1
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Do VH, Lee JM. Surface engineering for stable electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2693-2737. [PMID: 38318782 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, significant progress has been achieved in rational developments of electrocatalysts through constructing novel atomistic structures and modulating catalytic surface topography, realizing substantial enhancement in electrocatalytic activities. Numerous advanced catalysts were developed for electrochemical energy conversion, exhibiting low overpotential, high intrinsic activity, and selectivity. Yet, maintaining the high catalytic performance under working conditions with high polarization and vigorous microkinetics that induce intensive degradation of surface nanostructures presents a significant challenge for commercial applications. Recently, advanced operando and computational techniques have provided comprehensive mechanistic insights into the degradation of surficial functional structures. Additionally, various innovative strategies have been devised and proven effective in sustaining electrocatalytic activity under harsh operating conditions. This review aims to discuss the most recent understanding of the degradation microkinetics of catalysts across an entire range of anodic to cathodic polarizations, encompassing processes such as oxygen evolution and reduction, hydrogen reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction. Subsequently, innovative strategies adopted to stabilize the materials' structure and activity are highlighted with an in-depth discussion of the underlying rationale. Finally, we present conclusions and perspectives regarding future research and development. By identifying the research gaps, this review aims to inspire further exploration of surface degradation mechanisms and rational design of durable electrocatalysts, ultimately contributing to the large-scale utilization of electroconversion technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Hung Do
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141
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2
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Sheyfer D, Mariano RG, Kawaguchi T, Cha W, Harder RJ, Kanan MW, Hruszkewycz SO, You H, Highland MJ. Operando Nanoscale Imaging of Electrochemically Induced Strain in a Locally Polarized Pt Grain. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1-7. [PMID: 36541700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Developing new methods that reveal the structure of electrode materials under polarization is key to constructing robust structure-property relationships. However, many existing methods lack the spatial resolution in structural changes and fidelity to electrochemical operating conditions that are needed to probe catalytically relevant structures. Here, we combine a nanopipette electrochemical cell with three-dimensional X-ray Bragg coherent diffractive imaging to study how strain in a single Pt grain evolves in response to applied potential. During polarization, marked changes in surface strain arise from the Coulombic attraction between the surface charge on the electrode and the electrolyte ions in the electrochemical double layers, while the strain in the bulk of the crystal remains unchanged. The concurrent surface redox reactions have a strong influence on the magnitude and nature of the strain changes under polarization. Our studies provide a powerful blueprint to understand how structural evolution influences electrochemical performance at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Sheyfer
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Ruperto G Mariano
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02141, United States
| | - Tomoya Kawaguchi
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 9808577, Japan
| | - Wonsuk Cha
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Ross J Harder
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Matthew W Kanan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Stephan O Hruszkewycz
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Hoydoo You
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Matthew J Highland
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
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3
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Hill MO, Schmiedeke P, Huang C, Maddali S, Hu X, Hruszkewycz SO, Finley JJ, Koblmüller G, Lauhon LJ. 3D Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging of Extended Nanowires: Defect Formation in Highly Strained InGaAs Quantum Wells. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20281-20293. [PMID: 36378999 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
InGaAs quantum wells embedded in GaAs nanowires can serve as compact near-infrared emitters for direct integration onto Si complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. While the core-shell geometry in principle allows for a greater tuning of composition and emission, especially farther into the infrared, the practical limits of elastic strain accommodation in quantum wells on multifaceted nanowires have not been established. One barrier to progress is the difficulty of directly comparing the emission characteristics and the precise microstructure of a single nanowire. Here we report an approach to correlating quantum well morphology, strain, defects, and emission to understand the limits of elastic strain accommodation in nanowire quantum wells specific to their geometry. We realize full 3D Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) of intact quantum wells on vertically oriented epitaxial nanowires, which enables direct correlation with single-nanowire photoluminescence. By growing In0.2Ga0.8As quantum wells of distinct thicknesses on different facets of the same nanowire, we identified the critical thickness at which defects are nucleated. A correlation with a traditional transmission electron microscopy analysis confirms that BCDI can image the extended structure of defects. Finite element simulations of electron and hole states explain the emission characteristics arising from strained and partially relaxed regions. This approach, imaging the 3D strain and microstructure of intact nanowire core-shell structures with application-relevant dimensions, can aid the development of predictive models that enable the design of new compact infrared emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O Hill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Paul Schmiedeke
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching85748, Germany
| | - Chunyi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Siddharth Maddali
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Xiaobing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Stephan O Hruszkewycz
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Jonathan J Finley
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching85748, Germany
