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Piquero-Zulaica I, Hu W, Seitsonen AP, Haag F, Küchle J, Allegretti F, Lyu Y, Chen L, Wu K, El-Fattah ZMA, Aktürk E, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M, Muntwiler M, Barth JV, Zhang YQ. Unconventional Band Structure via Combined Molecular Orbital and Lattice Symmetries in a Surface-Confined Metallated Graphdiyne Sheet. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405178. [PMID: 38762788 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphyne (GY) and graphdiyne (GDY)-based monolayers represent the next generation 2D carbon-rich materials with tunable structures and properties surpassing those of graphene. However, the detection of band formation in atomically thin GY/GDY analogues has been challenging, as both long-range order and atomic precision have to be fulfilled in the system. The present work reports direct evidence of band formation in on-surface synthesized metallated Ag-GDY sheets with mesoscopic (≈1 µm) regularity. Employing scanning tunneling and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopies, energy-dependent transitions of real-space electronic states above the Fermi level and formation of the valence band are respectively observed. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations corroborate the observations and reveal that doubly degenerate frontier molecular orbitals on a honeycomb lattice give rise to flat, Dirac and Kagome bands close to the Fermi level. DFT modeling also indicates an intrinsic band gap for the pristine sheet material, which is retained for a bilayer with h-BN, whereas adsorption-induced in-gap electronic states evolve at the synthesis platform with Ag-GDY decorating the (111) facet of silver. These results illustrate the tremendous potential for engineering novel band structures via molecular orbital and lattice symmetries in atomically precise 2D carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de Chemie, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Küchle
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yuanhao Lyu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Kehui Wu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zakaria M Abd El-Fattah
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, E-11884, Egypt
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, 43511, Egypt
| | - Ethem Aktürk
- Department of Physics, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09100, Turkey
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- IPCMS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue de Loess, Strasbourg, 67034, France
| | - Matthias Muntwiler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Hao X, Zhang T, Niu M, Han X, Yang H, Zhang Q, Hou Y, Grazioli C, Liu L, Qiao J, Wang Y. Selective Formation of Homochiral Dimers by Intermolecular Charge Transfer on a hBN Nanomesh. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11933-11940. [PMID: 38663413 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a comprehensive characterization was conducted on a chiral starburst molecule (C57H48N4, SBM) using scanning tunneling microscopy. When adsorbed onto the hBN/Rh(111) nanomesh, these molecules demonstrate homochiral recognition, leading to a selective formation of homochiral dimers. Further tip manipulation experiments reveal that the chiral dimers are stable and primarily controlled by strong intermolecular interactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations supported that the chiral recognition of SBM molecules is governed by the intermolecular charge transfer mechanism, different from the common steric hindrance effect. This study emphasizes the importance of intermolecular charge transfer interactions, offering valuable insights into the chiral recognition of a simple bimolecular system. These findings hold significance for the future advancement in chirality-based electronic sensors and pharmaceuticals, where the chirality of molecules can impact their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hao
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics & Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics & Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengmeng Niu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics & Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xu Han
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics & Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huixia Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics & Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Quanzhen Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics & Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanhui Hou
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics & Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cesare Grazioli
- IOM-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Liwei Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics & Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingsi Qiao
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics & Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yeliang Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics & Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Cai L, Gao T, Wee ATS. Topology selectivity of a conformationally flexible precursor through selenium doping. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3235. [PMID: 38622157 PMCID: PMC11018763 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Conformational arrangements within nanostructures play a crucial role in shaping the overall configuration and determining the properties, for example in covalent/metal organic frameworks. In on-surface synthesis, conformational diversity often leads to uncontrollable or disordered structures. Therefore, the exploration of controlling and directing the conformational arrangements is significant in achieving desired nanoarchitectures. Herein, a conformationally flexible precursor 2,4,6-tris(3-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine is employed, and a random phase consisting of C3h and Cs conformers is firstly obtained after deposition of the precursor on Cu(111) at room temperature to 365 K. At low coverage (0.01 ML) selenium doping, we achieve the selectivity of the C3h conformer and improve the nanopore structural homogeneity. The ordered two-dimensional metal organic nanostructure can be fulfilled by selenium doping from room temperature to 365 K. The formation of the conformationally flexible precursor on Cu(111) is explored through the combination of high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy. The regulation of energy diagrams in the absence or presence of the Se atom is revealed by density functional theory calculations. These results can enrich the on-surface synthesis toolbox of conformationally flexible precursors, for the design of complex nanoarchitectures, and for future development of engineered nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Cai
