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Magne A, Carretier E, Ubiera Ruiz L, Clair T, Le Hir M, Moulin P. Recovery of Homogeneous Platinoid Catalysts from Pharmaceutical Media: Review on the Existing Treatments and the Perspectives of Membrane Processes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:738. [PMID: 37623799 PMCID: PMC10456598 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst recovery is a major challenge for reaching the objectives of green chemistry for industry. Indeed, catalysts enable quick and selective syntheses with high reaction yields. This is especially the case for homogeneous platinoid catalysts which are almost indispensable for cross-coupling reactions often used by the pharmaceutical industry. However, they are based on scarce, expensive, and toxic resources. In addition, they are quite sensitive and degrade over time at the end of the reaction. Once degraded, their regeneration is complex and hazardous to implement. Working on their recovery could lead to highly effective catalytic chemistries while limiting the environmental and economic impacts of their one-time uses. This review aims to describe and compare conventional processes for metal removal while discussing their advantages and drawbacks considering the objective of homogeneous catalyst recovery. Most of them lead to difficulty recycling active catalysts due to their ability to only treat metal ions or to chelate catalysts without the possibility to reverse the mechanism. However, membrane processes seem to offer some perspectives with limiting degradations. While membranes are not systematically the best option for recycling homogeneous catalysts, current development might help improve the separation between pharmaceutical active ingredients and catalysts and enable their recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Magne
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europole de l’Arbois, BP80, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, 13545 Aix en Provence Cedex, France; (A.M.); (E.C.)
- Sanofi Chimie, Laboratoire Génie des Procédés 1, Process Engineering, Global Chemistry Manufacturing & Control (CMC), 45 Chemin de Mételine, 04200 Sisteron, France; (L.U.R.); (T.C.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Emilie Carretier
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europole de l’Arbois, BP80, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, 13545 Aix en Provence Cedex, France; (A.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Lilivet Ubiera Ruiz
- Sanofi Chimie, Laboratoire Génie des Procédés 1, Process Engineering, Global Chemistry Manufacturing & Control (CMC), 45 Chemin de Mételine, 04200 Sisteron, France; (L.U.R.); (T.C.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Thomas Clair
- Sanofi Chimie, Laboratoire Génie des Procédés 1, Process Engineering, Global Chemistry Manufacturing & Control (CMC), 45 Chemin de Mételine, 04200 Sisteron, France; (L.U.R.); (T.C.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Morgane Le Hir
- Sanofi Chimie, Laboratoire Génie des Procédés 1, Process Engineering, Global Chemistry Manufacturing & Control (CMC), 45 Chemin de Mételine, 04200 Sisteron, France; (L.U.R.); (T.C.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Philippe Moulin
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europole de l’Arbois, BP80, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, 13545 Aix en Provence Cedex, France; (A.M.); (E.C.)
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Chen M, Lan H, Yao S, Jin K, Chen Y. Metabolic Interventions in Tumor Immunity: Focus on Dual Pathway Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072043. [PMID: 37046703 PMCID: PMC10093048 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of tumors and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can affect the fate of cancer and immune responses. Metabolic reprogramming can occur following the activation of metabolic-related signaling pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Moreover, various tumor-derived immunosuppressive metabolites following metabolic reprogramming also affect antitumor immune responses. Evidence shows that intervention in the metabolic pathways of tumors or immune cells can be an attractive and novel treatment option for cancer. For instance, administrating inhibitors of various signaling pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), can improve T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses. However, dual pathway inhibitors can significantly suppress tumor growth more than they inhibit each pathway separately. This review discusses the latest metabolic interventions by dual pathway inhibitors as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Huanrong Lan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Shiya Yao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Ketao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinchang People's Hospital, Affiliated Xinchang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Xinchang 312500, China
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Beckers I, Bugaev A, De Vos D. Dual ligand approach increases functional group tolerance in the Pd-catalysed C-H arylation of N-heterocyclic pharmaceuticals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1176-1183. [PMID: 36756333 PMCID: PMC9891385 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04911b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The excellent functional group tolerance of the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions has been decisive for their success in the pharmaceutical industry. Highly diversified (hetero)aromatic scaffolds can be effectively coupled in the final step(s) of a convergent synthetic route. In contrast, electrophilic Pd catalysts for non-directed C-H activation are particularly sensitive to inhibition by coordinating groups in pharmaceutical precursors. While C-H arylation enables the direct conversion of (hetero)aromatics without preinstalled functional or directing groups, its functional group tolerance should be increased to be viable in late-stage cross-couplings. In this work, we report on a dual ligand approach that combines a strongly coordinating phosphine ligand with a chelating 2-hydroxypyridine for the highly robust C-H coupling of bicyclic N-heteroaromatics with aryl bromide scaffolds. The catalyst speciation was studied via in situ XAS measurements, confirming the coordination of both ligands under the reaction conditions. The C-H activation catalyst was shown to be tolerant to a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant scaffolds, including examples of late-stage functionalization of known drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Beckers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS) KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Leuven 3001 Belgium
| | - Aram Bugaev
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal UniversitySladkova 174/28344090 Rostov-on-DonRussia
| | - Dirk De Vos
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS) KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Leuven 3001 Belgium
