosis and treatment of tumors currently still face considerable challenges due to the development of highly degreed heterogeneity in the dynamic evolution of tumors. With the rapid development of genomics, personalized diagnosis and treatment using specific genes may be a robust strategy to break through the bottleneck of traditional tumor treatment. Nevertheless, efficient in vivo gene delivery has been frequently hampered by the inherent defects of vectors and various biological barriers. Encouragingly, spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) with good modularity and programmability are excellent candidates capable of addressing traditional gene transfer-associated issues, which enables SNAs a precision nanoplatform with great potential for diverse biomedical applications. In this regard, there have been detailed reviews of SNA in drug delivery, gene regulation, and dermatology treatment. Still, to the best of our knowledge, there is no published systematic review summarizing the use of SNAs in oncology precision medicine and immunotherapy, which are considered new guidelines for oncology treatment. To this end, we summarized the notable advances in SNAs-based precision therapy and immunotherapy for tumors following a classification standard of different types of precise spatiotemporal control on active species by SNAs. Specifically, we focus on the structural diversity and programmability of SNAs. Finally, the challenges and possible solutions were discussed in the concluding remarks. This review will promote the rational design and development of SNAs for tumor-precise medicine and immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tubuloid culture enables long-term expansion of functional human kidney tubule epithelium from iPSC-derived organoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216836120. [PMID: 36724260 PMCID: PMC9963523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216836120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney organoids generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have proven valuable for studies of kidney development, disease, and therapeutic screening. However, specific applications have been hampered by limited expansion capacity, immaturity, off-target cells, and inability to access the apical side. Here, we apply recently developed tubuloid protocols to purify and propagate kidney epithelium from d7+18 (post nephrogenesis) iPSC-derived organoids. The resulting 'iPSC organoid-derived (iPSCod)' tubuloids can be exponentially expanded for at least 2.5 mo, while retaining expression of important tubular transporters and segment-specific markers. This approach allows for selective propagation of the mature tubular epithelium, as immature cells, stroma, and undesirable off-target cells rapidly disappeared. iPSCod tubuloids provide easy apical access, which enabled functional evaluation and demonstration of essential secretion and electrolyte reabsorption processes. In conclusion, iPSCod tubuloids provide a different, complementary human kidney model that unlocks opportunities for functional characterization, disease modeling, and regenerative nephrology.
Collapse
|
6
|
Olde Hanhof CJA, Dilmen E, Yousef Yengej FA, Latta F, Ammerlaan CME, Schreurs J, Hooijmaijers L, Jansen J, Rookmaaker MB, Orhon I, Verhaar MC, Hoenderop JG. Differentiated mouse kidney tubuloids as a novel in vitro model to study collecting duct physiology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1086823. [PMID: 36760360 PMCID: PMC9905633 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1086823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney tubuloids are cell models that are derived from human or mouse renal epithelial cells and show high similarities with their in vivo counterparts. Tubuloids grow polarized in 3D, allow for long-term expansion, and represent multiple segments of the nephron, as shown by their gene expression pattern. In addition, human tubuloids form tight, functional barriers and have been succesfully used for drug testing. Our knowledge of mouse tubuloids, on the other hand, is only minimal. In this study, we further characterized mouse tubuloids and differentiated them towards the collecting duct, which led to a significant upregulation of collecting duct-specific mRNAs of genes and protein expression, including the water channel AQP2 and the sodium channel ENaC. Differentiation resulted in polarized expression of collecting duct water channels AQP2 and AQP3. Also, a physiological response to desmopressin and forskolin stimulation by translocation of AQP2 to the apical membrane was demonstrated. Furthermore, amiloride-sensitive ENaC-mediated sodium uptake was shown in differentiated tubuloids using radioactive tracer sodium. This study demonstrates that mouse tubuloids can be differentiated towards the collecting duct and exhibit collecting duct-specific function. This illustrates the potential use of mouse kidney tubuloids as novel in vitro models to study (patho)physiology of kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. A. Olde Hanhof
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - E. Dilmen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - F. A. Yousef Yengej
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - F. Latta
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - C. M. E. Ammerlaan
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J. Schreurs
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - L. Hooijmaijers
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J. Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands,Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - M. B. Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - I. Orhon