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Tianhao Gao
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
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4
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Ding G, Zhao J, Zhou K, Zheng Q, Han ST, Peng X, Zhou Y. Porous crystalline materials for memories and neuromorphic computing systems. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7071-7136. [PMID: 37755573 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Porous crystalline materials usually include metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) and zeolites, which exhibit exceptional porosity and structural/composition designability, promoting the increasing attention in memory and neuromorphic computing systems in the last decade. From both the perspective of materials and devices, it is crucial to provide a comprehensive and timely summary of the applications of porous crystalline materials in memory and neuromorphic computing systems to guide future research endeavors. Moreover, the utilization of porous crystalline materials in electronics necessitates a shift from powder synthesis to high-quality film preparation to ensure high device performance. This review highlights the strategies for preparing porous crystalline materials films and discusses their advancements in memory and neuromorphic electronics. It also provides a detailed comparative analysis and presents the existing challenges and future research directions, which can attract the experts from various fields (e.g., materials scientists, chemists, and engineers) with the aim of promoting the applications of porous crystalline materials in memory and neuromorphic computing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglong Ding
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - JiYu Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kui Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qi Zheng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Su-Ting Han
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Abdelsalam H, Abd-Elkader OH, Sakr MAS, Saroka VA, Zhang Q. Nanoporous Triangulene-Based Frameworks for the Separation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Electronic, Magnetic, Optical, and Adsorption Properties. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:15128-15137. [DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Abdelsalam
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P. R. China
- Theoretical Physics Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Strasse, Giza 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Omar H. Abd-Elkader
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A. S. Sakr
- Center of Basic Science, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza, Governorate 3236101, Egypt
| | - Vasil A. Saroka
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, Minsk 220030, Belarus
- TBpack Ltd., 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX, U.K
| | - Qinfang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P. R. China
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6
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Abdelsalam H, Sakr MA, Saroka VA, Abd-Elkader OH, Zhang Q. Nanoporous graphene quantum dots constructed from nanoribbon superlattices with controllable pore morphology and size for wastewater treatment. SURFACES AND INTERFACES 2023; 40:103109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2023.103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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7
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Du H, Tian G. The effect of alkyl chain length on imidazole chloroaluminate ionic liquid/Pt(111) interface and aluminum deposition: A DFT-D3 study. Chem Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2023.111842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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8
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Merkel K, Greiner J, Ortmann F. Understanding the electronic pi-system of 2D covalent organic frameworks with Wannier functions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1685. [PMID: 36717636 PMCID: PMC9886956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate a family of hexagonal 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with phenyl and biphenyl spacer units and different chemical linker species. Chemical trends are elucidated and attributed to microscopic properties of the [Formula: see text]-electron-system spanned by atomic [Formula: see text]-orbitals. We systematically investigate the electronic structure, delocalization of electronic states, effects of disorder, bond torsion, and doping, and correlate these with variable [Formula: see text]-conjugation and nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) aromaticity. Molecular orbitals are obtained from maximally localized Wannier functions that have [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-character, forming distinct [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-bands for all valence states. The Wannier-orbital description goes beyond simple tight-binding models and enables a detailed understanding of the electronic topology, effective electronic coupling and delocalization. It is shown that a meaningful comparison between COFs with different chemical elements can only be made by examining the entire [Formula: see text]-electron system, while a comparison of individual bands (e.g., bands near the Fermi energy) can be a insufficient to derive general design rules for linker and spacer monomer selection. We further identify delocalized states that are spread across tens or hundreds of pores of the 2D COFs and analyze their robustness against structural and energetic disorders like out-of-plane rotations of molecular fragments, different strength of energetic disorder and energetic shifts due to chemical doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Merkel
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Greiner
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Ortmann
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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9
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Leidinger P, Panighel M, Pérez Dieste V, Villar-Garcia IJ, Vezzoni P, Haag F, Barth JV, Allegretti F, Günther S, Patera LL. Probing dynamic covalent chemistry in a 2D boroxine framework by in situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1068-1075. [PMID: 36541666 PMCID: PMC9851174 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04949j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry is a powerful approach to design covalent organic frameworks, where high crystallinity is achieved through reversible bond formation. Here, we exploit near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to elucidate the reversible formation of a two-dimensional boroxine framework. By in situ mapping the pressure-temperature parameter space, we identify the regions where the rates of the condensation and hydrolysis reactions become dominant, being the key to enable the thermodynamically controlled growth of crystalline frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Leidinger
