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Ramanandan SP, Reñé Sapera J, Morelle A, Martí-Sánchez S, Rudra A, Arbiol J, Dubrovskii VG, Fontcuberta I Morral A. Control of Ge island coalescence for the formation of nanowires on silicon. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:555-565. [PMID: 38353654 PMCID: PMC10962639 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00573a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Germanium nanowires could be the building blocks of hole-spin qubit quantum computers. Selective area epitaxy enables the direct integration of Ge nanowires on a silicon chip while controlling the device design, density, and scalability. For this to become a reality, it is essential to understand and control the initial stages of the epitaxy process. In this work, we highlight the importance of surface treatment in the reactor prior to growth to achieve high crystal quality and connected Ge nanowire structures. In particular, we demonstrate that exposure to AsH3 during the high-temperature treatment enhances lateral growth of initial Ge islands and promotes faster formation of continuous Ge nanowires in trenches. The Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami crystallization model supports our explanation of Ge coalescence. These results provide critical insight into the selective epitaxy of horizontal Ge nanowires on lattice-mismatched Si substrates, which can be translated to other material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhanu Panikar Ramanandan
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Joel Reñé Sapera
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Alban Morelle
- Solid State Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Martí-Sánchez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alok Rudra
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Vladimir G Dubrovskii
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment 13B, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Fontcuberta I Morral
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Badawy G, Bakkers EPAM. Electronic Transport and Quantum Phenomena in Nanowires. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2419-2440. [PMID: 38394689 PMCID: PMC10941195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Nanowires are natural one-dimensional channels and offer new opportunities for advanced electronic quantum transport experiments. We review recent progress on the synthesis of nanowires and methods for the fabrication of hybrid semiconductor/superconductor systems. We discuss methods to characterize their electronic properties in the context of possible future applications such as topological and spin qubits. We focus on group III-V (InAs and InSb) and group IV (Ge/Si) semiconductors, since these are the most developed, and give an outlook on other potential materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Badawy
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P. A. M. Bakkers
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Dubrovskii VG. Can Nanowires Coalesce? NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2768. [PMID: 37887919 PMCID: PMC10609440 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Coalescence of nanowires and other three-dimensional structures into continuous film is desirable for growing low-dislocation-density III-nitride and III-V materials on lattice-mismatched substrates; this is also interesting from a fundamental viewpoint. Here, we develop a growth model for vertical nanowires which, under rather general assumptions on the solid-like coalescence process within the Kolmogorov crystallization theory, results in a morphological diagram for the asymptotic coverage of a substrate surface. The coverage is presented as a function of two variables: the material collection efficiency on the top nanowire facet a and the normalized surface diffusion flux of adatoms from the NW sidewalls b. The full coalescence of nanowires is possible only when a=1, regardless of b. At a>1, which often holds for vapor-liquid-solid growth with a catalyst droplet, nanowires can only partly merge but never coalesce into continuous film. In vapor phase epitaxy techniques, the NWs can partly merge but never fully coalesce, while in the directional molecular beam epitaxy the NWs can fully coalesce for small enough contact angles of their droplets corresponding to a=1. The growth kinetics of nanowires and evolution of the coverage in the pre-coalescence stage is also considered. These results can be used for predicting and controlling the degree of surface coverage by nanowires and three-dimensional islands by tuning the surface density, droplet size, adatoms diffusivity, and geometry of the initial structures in the vapor-liquid-solid, selective area, or self-induced growth by different epitaxy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Dubrovskii
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 13B, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Hager A, Güniat L, Morgan N, Ramanandan SP, Rudra A, Piazza V, Fontcuberta I Morral A, Dede D. The implementation of thermal and UV nanoimprint lithography for selective area epitaxy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:445301. [PMID: 37494897 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acea87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) in horizontal configuration could provide a path for scalable NW-based devices. Bottom-up large-scale manufacturing of these nanostructures by selective area epitaxy (SAE) relies on precise nanopatterning of various shapes on the growth masks. Electron beam lithography offers an extraordinary accuracy suited for the purpose. However, this technique is not economically viable for large production as it has a low throughput and requires high investment and operational costs. Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has the potential to reduce fabrication time and costs significantly while requiring less sophisticated equipment. In this work, we utilize both thermal and UV NIL for patterning substrates for SAE, elucidating the advantages and disadvantages of each lithography technique. We demonstrate the epitaxial growth of Ge and GaAs NWs on these substrates, where we observe high-quality mono-crystalline structures. Even though both processes can produce small uniform structures suitable for SAE, our results show that UV NIL proves to be superior and enables reliable and efficient patterning of sub-100 nm mask features at the wafer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Hager
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Güniat
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Morgan
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Santhanu Panikar Ramanandan
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alok Rudra
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valerio Piazza
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Fontcuberta I Morral
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Didem Dede
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
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Huang C, Dede D, Morgan N, Piazza V, Hu X, Fontcuberta I Morral A, Lauhon LJ. Trapping Layers Prevent Dopant Segregation and Enable Remote Doping of Templated Self-Assembled InGaAs Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37402180 PMCID: PMC10375592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective area epitaxy is a promising approach to define nanowire networks for topological quantum computing. However, it is challenging to concurrently engineer nanowire morphology, for carrier confinement, and precision doping, to tune carrier density. We report a strategy to promote Si dopant incorporation and suppress dopant diffusion in remote doped InGaAs nanowires templated by GaAs nanomembrane networks. Growth of a dilute AlGaAs layer following doping of the GaAs nanomembrane induces incorporation of Si that otherwise segregates to the growth surface, enabling precise control of the spacing between the Si donors and the undoped InGaAs channel; a simple model captures the influence of Al on the Si incorporation rate. Finite element modeling confirms that a high electron density is produced in the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Didem Dede
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, EPFL, Route Cantonale, Lausanne, Vaud 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Morgan
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, EPFL, Route Cantonale, Lausanne, Vaud 1015, Switzerland
| | - Valerio Piazza
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, EPFL, Route Cantonale, Lausanne, Vaud 1015, Switzerland
| | - Xiaobing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anna Fontcuberta I Morral
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, EPFL, Route Cantonale, Lausanne, Vaud 1015, Switzerland
| | - Lincoln J Lauhon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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6
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Ming M, Gao F, Wang JH, Zhang JY, Wang T, Yao Y, Hu H, Zhang JJ. Strain-induced ordered Ge(Si) hut wires on patterned Si (001) substrates. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7311-7317. [PMID: 37013680 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05238e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ge/Si nanowires are predicted to be a promising platform for spin and even topological qubits. While for large-scale integration of these devices, nanowires with fully controlled positions and arrangements are a prerequisite. Here, we have reported ordered Ge hut wires by multilayer heteroepitaxy on patterned Si (001) substrates. Self-assembled GeSi hut wire arrays are orderly grown inside patterned trenches with post growth surface flatness. Such embedded GeSi wires induce tensile strain on the Si surface, which results in preferential nucleation of Ge nanostructures. Ordered Ge nano-dashes, disconnected wires and continuous wires are obtained correspondingly by tuning the growth conditions. These site-controlled Ge nanowires on a flattened surface lead to the ease of fabrication and large-scale integration of nanowire quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ming
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- College of Materials Science and Opto-electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Jian-Huan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie-Yin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Hao Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- College of Materials Science and Opto-electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
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