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - M. C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J. G. Hoenderop
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands,*Correspondence: J. G. Hoenderop,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lacueva-Aparicio A, Lindoso RS, Mihăilă SM, Giménez I. Role of extracellular matrix components and structure in new renal models in vitro. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1048738. [PMID: 36569770 PMCID: PMC9767975 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1048738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex set of fibrillar proteins and proteoglycans, supports the renal parenchyma and provides biomechanical and biochemical cues critical for spatial-temporal patterning of cell development and acquisition of specialized functions. As in vitro models progress towards biomimicry, more attention is paid to reproducing ECM-mediated stimuli. ECM's role in in vitro models of renal function and disease used to investigate kidney injury and regeneration is discussed. Availability, affordability, and lot-to-lot consistency are the main factors determining the selection of materials to recreate ECM in vitro. While simpler components can be synthesized in vitro, others must be isolated from animal or human tissues, either as single isolated components or as complex mixtures, such as Matrigel or decellularized formulations. Synthetic polymeric materials with dynamic and instructive capacities are also being explored for cell mechanical support to overcome the issues with natural products. ECM components can be used as simple 2D coatings or complex 3D scaffolds combining natural and synthetic materials. The goal is to recreate the biochemical signals provided by glycosaminoglycans and other signaling molecules, together with the stiffness, elasticity, segmentation, and dimensionality of the original kidney tissue, to support the specialized functions of glomerular, tubular, and vascular compartments. ECM mimicking also plays a central role in recent developments aiming to reproduce renal tissue in vitro or even in therapeutical strategies to regenerate renal function. Bioprinting of renal tubules, recellularization of kidney ECM scaffolds, and development of kidney organoids are examples. Future solutions will probably combine these technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alodia Lacueva-Aparicio
- Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology (FISIOPREN), Aragon’s Health Sciences Institute, Zaragoza, Spain,Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME Lab), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Carlos Chagas Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvia M. Mihăilă
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ignacio Giménez
- Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology (FISIOPREN), Aragon’s Health Sciences Institute, Zaragoza, Spain,Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain,School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain,*Correspondence: Ignacio Giménez,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spherical nucleic acids-based biosensors for cancer biomarkers detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
9
|
Wu K, Yao C, Yang D, Liu D. A functional DNA nanosensor for highly sensitive and selective imaging of ClO− in atherosclerotic plaques. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 209:114273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
10
|
Polymer–Metal Composite Healthcare Materials: From Nano to Device Scale. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6080218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metals have been investigated as biomaterials for a wide range of medical applications. At nanoscale, some metals, such as gold nanoparticles, exhibit plasmonics, which have motivated researchers’ focus on biosensor development. At the device level, some metals, such as titanium, exhibit good physical properties, which could allow them to act as biomedical implants for physical support. Despite these attractive features, the non-specific delivery of metallic nanoparticles and poor tissue–device compatibility have greatly limited their performance. This review aims to illustrate the interplay between polymers and metals, and to highlight the pivotal role of polymer–metal composite/nanocomposite healthcare materials in different biomedical applications. Here, we revisit the recent plasmonic engineered platforms for biomolecules detection in cell-free samples and highlight updated nanocomposite design for (1) intracellular RNA detection, (2) photothermal therapy, and (3) nanomedicine for neurodegenerative diseases, as selected significant live cell–interactive biomedical applications. At the device scale, the rational design of polymer–metallic medical devices is of importance for dental and cardiovascular implantation to overcome the poor physical load transfer between tissues and devices, as well as implant compatibility under a dynamic fluidic environment, respectively. Finally, we conclude the treatment of these innovative polymer–metal biomedical composite designs and provide a future perspective on the aforementioned research areas.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cai Z, Wang A, Wang Y, Qiu Z, Li Y, Yan H, Fu M, Liu M, Yu Y, Gao F. Smart Programmable Scalable Dual-Mode Diagnostic Logic Nanoflare Strategy for Dual-Tumor Marker Detection. