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Pachlatko R, Prumbaum N, Krass MD, Grob U, Degen CL, Eichler A. Nanoscale Magnets Embedded in a Microstrip. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2081-2086. [PMID: 38300507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) is an active area of applied research with potential applications in structural biology and quantum engineering. The success of this technological vision hinges on improving the instrument's sensitivity and functionality. A particular challenge is the optimization of the magnetic field gradient required for spatial encoding and of the radio frequency field used for spin control, in analogy to the components used in clinical MRI. In this work, we present the fabrication and characterization of a magnet-in-microstrip device that yields a compact form factor for both elements. We find that our design leads to a number of advantages, among them a 4-fold increase of the magnetic field gradient compared to those achieved with traditional fabrication methods. Our results can be useful for boosting the efficiency of a variety of different experimental arrangements and detection principles in the field of NanoMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Pachlatko
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Prumbaum
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc-Dominik Krass
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Grob
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Liang J, Davoodi H, Wadhwa S, Badilita V, Korvink JG. Broadband stripline Lenz lens achieves 11 × NMR signal enhancement. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1645. [PMID: 38238376 PMCID: PMC10796323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A Lenz lens is an electrically passive conductive element that, when placed in a time-varying magnetic field, acts as a magnetic flux concentrator or a magnetic lens. In the realm of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Lenz lenses have been exploited as electrically passive metallic radiofrequency interposers placed between a sample and a tuned or untuned NMR detector in order to focus the [Formula: see text]-field of the detector onto a smaller sample space. Here we explore a novel embodiment of the Lenz lens, which acts as a non-resonant stripline interposer, i.e., the [Formula: see text]-field acts along the longitudinal volume of a sample container, such as a capillary or other microfluidic channel that is coincident with the axis of the stripline. The almost vanishing self-resonance of the stripline Lenz lens, at frequencies relevant for NMR, leads to a desirable [Formula: see text]-field amplitude that is nearly perfectly uniform across the sample and hence lacking a characteristic sinusoidal modal shape. The action of Lenz' law ensures that no stray [Formula: see text]-field is found outside of the stripline's active volume. Because the stripline Lenz lens does not rely on its own geometry to achieve resonance, its frequency response is thus widely broadband for field enhancements up to a factor of 11, with only the external driving resonator properties governing the overall resonant behaviour. We explore the use of the stripline Lenz lens with a sub-nanolitre sample volume, readily detecting 4 isotopes with resonances ranging from 125.76 to 500 MHz. The concept holds potential for the NMR study of thin films, small biological samples, as well as the in situ study of battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Liang
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Vlad Badilita
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Abendroth JM, Herb K, Janitz E, Zhu T, Völker LA, Degen CL. Single-Nitrogen-Vacancy NMR of Amine-Functionalized Diamond Surfaces. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7294-7303. [PMID: 36069765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging with shallow nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offers an exciting route toward sensitive and localized chemical characterization at the nanoscale. Remarkable progress has been made to combat the degradation in coherence time and stability suffered by near-surface NV centers using suitable chemical surface termination. However, approaches that also enable robust control over adsorbed molecule density, orientation, and binding configuration are needed. We demonstrate a diamond surface preparation for mixed nitrogen- and oxygen-termination that simultaneously improves NV center coherence times for <10 nm-deep emitters and enables direct and recyclable chemical functionalization via amine-reactive cross-linking. Using this approach, we probe single NV centers embedded in nanopillar waveguides to perform 19F NMR sensing of covalently bound fluorinated molecules with detection on the order of 100 molecules. This work signifies an important step toward nuclear spin localization and structure interrogation at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tianqi Zhu
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Gisler T, Helal M, Sabonis D, Grob U, Héritier M, Degen CL, Ghadimi AH, Eichler A. Soft-Clamped Silicon Nitride String Resonators at Millikelvin Temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:104301. [PMID: 36112443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that soft-clamped silicon nitride strings with a large aspect ratio can be operated at mK temperatures. The quality factors (Q) of two measured devices show consistent dependency on the cryostat temperature, with soft-clamped mechanical modes reaching Q>10^{9} at roughly 46 mK. For low optical readout power, Q is found to saturate, indicating good thermalization between the sample and the stage it is mounted on. Our best device exhibits a calculated force sensitivity of 9.6 zN/sqrt[Hz] and a thermal decoherence time of 0.38 s, which bode well for future applications such as nanomechanical force sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gisler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Helal
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Deividas Sabonis
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Grob
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Héritier
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amir H Ghadimi
- Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM), 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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A Qubit Represented by the Oscillator’s Quantum States in Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8080076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We consider magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) in the situation when the frequency of the electron spin resonance matches the fundamental frequency of the cantilever with a ferromagnetic particle attached to its tip. We suggest that in this situation, the quantum states of the oscillating cantilever may represent a qubit. We develop a scheme for manipulation with the qubit state and derive the expression describing the Rabi oscillations of the qubit.