| | - Gregor Koblmüller
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching85748, Germany
| | - Lincoln J Lauhon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
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4
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Kawaguchi T, Komanicky V, Latyshev V, Cha W, Maxey ER, Harder R, Ichitsubo T, You H. Electrochemically Induced Strain Evolution in Pt-Ni Alloy Nanoparticles Observed by Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5945-5951. [PMID: 34251215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strain is known to enhance the activity of the oxygen reduction reaction in catalytic platinum alloy nanoparticles, whose inactivity is the primary impediment to efficient fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) was employed to reveal the strain evolution during the voltammetric cycling in Pt-Ni alloy nanoparticles composed of Pt2Ni3, Pt1Ni1, and Pt3Ni2. Analysis of the 3D strain images using a core-shell model shows that the strain as large as 5% is induced on Pt-rich shells due to Ni dissolution. The composition dependency of the strain on the shells is in excellent agreement with that of the catalytic activity. The present study demonstrates that BCDI enables quantitative determination of the strain on alloy nanoparticles during electrochemical reactions, which provides a means to exploit surface strain to design a wide range of electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kawaguchi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 9808577, Japan
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | | | - Wonsuk Cha
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Evan R Maxey
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ross Harder
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tetsu Ichitsubo
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 9808577, Japan
| | - Hoydoo You
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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5
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Xie Y, Artymowicz DM, Lopes PP, Aiello A, Wang D, Hart JL, Anber E, Taheri ML, Zhuang H, Newman RC, Sieradzki K. A percolation theory for designing corrosion-resistant alloys. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:789-793. [PMID: 33526878 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron-chromium and nickel-chromium binary alloys containing sufficient quantities of chromium serve as the prototypical corrosion-resistant metals owing to the presence of a nanometre-thick protective passive oxide film1-8. Should this film be compromised by a scratch or abrasive wear, it reforms with little accompanying metal dissolution, a key criterion for good passive behaviour. This is a principal reason that stainless steels and other chromium-containing alloys are used in critical applications ranging from biomedical implants to nuclear reactor components9,10. Unravelling the compositional dependence of this electrochemical behaviour is a long-standing unanswered question in corrosion science. Herein, we develop a percolation theory of alloy passivation based on two-dimensional to three-dimensional crossover effects that accounts for selective dissolution and the quantity of metal dissolved during the initial stage of passive film formation. We validate this theory both experimentally and by kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. Our results reveal a path forward for the design of corrosion-resistant metallic alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Xie
- Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dorota M Artymowicz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pietro P Lopes
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Ashlee Aiello
- Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Duo Wang
- Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - James L Hart
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elaf Anber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mitra L Taheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Houlong Zhuang
- Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Roger C Newman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl Sieradzki
- Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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6
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Vicente R, Neckel IT, Sankaranarayanan SKS, Solla-Gullon J, Fernández PS. Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging for In Situ Studies in Electrocatalysis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6129-6146. [PMID: 33793205 PMCID: PMC8155327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis is at the heart of a broad range of physicochemical applications that play an important role in the present and future of a sustainable economy. Among the myriad of different electrocatalysts used in this field, nanomaterials are of ubiquitous importance. An increased surface area/volume ratio compared to bulk makes nanoscale catalysts the preferred choice to perform electrocatalytic reactions. Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) was introduced in 2006 and since has been applied to obtain 3D images of crystalline nanomaterials. BCDI provides information about the displacement field, which is directly related to strain. Lattice strain in the catalysts impacts their electronic configuration and, consequently, their binding energy with reaction intermediates. Even though there have been significant improvements since its birth, the fact that the experiments can only be performed at synchrotron facilities and its relatively low resolution to date (∼10 nm spatial resolution) have prevented the popularization of this technique. Herein, we will briefly describe the fundamentals of the technique, including the electrocatalysis relevant information that we can extract from it. Subsequently, we review some of the computational experiments that complement the BCDI data for enhanced information extraction and improved understanding of the underlying nanoscale electrocatalytic processes. We next highlight success stories of BCDI applied to different electrochemical systems and in heterogeneous catalysis to show how the technique can contribute to future studies in electrocatalysis. Finally, we outline current challenges in spatiotemporal resolution limits of BCDI and provide our perspectives on recent developments in synchrotron facilities as well as the role of machine learning and artificial intelligence in addressing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael
A. Vicente
- Chemistry
Institute, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center
for Innovation on New Energies, University
of Campinas, 13083-841 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Itamar T. Neckel
- Brazilian
Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian
Center for Research in Energy and Materials, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Subramanian K.