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9715-9723. [PMID: 35771770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the single-marker detection scheme, the detection of multiple targets in the complex cell and biological environment can obtain more reliable detection results. Herein, we detected miRNA-21 and APE1 in two modes, AND and OR, respectively, based on gold nanoflares and simple logic components. In both modes, DNAzyme and APE1 can get rich fluorescence recovery results by breaking the DNA strands from the gold nanorods (AuNRs) and unquenching under different conditions. In vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that both nanoflares exhibit excellent biocompatibility and make efficient and sensitive judgments on the two targets. This strategy emphasizes the reuse nature of enzymes, and a small amount of target can generate a large amount of fluorescent signal in the logic device, which greatly reduces the detection limit when monitoring low-abundance targets. Since the short-stranded DNA component of the detection device is simple in composition and easy to program its probe sequence, it can be expanded into a detection system for the detection of other sets of related markers, which increases its potential for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P. R. China
| | - Ali Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P. R. China
| | - Zhili Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P. R. China
| | - Hanrong Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P. R. China
| | - Mengying Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P. R. China
| | - Miaoyan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P. R. China
| | - Fenglei Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiao Z, Huang Q, Yang Y, Liu M, Chen Q, Huang J, Xiang Y, Long X, Zhao T, Wang X, Zhu X, Tu S, Ai K. Emerging early diagnostic methods for acute kidney injury. Theranostics 2022; 12:2963-2986. [PMID: 35401836 PMCID: PMC8965497 DOI: 10.7150/thno.71064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many factors such as trauma and COVID-19 cause acute kidney injury (AKI). Late AKI have a very high incidence and mortality rate. Early diagnosis of AKI provides a critical therapeutic time window for AKI treatment to prevent progression to chronic renal failure. However, the current clinical detection based on creatinine and urine output isn't effective in diagnosing early AKI. In recent years, the early diagnosis of AKI has made great progress with the advancement of information technology, nanotechnology, and biomedicine. These emerging methods are mainly divided into two aspects: First, predicting AKI through models construct by machine learning; Second, early diagnosis of AKI through detection of newly-discovered early biomarkers. Currently, these methods have shown great potential and become an attractive tool for the early diagnosis of AKI. Therefore, it is very important to discuss and summarize these methods for the early diagnosis of AKI. In this review, we first systematically summarize the application of machine learning in AKI prediction algorithms and specific scenarios. In addition, we introduce the key role of early biomarkers in the progress of AKI, and then comprehensively summarize the application of emerging detection technologies for early AKI. Finally, we discuss current challenges and prospects of machine learning and biomarker detection. The review is expected to provide new insights for early diagnosis of AKI, and provided important inspiration for the design of early diagnosis of other major diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuoxiu Xiao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410078
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410008
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410008
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410008
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410008
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410008
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410008
| | - Qiaohui Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410078
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410078
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Yuting Xiang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410078
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xingyu Long
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410078
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410078
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410078
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research, Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, and Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Shiqi Tu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410078
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Kelong Ai
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China, 410078