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Héritier M, Pachlatko R, Tao Y, Abendroth JM, Degen CL, Eichler A. Spatial Correlation between Fluctuating and Static Fields over Metal and Dielectric Substrates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:216101. [PMID: 34860104 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.216101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report spatially resolved measurements of static and fluctuating electric fields over conductive (Au) and nonconductive (SiO_{2}) surfaces. Using an ultrasensitive "nanoladder" cantilever probe to scan over these surfaces at distances of a few tens of nanometers, we record changes in the probe resonance frequency and damping that we associate with static and fluctuating fields, respectively. We find static and fluctuating fields to be spatially correlated. Furthermore, the fields are of similar magnitude for the two materials. We quantitatively describe the observed effects on the basis of trapped surface charges and dielectric fluctuations in an adsorbate layer. Our results are consistent with organic adsorbates significantly contributing to surface dissipation that affects nanomechanical sensors, trapped ions, superconducting resonators, and color centers in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Héritier
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Pachlatko
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ye Tao
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - John M Abendroth
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Toda M, Ono T. Three-dimensional imaging of electron spin resonance-magnetic resonance force microscopy at room temperature. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 330:107045. [PMID: 34384958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated the three-dimensional (3D) imaging by magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) based on electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements at room temperature. For a microsample containing radicals, the 3D force distribution was obtained using a custom-made Si nanowire and a permanent magnetic particle. Calculation using precise values of the magnetic field distribution is required to define an accurate response function for the 3D deconvolution processing of the spin density distribution. A symmetric resonance magnetic field produces good periodic force maps using a spherical micromagnet, which simplifies the deconvolution processing with resonant slice systems. In addition, the 3D imaging method was processed in the wavenumber space by a Fourier transform that used a simple convolution with noise parameters in the response function. After the reconstruction of the distribution of electron spins (radicals), the shape of the sample agreed with that of the optical image; thus, the accuracy of the internal density structure was verified. We believe that the combination of a Si nanowire and a spherical magnetic particle used for magnetic resonance detection is a good candidate for Fourier transform 3D deconvolution in multiple MRFM applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Toda
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Takahito Ono
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Micro System Integration Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
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Cha J, Kim H, Kim J, Shim SB, Suh J. Superconducting Nanoelectromechanical Transducer Resilient to Magnetic Fields. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1800-1806. [PMID: 33555879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale electromechanical coupling provides a unique route toward control of mechanical motions and microwave fields in superconducting cavity electromechanical devices. However, conventional devices composed of aluminum have presented severe constraints on their operating conditions due to the low superconducting critical temperature (1.2 K) and magnetic field (0.01 T) of aluminum. To enhance their potential in device applications, we fabricate a superconducting electromechanical device employing niobium and demonstrate a set of cavity electromechanical dynamics, including back-action cooling and amplification, and electromechanically induced reflection at 4.2 K and in strong magnetic fields up to 0.8 T. Niobium-based electromechanical transducers operating at this temperature could potentially be employed to realize compact, nonreciprocal microwave devices in place of conventional isolators and cryogenic amplifiers. Moreover, with their resilience to magnetic fields, niobium devices utilizing the electromechanical back-action effects could be used to study spin-phonon interactions for nanomechanical spin-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoong Cha
- Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 34113 Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hakseong Kim
- Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 34113 Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jihwan Kim
- Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 34113 Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 34141 Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Bo Shim
- Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 34113 Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Junho Suh
- Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 34113 Daejeon, South Korea
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Sahin Solmaz N, Grisi M, Matheoud AV, Gualco G, Boero G. Single-Chip Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Microsystem. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9782-9789. [PMID: 32530638 PMCID: PMC9559634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Integration
of the sensitivity-relevant electronics of nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometers
on a single chip is a promising approach to improve the limit of detection,
especially for samples in the nanoliter and subnanoliter range. Here,
we demonstrate the cointegration on a single silicon chip of the front-end
electronics of NMR and ESR detectors. The excitation/detection planar
spiral microcoils of the NMR and ESR detectors are concentric and
interrogate the same sample volume. This combination of sensors allows
one to perform dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments using
a single-chip-integrated microsystem having an area of about 2 mm2. In particular, we report 1H DNP-enhanced NMR
experiments on liquid samples having a volume of about 1 nL performed
at 10.7 GHz(ESR)/16 MHz(NMR). NMR enhancements as large as 50 are
achieved on TEMPOL/H2O solutions at room temperature. The
use of state-of-the-art submicrometer integrated circuit technologies
should allow the future extension of the single-chip DNP microsystem
approach proposed here up the THz(ESR)/GHz(NMR) region, corresponding
to the strongest static magnetic fields currently available. Particularly
interesting is the possibility to create arrays of such sensors for
parallel DNP-enhanced NMR spectroscopy of nanoliter and subnanoliter
samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergiz Sahin Solmaz
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Grisi
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro V. Matheoud
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Gualco
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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