R. S. Sankaranarayanan
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - José Solla-Gullon
- Institute
of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, Apartado 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Pablo S. Fernández
- Chemistry
Institute, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center
for Innovation on New Energies, University
of Campinas, 13083-841 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Björling A, Marçal LAB, Solla-Gullón J, Wallentin J, Carbone D, Maia FRNC. Three-Dimensional Coherent Bragg Imaging of Rotating Nanoparticles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:246101. [PMID: 33412038 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.246101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bragg coherent diffraction imaging is a powerful strain imaging tool, often limited by beam-induced sample instability for small particles and high power densities. Here, we devise and validate an adapted diffraction volume assembly algorithm, capable of recovering three-dimensional datasets from particles undergoing uncontrolled and unknown rotations. We apply the method to gold nanoparticles which rotate under the influence of a focused coherent x-ray beam, retrieving their three-dimensional shapes and strain fields. The results show that the sample instability problem can be overcome, enabling the use of fourth generation synchrotron sources for Bragg coherent diffraction imaging to their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas A B Marçal
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - José Solla-Gullón
- Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Jesper Wallentin
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dina Carbone
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Filipe R N C Maia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Bott‐Neto JL, Rodrigues MVF, Silva MC, Carneiro‐Neto EB, Wosiak G, Mauricio JC, Pereira EC, Figueroa SJA, Fernández PS. Versatile Spectroelectrochemical Cell for In Situ Experiments: Development, Applications, and Electrochemical Behavior**. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José L. Bott‐Neto
- Institute of Chemistry State University of Campinas PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas SP Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies State University of Campinas 13083-841 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Marta V. F. Rodrigues
- Institute of Chemistry State University of Campinas PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas SP Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Silva
- Center for Innovation on New Energies State University of Campinas 13083-841 Campinas, SP Brazil
- Chemistry Department Federal University of São Carlos 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Evaldo B. Carneiro‐Neto
- Center for Innovation on New Energies State University of Campinas 13083-841 Campinas, SP Brazil
- Chemistry Department Federal University of São Carlos 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Gabriel Wosiak
- Center for Innovation on New Energies State University of Campinas 13083-841 Campinas, SP Brazil
- Chemistry Department Federal University of São Carlos 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Junior C. Mauricio
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Ernesto C. Pereira
- Center for Innovation on New Energies State University of Campinas 13083-841 Campinas, SP Brazil
- Chemistry Department Federal University of São Carlos 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Santiago J. A. Figueroa
- Institute of Chemistry State University of Campinas PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas SP Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Pablo S. Fernández
- Institute of Chemistry State University of Campinas PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas SP Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies State University of Campinas 13083-841 Campinas, SP Brazil
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9
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Carnis J, Gao L, Labat S, Kim YY, Hofmann JP, Leake SJ, Schülli TU, Hensen EJM, Thomas O, Richard MI. Towards a quantitative determination of strain in Bragg Coherent X-ray Diffraction Imaging: artefacts and sign convention in reconstructions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17357. [PMID: 31758040 PMCID: PMC6874548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (BCDI) has emerged as a powerful technique to image the local displacement field and strain in nanocrystals, in three dimensions with nanometric spatial resolution. However, BCDI relies on both dataset collection and phase retrieval algorithms that can induce artefacts in the reconstruction. Phase retrieval algorithms are based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT). We demonstrate how to calculate the displacement field inside a nanocrystal from its reconstructed phase depending on the mathematical convention used for the FFT. We use numerical simulations to quantify the influence of experimentally unavoidable detector deficiencies such as blind areas or limited dynamic range as well as post-processing filtering on the reconstruction. We also propose a criterion for the isosurface determination of the object, based on the histogram of the reconstructed modulus. Finally, we study the capability of the phasing algorithm to quantitatively retrieve the surface strain (i.e., the strain of the surface voxels). This work emphasizes many aspects that have been neglected so far in BCDI, which need to be understood for a quantitative analysis of displacement and strain based on this technique. It concludes with the optimization of experimental parameters to improve throughput and to establish BCDI as a reliable 3D nano-imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Carnis
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397, Marseille, France.
- ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Lu Gao
- Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, P. O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphane Labat
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Young Yong Kim
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan P Hofmann
- Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, P. O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Steven J Leake
- ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Tobias U Schülli
- ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emiel J M Hensen
- Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, P. O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Thomas
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Ingrid Richard
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397, Marseille, France
- ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
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10
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Björling A, Carbone D, Sarabia FJ, Hammarberg S, Feliu JM, Solla-Gullón J. Coherent Bragg imaging of 60 nm Au nanoparticles under electrochemical control at the NanoMAX beamline. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1830-1834. [PMID: 31490177 PMCID: PMC6730624 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519010385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are essential electrocatalysts in chemical production, water treatment and energy conversion, but engineering efficient and specific catalysts requires understanding complex structure-reactivity relations. Recent experiments have shown that Bragg coherent diffraction imaging might be a powerful tool in this regard. The technique provides three-dimensional lattice strain fields from which surface reactivity maps can be inferred. However, all experiments published so far have investigated particles an order of magnitude larger than those used in practical applications. Studying smaller particles quickly becomes demanding as the diffracted intensity falls. Here, in situ nanodiffraction data from 60 nm Au nanoparticles under electrochemical control collected at the hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline of MAX IV, NanoMAX, are presented. Two-dimensional image reconstructions of these particles are produced, and it is estimated that NanoMAX, which is now open for general users, has the requisites for three-dimensional imaging of particles of a size relevant for catalytic applications. This represents the first demonstration of coherent X-ray diffraction experiments performed at a diffraction-limited storage ring, and illustrates the importance of these new sources for experiments where coherence properties become crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Björling
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Dina Carbone
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Francisco J. Sarabia
- Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, Apdo 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Susanna Hammarberg
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Juan M. Feliu
- Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, Apdo 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - José Solla-Gullón
- Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, Apdo 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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11
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You H. X-Ray Scattering and Imaging Studies of Electrode Structure and Dynamics. CHEM REC 2019; 19:1220-1232. [PMID: 30251465 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We will review structures and dynamics of electrode interfaces studied in situ using x-ray scattering and imaging techniques. The examples cover single-crystal and nanocrystal structures relevant to electrocatalytic activities, anodic oxidation and corrosion, aqueous dissolution reactions, surface reconstructions, and surface modifications by under potential deposition. The x-ray techniques include the widely used traditional surface x-ray scattering, such as crystal truncation rods and x-ray reflectivity, as well as recently developed resonance surface scattering, coherent surface x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, coherent x-ray Bragg diffraction imaging, and surface ptychography. Results relevant to various electrochemical phenomena will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoydoo You
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave. Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
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12
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Yuan K, Lee SS, Cha W, Ulvestad A, Kim H, Abdilla B, Sturchio NC, Fenter P. Oxidation induced strain and defects in magnetite crystals. Nat Commun 2019; 10:703. [PMID: 30741943 PMCID: PMC6370877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of magnetite (Fe3O4) has broad implications in geochemistry, environmental science and materials science. Spatially resolving strain fields and defect evolution during oxidation of magnetite provides further insight into its reaction mechanisms. Here we show that the morphology and internal strain distributions within individual nano-sized (~400 nm) magnetite crystals can be visualized using Bragg coherent diffractive imaging (BCDI). Oxidative dissolution in acidic solutions leads to increases in the magnitude and heterogeneity of internal strains. This heterogeneous strain likely results from lattice distortion caused by Fe(II) diffusion that leads to the observed domains of increasing compressive and tensile strains. In contrast, strain evolution is less pronounced during magnetite oxidation at elevated temperature in air. These results demonstrate that oxidative dissolution of magnetite can induce a rich array of strain and defect structures, which could be an important factor that contributes to the high reactivity observed on magnetite particles in aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yuan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Wonsuk Cha
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Andrew Ulvestad
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Bektur Abdilla
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Paul Fenter
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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Mordehai D, David O, Kositski R. Nucleation-Controlled Plasticity of Metallic Nanowires and Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706710. [PMID: 29962014 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires and nanoparticles are envisioned as important elements of future technology and devices, owing to their unique mechanical properties. Metallic nanowires and nanoparticles demonstrate outstanding size-dependent strength since their deformation is dislocation nucleation-controlled. In this context, the recent experimental and computational studies of nucleation-controlled plasticity are reviewed. The underlying microstructural mechanisms that govern the strength of nanowires and the origin of their stochastic nature are also discussed. Nanoparticles, in which the stress state under compression is nonuniform, exhibit a shape-dependent strength. Perspectives on improved methods to study nucleation-controlled plasticity are discussed, as well the insights gained for microstructural-based design of mechanical properties at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mordehai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Omer David
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Roman Kositski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
A `2D + λ' mode using two detector angles and wavelength is added to the modes of operation of a six-circle diffractometer, i.e. `4S + 2D' diffractometer [You (1999). J. Appl. Cryst.