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Unwin RJ. Toxic nephropathy: Adverse renal effects caused by drugs. Eur J Intern Med 2022; 96:20-25. [PMID: 34607721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This is a brief overview of toxic nephropathy, which is an increasingly recognised problem with the continual introduction of new drugs and novel drug modalities, especially in oncology, and the risks associated with polypharmacy in many patients; although it is important to remember that it may not always be caused by a drug. It is also important to note that several possibly harmful drugs are now available without prescription ('over-the-counter') and can be purchased easily over the internet, including some poorly characterised herbal remedies. Knowing exactly what our patients are taking as medication is not always easy and patients often fail to mention drugs that may not have been prescribed by a doctor or recommended by a pharmacist. Moreover, patients with several comorbidities often require care from more than one doctor in other specialties, which can also lead to drug prescribing in isolation. This article will summarise some key aspects of drug nephrotoxicity and provide a few clinical pointers to consider, bearing in mind that there is rarely any antidote available, and effective treatment relies on early detection, prompt drug withdrawal, and supportive care. This short review is intended only as a primer to highlight some of the more practical aspects of toxic nephropathy; its content is based on a lecture delivered during the 2021 European Congress of Internal Medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Unwin
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital Trust, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Organs-on-chip technology: a tool to tackle genetic kidney diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:2985-2996. [PMID: 35286457 PMCID: PMC9587109 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major healthcare burden that takes a toll on the quality of life of many patients. Emerging evidence indicates that a substantial proportion of these patients carry a genetic defect that contributes to their disease. Any effort to reduce the percentage of patients with a diagnosis of nephropathy heading towards kidney replacement therapies should therefore be encouraged. Besides early genetic screenings and registries, in vitro systems that mimic the complexity and pathophysiological aspects of the disease could advance the screening for targeted and personalized therapies. In this regard, the use of patient-derived cell lines, as well as the generation of disease-specific cell lines via gene editing and stem cell technologies, have significantly improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying inherited kidney diseases. Furthermore, organs-on-chip technology holds great potential as it can emulate tissue and organ functions that are not found in other, more simple, in vitro models. The personalized nature of the chips, together with physiologically relevant read-outs, provide new opportunities for patient-specific assessment, as well as personalized strategies for treatment. In this review, we summarize the major kidney-on-chip (KOC) configurations and present the most recent studies on the in vitro representation of genetic kidney diseases using KOC-driven strategies.
Collapse
|
15
|
El-Sherbiny M, Fahmy EK, Eisa NH, Said E, Elkattawy HA, Ebrahim HA, Elsherbiny NM, Ghoneim FM. Nanogold Particles Suppresses 5-Flurouracil-Induced Renal Injury: An Insight into the Modulation of Nrf-2 and Its Downstream Targets, HO-1 and γ-GCS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247684. [PMID: 34946766 PMCID: PMC8707269 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the field of nanotechnology has revolutionized various aspects in the fields of modern sciences. Nano-medicine is one of the primary fields for the application of nanotechnology techniques. The current study sheds light on the reno-protective impacts of gold nano-particles; nanogold (AuNPs) against 5-flurouracil (5-FU)-induced renal toxicity. Indeed, the use of 5-FU has been associated with kidney injury which greatly curbs its therapeutic application. In the current study, 5-FU injection was associated with a significant escalation in the indices of renal injury, i.e., creatinine and urea. Alongside this, histopathological and ultra-histopathological changes confirmed the onset of renal injury. Both gene and/or protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and downstream antioxidant enzymes revealed consistent paralleled anomalies. AuNPs administration induced a significant renal protection on functional, biochemical, and structural levels. Renal expression of the major sensor of the cellular oxidative status Nrf-2 escalated with a paralleled reduction in the renal expression of the other contributor to this axis, known as Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1). On the level of the effector downstream targets, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) AuNPs significantly restored their gene and protein expression. Additionally, combination of AuNPs with 5-FU showed better cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells compared to monotreatments. Thus, it can be inferred that AuNPs conferred reno-protective impact against 5-FU with an evident modulatory impact on Nrf-2/Keap-1 and its downstream effectors, HO-1 and γ-GCS, suggesting its potential use in 5-FU regimens to improve its therapeutic outcomes and minimize its underlying nephrotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia; (M.E.-S.); (H.A.E.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Eslam K. Fahmy
- Medical Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada H. Eisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Eman Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, New Mansoura University, New Mansoura 7723730, Egypt
| | - Hany A. Elkattawy
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia; (M.E.-S.); (H.A.E.)
- Medical Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Zagazig Obesity Management & Research Unit, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hasnaa Ali Ebrahim
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nehal M. Elsherbiny
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Fatma M. Ghoneim
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|