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Banhart F. The Formation and Transformation of Low-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials by Electron Irradiation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310462. [PMID: 38700071 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Low-dimensional materials based on graphene or graphite show a large variety of phenomena when they are subjected to irradiation with energetic electrons. Since the 1990s, electron microscopy studies, where a certain irradiation dose is unavoidable, have witnessed unexpected structural transformations of graphitic nanoparticles. It is recognized that electron irradiation is not only detrimental but also bears considerable potential in the formation of new graphitic structures. With the availability of aberration-corrected electron microscopes and the discovery of techniques to produce monolayers of graphene, detailed insight into the atomic processes occurring during electron irradiation became possible. Threshold energies for atom displacements are determined and models of different types of lattice vacancies are confirmed experimentally. However, experimental evidence for the configuration of interstitial atoms in graphite or adatoms on graphene remained indirect, and the understanding of defect dynamics still depends on theoretical concepts. This article reviews irradiation phenomena in graphene- or graphite-based nanomaterials from the scale of single atoms to tens of nanometers. Observations from the 1990s can now be explained on the basis of new results. The evolution of the understanding during three decades of research is presented, and the remaining problems are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, 67034, France
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2
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Rahman M, Al Mamun MS. Future prospects of MXenes: synthesis, functionalization, properties, and application in field effect transistors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:367-385. [PMID: 38235082 PMCID: PMC10790980 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00874f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) materials that have drawn a lot of interest recently because of their distinctive characteristics and possible uses in a variety of industries. This review emphasizes the bright future prospects of MXene materials in the realm of FETs. Their remarkable properties, coupled with their tunability and compatibility, position MXenes as promising candidates for the development of high-performance electronic devices. As research in this field continues to evolve, the potential of MXenes to drive innovation in electronics becomes increasingly evident, fostering excitement for their role in shaping the future of electronic technology. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of MXene materials, focusing on their synthesis methods, functionalization strategies, intrinsic properties, and their promising application in Field Effect Transistors (FETs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisha Rahman
- Chemistry Discipline, Khulna University Khulna-9208 Bangladesh
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Ta HQ, Mendes RG, Liu Y, Yang X, Luo J, Bachmatiuk A, Gemming T, Zeng M, Fu L, Liu L, Rümmeli MH. In Situ Fabrication of Freestanding Single-Atom-Thick 2D Metal/Metallene and 2D Metal/ Metallene Oxide Membranes: Recent Developments. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100619. [PMID: 34459155 PMCID: PMC8529443 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted a lot of research interest as they exhibit several fascinating properties. However, outside of 2D materials derived from van der Waals layered bulk materials only a few other such materials are realized, and it remains difficult to confirm their 2D freestanding structure. Despite that, many metals are predicted to exist as 2D systems. In this review, the authors summarize the recent progress made in the synthesis and characterization of these 2D metals, so called metallenes, and their oxide forms, metallene oxides as free standing 2D structures formed in situ through the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning TEM (STEM) to synthesize these materials. Two primary approaches for forming freestanding monoatomic metallic membranes are identified. In the first, graphene pores as a means to suspend the metallene or metallene oxide and in the second, electron-beam sputtering for the selective etching of metal alloys or thick complex initial materials is employed to obtain freestanding single-atom-thick 2D metal. The data show a growing number of 2D metals/metallenes and 2D metal/ metallene oxides having been confirmed and point to a bright future for further discoveries of these 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Q. Ta
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationsCollege of EnergyCollaborative Innovation Center of SuzhouNano Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Carbon MaterialsWearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
- Institute for Complex MaterialsIFW DresdenP.O. Box D‐01171DresdenGermany
| | - Rafael G. Mendes
- Institute for Complex MaterialsIFW DresdenP.O. Box D‐01171DresdenGermany
| | - Yu Liu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationsCollege of EnergyCollaborative Innovation Center of SuzhouNano Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Carbon MaterialsWearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationsCollege of EnergyCollaborative Innovation Center of SuzhouNano Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Carbon MaterialsWearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
- School of Energy and Power EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityNo. 28, Xianning West RoadXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Jingping Luo
- School of Energy and Power EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityNo. 28, Xianning West RoadXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- Material Science & Engineering CenterŁukasiewicz Research Network – PORT Polish Center for Technology DevelopmentUl. Stabłowicka 147Wrocław54‐066Poland
| | - Thomas Gemming
- Institute for Complex MaterialsIFW DresdenP.O. Box D‐01171DresdenGermany
| | - Mengqi Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Lijun Liu
- School of Energy and Power EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityNo. 28, Xianning West RoadXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Mark H. Rümmeli
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationsCollege of EnergyCollaborative Innovation Center of SuzhouNano Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Carbon MaterialsWearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