32, 614–623]. In synchrotron sources, the X-ray energy, and hence the wavelength, can be a degree of freedom for angle calculations. For diffractometers with two detector circles, therefore, the variable X-ray energy can be the third degree of freedom, sufficient for accessing reciprocal space without rotating the sample. This mode is useful for limited sample rotations or X-ray beams focused smaller than the diffractometer circle of confusion.
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15
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Lopes PP, Tripkovic D, Martins PF, Strmcnik D, Ticianelli EA, Stamenkovic VR, Markovic NM. Dynamics of electrochemical Pt dissolution at atomic and molecular levels. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Yau A, Harder RJ, Kanan MW, Ulvestad A. Imaging the Hydrogen Absorption Dynamics of Individual Grains in Polycrystalline Palladium Thin Films in 3D. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10945-10954. [PMID: 29035558 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Defects such as dislocations and grain boundaries often control the properties of polycrystalline materials. In nanocrystalline materials, investigating this structure-function relationship while preserving the sample remains challenging because of the short length scales and buried interfaces involved. Here we use Bragg coherent diffractive imaging to investigate the role of structural inhomogeneity on the hydriding phase transformation dynamics of individual Pd grains in polycrystalline films in three-dimensional detail. In contrast to previous reports on single- and polycrystalline nanoparticles, we observe no evidence of a hydrogen-rich surface layer and consequently no size dependence in the hydriding phase transformation pressure over a 125-325 nm size range. We do observe interesting grain boundary dynamics, including reversible rotations of grain lattices while the material remains in the hydrogen-poor phase. The mobility of the grain boundaries, combined with the lack of a hydrogen-rich surface layer, suggests that the grain boundaries are acting as fast diffusion sites for the hydrogen atoms. Such hydrogen-enhanced plasticity in the hydrogen-poor phase provides insight into the switch from the size-dependent behavior of single-crystal nanoparticles to the lower transformation pressures of polycrystalline materials and may play a role in hydrogen embrittlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Yau
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ross J Harder
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Matthew W Kanan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Andrew Ulvestad
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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17
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The self-healing of defects induced by the hydriding phase transformation in palladium nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1376. [PMID: 29123126 PMCID: PMC5680230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanosizing can dramatically alter material properties by enhancing surface thermodynamic contributions, shortening diffusion lengths, and increasing the number of catalytically active sites per unit volume. These mechanisms have been used to explain the improved properties of catalysts, battery materials, plasmonic materials, etc. Here we show that Pd nanoparticles also have the ability to self-heal defects in their crystal structures. Using Bragg coherent diffractive imaging, we image dislocations nucleated deep in a Pd nanoparticle during the forward hydriding phase transformation that heal during the reverse transformation, despite the region surrounding the dislocations remaining in the hydrogen-poor phase. We show that defective Pd nanoparticles exhibit sloped isotherms, indicating that defects act as additional barriers to the phase transformation. Our results resolve the formation and healing of structural defects during phase transformations at the single nanoparticle level and offer an additional perspective as to how and why nanoparticles differ from their bulk counterparts. Nanoscale materials commonly have improved properties over their bulk counterparts. Here, the authors use Bragg coherent diffractive imaging to reveal that Pd nanoparticles can self-heal crystallographic defects induced during the hydriding phase transformation, making them more resistant to strain-induced damage.
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18
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Ulvestad A, Nashed Y, Beutier G, Verdier M, Hruszkewycz SO, Dupraz M. Identifying Defects with Guided Algorithms in Bragg Coherent Diffractive Imaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9920. [PMID: 28855571 PMCID: PMC5577107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystallographic defects such as dislocations can significantly alter material properties and functionality. However, imaging these imperfections during operation remains challenging due to the short length scales involved and the reactive environments of interest. Bragg coherent diffractive imaging (BCDI) has emerged as a powerful tool capable of identifying dislocations, twin domains, and other defects in 3D detail with nanometer spatial resolution within nanocrystals and grains in reactive environments. However, BCDI relies on phase retrieval algorithms that can fail to accurately reconstruct the defect network. Here, we use numerical simulations to explore different guided phase retrieval algorithms for imaging defective crystals using BCDI. We explore different defect types, defect densities, Bragg peaks, and guided algorithm fitness metrics as a function of signal-to-noise ratio. Based on these results, we offer a general prescription for phasing of defective crystals with no a priori knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ulvestad
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA.
| | - Y Nashed
- Mathematics and Computer Science, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA
| | - G Beutier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMaP, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - M Verdier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMaP, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - S O Hruszkewycz
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA
| | - M Dupraz
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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