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Firsan S, Sivakumar V, Colacot TJ. Emerging Trends in Cross-Coupling: Twelve-Electron-Based L 1Pd(0) Catalysts, Their Mechanism of Action, and Selected Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16983-17027. [PMID: 36190916 PMCID: PMC9756297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Monoligated palladium(0) species, L1Pd(0), have emerged as the most active catalytic species in the cross-coupling cycle. Today, there are methods available to generate the highly active but unstable L1Pd(0) catalysts from stable precatalysts. While the size of the ligand plays an important role in the formation of L1Pd(0) during in situ catalysis, the latter can be precisely generated from the precatalyst by various technologies. Computational, kinetic, and experimental studies indicate that all three steps in the catalytic cycle─oxidative addition, transmetalation, and reductive elimination─contain monoligated Pd. The synthesis of precatalysts, their mode of activation, application studies in model systems, as well as in industry are discussed. Ligand parametrization and AI based data science can potentially help predict the facile formation of L1Pd(0) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharbil
J. Firsan
- Science
and Lab Solutions−Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 North Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin53209, United States
| | - Vilvanathan Sivakumar
- Merck
Life Science Pvt Ltd, No-12, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Industrial Area, Bangalore560100, India
| | - Thomas J. Colacot
- Science
and Lab Solutions−Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 North Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin53209, United States,
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Wen PY, Cloughesy TF, Olivero AG, Morrissey KM, Wilson TR, Lu X, Mueller LU, Coimbra AF, Ellingson BM, Gerstner E, Lee EQ, Rodon J. First-in-Human Phase I Study to Evaluate the Brain-Penetrant PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor GDC-0084 in Patients with Progressive or Recurrent High-Grade Glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:1820-1828. [PMID: 31937616 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE GDC-0084 is an oral, brain-penetrant small-molecule inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR. A first-in-human, phase I study was conducted in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma. PATIENTS AND METHODS GDC-0084 was administered orally, once daily, to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and activity. Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET (FDG-PET) was performed to measure metabolic responses. RESULTS Forty-seven heavily pretreated patients enrolled in eight cohorts (2-65 mg). Dose-limiting toxicities included 1 case of grade 2 bradycardia and grade 3 myocardial ischemia (15 mg), grade 3 stomatitis (45 mg), and 2 cases of grade 3 mucosal inflammation (65 mg); the MTD was 45 mg/day. GDC-0084 demonstrated linear and dose-proportional PK, with a half-life (∼19 hours) supportive of once-daily dosing. At 45 mg/day, steady-state concentrations exceeded preclinical target concentrations producing antitumor activity in xenograft models. FDG-PET in 7 of 27 patients (26%) showed metabolic partial response. At doses ≥45 mg/day, a trend toward decreased median standardized uptake value in normal brain was observed, suggesting central nervous system penetration of drug. In two resection specimens, GDC-0084 was detected at similar levels in tumor and brain tissue, with a brain tissue/tumor-to-plasma ratio of >1 and >0.5 for total and free drug, respectively. Best overall response was stable disease in 19 patients (40%) and progressive disease in 26 patients (55%); 2 patients (4%) were nonevaluable. CONCLUSIONS GDC-0084 demonstrated classic PI3K/mTOR-inhibitor related toxicities. FDG-PET and concentration data from brain tumor tissue suggest that GDC-0084 crossed the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - Xuyang Lu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Benjamin M Ellingson
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory, Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elizabeth Gerstner
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eudocia Q Lee
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
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Moynihan HA, Armstrong D. Stepwise dissolution and composition determination of samples of multiple crystals using a dissolution medium containing aqueous alcohol and fluorocarbon phases. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21405-21417. [PMID: 35521295 PMCID: PMC9066176 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02781e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A biphasic medium gave controlled partial dissolution of crystals in multi-particle samples allowing the distribution of impurities to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey A. Moynihan
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Cork
- Ireland
| | - Declan Armstrong
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Cork
- Ireland
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Slack ED, Tancini PD, Colacot TJ. Process Economics and Atom Economy for Industrial Cross Coupling Applications via LnPd(0)-Based Catalysts. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2019_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang Q, Canturk B, Gray K, McCusker E, Sheng M, Li F. Evaluation of Potential Safety Hazards Associated with the Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Aryl Bromides with Vinylboron Species. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Process Chemistry, Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Belgin Canturk
- Process Chemistry, Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Gray
- Process Chemistry, Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Elizabeth McCusker
- Process Chemistry, Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Min Sheng
- Reactive Chemicals, Dow AgroSciences, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Fangzheng Li
- Process Chemistry, Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
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Moynihan HA, Armstrong D. Determination of composition distributions of multi-particle crystalline samples by sequential dissolution with concomitant particle sizing and solution analysis. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sequential dissolution of multi-particle samples with before-and-after sizing gave composition data that can be assigned to defined sample particle regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey A. Moynihan
- School of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid-state Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Republic of Ireland
| | - Declan Armstrong
- School of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid-state Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Republic of Ireland
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Heffron TP, McClory A, Stumpf A. The Discovery and Process Chemistry Development of GDC-0084, a Brain Penetrating Inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR. COMPREHENSIVE ACCOUNTS OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: FROM DISCOVERY TO LATE-STAGE PROCESS DEVELOPMENT VOLUME 1 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1239.ch006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Heffron
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andrew McClory
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andreas Stumpf
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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