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Vezzoni
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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10
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Zhang Y, Lu J, Li B, Chen W, Xiong W, Ruan Z, Zhang H, Sun S, Chen L, Gao L, Cai J. On-surface synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped covalent-organic frameworks on Ag(111) substrate. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:031103. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0099995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomically precise fabrication of covalent-organic frameworks with well-defined heteroatom-dopant sites and further understanding of their electronic properties at the atomic level remain a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the bottom-up synthesis of well-organized covalent-organic frameworks doped by nitrogen atoms on an Ag(111) substrate. Using high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy, the atomic structures of the intermediate metal–organic frameworks and the final covalent-organic frameworks are clearly identified. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy characterization reveals that the electronic bandgap of the as-formed N-doped covalent-organic framework is 2.45 eV, in qualitative agreement with the theoretical calculations. The calculated band structure together with the projected density of states analysis clearly unveils that the incorporation of nitrogen atoms into the covalent-organic framework backbone will remarkably tune the bandgap owing to the fact that the foreign nitrogen atom has one more electron than the carbon atom. Such covalent-organic frameworks may offer an atomic-scale understanding of the local electronic structure of heteroatom-doped covalent-organic frameworks and hold great promise for all relevant wide bandgap semiconductor technologies, for example, electronics, photonics, high-power and high-frequency devices, and solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Jianchen Lu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Baijin Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Weiben Chen
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Zilin Ruan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Shijie Sun
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jinming Cai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China
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11
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Shang P, Yan X, Li Y, Liu J, Zhang G, Chen L. Heterogeneous photocatalytic borylation of aryl iodides mediated by isoreticular 2D covalent organic frameworks. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Wang C, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Yang C, Wu J, Hu W. 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Synthetic Strategies to Advanced Optical-Electrical-Magnetic Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2102290. [PMID: 35052010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), an emerging class of organic crystalline polymers with highly oriented structures and permanent porosity, can adopt 2D or 3D architectures depending on the different topological diagrams of the monomers. Notably, 2D COFs have particularly gained much attention due to the extraordinary merits of their extended in-plane π-conjugation and topologically ordered columnar π-arrays. These properties together with high crystallinity, large surface area, and tunable porosity distinguish 2D COFs as an ideal candidate for the fabrication of functional materials. Herein, this review surveys the recent research advances in 2D COFs with special emphasis on the preparation of 2D COF powders, single crystals, and thin films, as well as their advanced optical, electrical, and magnetic functionalities. Some challenging issues and potential research outlook for 2D COFs are also provided for promoting their development in terms of structure, synthesis, and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyong Wang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yating Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chenhuai Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wenping Hu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
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13
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Ni X, Li H, Liu F, Brédas JL. Engineering of flat bands and Dirac bands in two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs): relationships among molecular orbital symmetry, lattice symmetry, and electronic-structure characteristics. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:88-98. [PMID: 34866138 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00935d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D-COFs), also referred to as 2D polymer networks, display unusual electronic-structure characteristics, which can significantly enrich and broaden the fields of electronics and spintronics. In this Focus article, our objective is to lay the groundwork for the conceptual description of the fundamental relationships among the COF electronic structures, the symmetries of their 2D lattices, and the frontier molecular orbitals (MOs) of their core and linker components. We focus on monolayers of hexagonal COFs and use tight-binding model analyses to highlight the critical role of the frontier-MO symmetry, in addition to lattice symmetry, in determining the nature of the electronic bands near the Fermi level. We rationalize the intriguing feature that, when the core unit has degenerate highest occupied MOs [or lowest unoccupied MOs], the COF highest valence band [or lowest conduction band] is flat but degenerate with a dispersive band at a high-symmetry point of the Brillouin zone; the consequences of having such band characteristics are briefly described. Multi-layer and bulk 2D COFs are found to maintain the salient features of the monolayer electronic structures albeit with a reduced bandgap due to the interlayer coupling. This Focus article is thus meant to provide an effective framework for the engineering of flat and Dirac bands in 2D polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0088, USA.
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0088, USA.
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0088, USA.