- Institute for Complex MaterialsIFW DresdenP.O. Box D‐01171DresdenGermany
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon MaterialsPolish Academy of SciencesM. Curie‐Sklodowskiej 34Zabrze41‐819Poland
- Center for Energy and Environmental TechnologiesVSB‐Technical University of Ostrava17. Listopadu 15Ostrava708 33Czech Republic
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Rummeli MH, Ta HQ, Mendes RG, Gonzalez-Martinez IG, Zhao L, Gao J, Fu L, Gemming T, Bachmatiuk A, Liu Z. New Frontiers in Electron Beam-Driven Chemistry in and around Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1800715. [PMID: 29888408 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Modern aberration corrected transmission electron microscopes offer the potential for electron beam sensitive materials, such as graphene, to be examined with low energy electrons to minimize, and even avoid, damage while still affording atomic resolution, and thus providing excellent characterization. Here in this review, the exploits in which the electron beam interactions, which are often considered negative, are explored to usefully drive a wealth of chemistry in and around graphene, importantly, with no other external stimuli. After introducing the technique, this review covers carbon phase reactions between amorphous carbon, graphene, fullerenes, carbon chains, and carbon nanotubes. It then explores different studies with clusters and nanoparticles, followed by coverage of single atom and molecule interactions with graphene, and finally concludes and highlights the anticipated exciting future for electron beam driving chemistry in and around graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Rummeli
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze, 41-819, Poland
- IFW Dresden, P.O. Box D-01171, Dresden, Germany
| | - Huy Q Ta
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Rafael G Mendes
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- IFW Dresden, P.O. Box D-01171, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Liang Zhao
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | | | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze, 41-819, Poland
- IFW Dresden, P.O. Box D-01171, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Centre for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Hasan M, Meiou W, Yulian L, Ullah S, Ta HQ, Zhao L, Mendes RG, Malik ZP, Ahmad N, Liu Z, Rümmeli MH. Direct chemical vapor deposition synthesis of large area single-layer brominated graphene. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13527-13532. [PMID: 35519551 PMCID: PMC9063914 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01152h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives such as functionalized graphene are considered to hold significant promise in numerous applications. Within that context, halogen functionalization is exciting for radical and nucleophilic substitution reactions as well as for the grafting of organic moieties. Historically, the successful covalent doping of sp2 carbon with halogens, such as bromine, was demonstrated with carbon nanotubes. However, the direct synthesis of brominated graphene has thus far remained elusive. In this study we show how large area brominated graphene with C–Br bonds can be achieved directly (i.e. a single step) using hydrogen rich low pressure chemical vapor deposition. The direct synthesis of brominated graphene could lead to practical developments. In this study we present the first direct synthesis of large area, single layer, crystalline graphene with covalently doped bromine.![]()
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Pang J, Mendes RG, Bachmatiuk A, Zhao L, Ta HQ, Gemming T, Liu H, Liu Z, Rummeli MH. Applications of 2D MXenes in energy conversion and storage systems. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:72-133. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00324f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 978] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of MXene materials and their energy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Pang
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR)
- University of Jinan
| | - Rafael G. Mendes
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
| | - Liang Zhao
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
- School of Energy
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Huy Q. Ta
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
- School of Energy
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Thomas Gemming
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR)
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
- School of Energy
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Mark H. Rummeli
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
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Rummeli MH, Pan Y, Zhao L, Gao J, Ta HQ, Martinez IG, Mendes RG, Gemming T, Fu L, Bachmatiuk A, Liu Z. In Situ Room Temperature Electron-Beam Driven Graphene Growth from Hydrocarbon Contamination in a Transmission Electron Microscope. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11060896. [PMID: 29861457 PMCID: PMC6024926 DOI: 10.3390/ma11060896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The excitement of graphene (as well as 2D materials in general) has generated numerous procedures for the fabrication of graphene. Here we present a mini-review on a rather less known, but attractive, in situ means to fabricate graphene inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). This is achieved in a conventional TEM (viz. no sophisticated specimen holders or microscopes are required) and takes advantage of inherent hydrocarbon contamination as a carbon source. Both catalyst free and single atom catalyst approaches are reviewed. An advantage of this technique is that not only can the growth process be imaged in situ, but this can also be achieved with atomic resolution. Moreover, in the future, one can anticipate such approaches enabling the growth of nano-materials with atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Rummeli
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland.
- IFW Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Yumo Pan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Huy Q Ta
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | | | - Rafael G Mendes
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
- IFW Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
| | | | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland.
- IFW Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Centre for Nanocarbons, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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