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14
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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15
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Chen L, Wang Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Li J. Theoretical study of thiophene-inserted COF as high performance anode material for Li-ion battery. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Rheinfrank E, Pörtner M, Nuñez Beyerle MDC, Haag F, Deimel PS, Allegretti F, Seufert K, Barth JV, Bocquet ML, Feulner P, Auwärter W. Actinide Coordination Chemistry on Surfaces: Synthesis, Manipulation, and Properties of Thorium Bis(porphyrinato) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14581-14591. [PMID: 34477375 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Actinide-based metal-organic complexes and coordination architectures encompass intriguing properties and functionalities but are still largely unexplored on surfaces. We introduce the in situ synthesis of actinide tetrapyrrole complexes under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions, on both a metallic support and a 2D material. Specifically, exposure of a tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) multilayer to an elemental beam of thorium followed by a temperature-programmed reaction and desorption of surplus molecules yields bis(porphyrinato)thorium (Th(TPP)2) assemblies on Ag(111) and hexagonal boron nitride/Cu(111). A multimethod characterization including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, temperature-programmed desorption, and complementary density functional theory modeling provides insights into conformational and electronic properties. Supramolecular assemblies of Th(TPP)2 as well as individual double-deckers are addressed with submolecular precision, e.g., demonstrating the reversible rotation of the top porphyrin in Th(TPP)2 by molecular manipulation. Our findings thus demonstrate prospects for actinide-based functional nanoarchitectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Rheinfrank
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mathias Pörtner
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter S Deimel
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Knud Seufert
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Bocquet
- PASTEUR, Départment de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Peter Feulner
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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17
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Ortega-Guerrero A, Sahabudeen H, Croy A, Dianat A, Dong R, Feng X, Cuniberti G. Multiscale Modeling Strategy of 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks Confined at an Air-Water Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:26411-26420. [PMID: 34034486 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) have attracted attention as versatile active materials in many applications. Recent advances have demonstrated the synthesis of monolayer 2D COF via an air-water interface. However, the interfacial 2D polymerization mechanism has been elusive. In this work, we have used a multiscale modeling strategy to study dimethylmethylene-bridged triphenylamine building blocks confined at the air-water interface to form a 2D COF via Schiff-base reaction. A synergy between the computational investigations and experiments allowed the synthesis of a 2D-COF with one of the linkers considered. Our simulations complement the experimental characterization and show the preference of the building blocks to be at the interface with a favorable orientation for the polymerization. The air-water interface is shown to be a key factor to stabilize a flat conformation when a dimer molecule is considered. The structural and electronic properties of the monolayer COFs based on the two monomers are calculated and show a semiconducting nature with direct bandgaps. Our strategy provides a first step toward the in silico polymerization of 2D COFs at air-water interfaces capturing the initial steps of the synthesis up to the prediction of electronic properties of the 2D material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Ortega-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Valais Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Valais, Switzerland
| | - Hafeesudeen Sahabudeen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Teltow 14513, Germany
| | - Alexander Croy
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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18
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Frimpong J, Liu ZF. Quasiparticle electronic structure of two-dimensional heterotriangulene-based covalent organic frameworks adsorbed on Au(111). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:254004. [PMID: 33848999 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abf7a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The modular nature and unique electronic properties of two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) make them an attractive option for applications in catalysis, optoelectronics, and spintronics. The fabrications of such devices often involve interfaces formed between COFs and substrates. In this work, we employ the first-principlesGWapproach to accurately determine the quasiparticle electronic structure of three 2D carbonyl bridged heterotriangulene-based COFs featuring honeycomb-kagome lattice, with their properties ranging from a semi-metal to a wide-gap semiconductor. Moreover, we study the adsorption of these COFs on Au(111) surface and characterize the quasiparticle electronic structure at the heterogeneous COF/Au(111) interfaces. To reduce the computational cost, we apply the recently developed dielectric embeddingGWapproach and show that our results agree with existing experimental measurement on the interfacial energy level alignment. Our calculations illustrate how the many-body dielectric screening at the interface modulates the energies and shapes of the Dirac bands, the effective masses of semiconducting COFs, as well as the Fermi velocity of the semi-metallic COF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Frimpong
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America
| | - Zhen-Fei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America
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19
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Sun B, Li X, Feng T, Cai S, Chen T, Zhu C, Zhang J, Wang D, Liu Y. Resistive Switching Memory Performance of Two-Dimensional Polyimide Covalent Organic Framework Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:51837-51845. [PMID: 33161710 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polyimide covalent organic framework (2D PI-NT COF) films were constructed on indium tin oxide-coated glass substrates to fabricate two-terminal sandwiched resistive memory devices. The 2D PI-NT COF films condensated from the reaction between 4,4',4″-triaminotriphenylamine and naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride under solvothermal conditions demonstrated high crystallinity, good orientation preference, tunable thickness, and low surface roughness. The well-aligned electron-donor (triphenylamine unit) and -acceptor (naphthalene diimide unit) arrays rendered the 2D PI-NT COF films a promising candidate for electronic applications. The memory devices based on 2D PI-NT COF films exhibited a typical write-once-read-many-time resistive switching behavior under an operating voltage of +2.30 V on the positive scan and -2.64 V on the negative scan. A high ON/OFF current ratio (>106 for the positive scan and 104-106 for the negative scan) and long-term retention time indicated the high fidelity, low error, and high stability of the resistive memory devices. The memory behavior was attributed to an electric field-induced intramolecular charge transfer in an ordered donor-acceptor system, which provided the effective charge-transfer channels for injected charge carriers. This work represents the first example that explores the resistive memory properties of 2D PI-COF films, shedding light on the potential application of 2D COFs as information storage media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P.R. China
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xinle Li
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tiantian Feng
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Songliang Cai
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Teresa Chen
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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