1
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Eckart-Frank IK, Wilkerson-Hill SM. Palladium-Catalyzed Trans-Selective Synthesis of Spirocyclic Cyclobutanes Using α,α-Dialkylcrotyl- and Allylhydrazones. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18591-18597. [PMID: 37552631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the use of E/Z mixtures of α,α-disubstituted crotylhydrazones to obtain spirocyclic vinylcyclobutanes in a diastereoselective fashion. We show 24 examples of a 1,1-insertion/4-exo-trig tandem process to produce these motifs. Additionally, spirocyclic alkylidene cyclobutanes can be obtained by using α,α-disubstituted allylated hydrazones (11 examples). In this study, we show that the aryl migrating group has a dramatic impact on the course of the reaction. Specifically, allylic C-H insertion products can be obtained in good yields using bromoenones as reaction partners. When Pd(0) is used with no aryl or alkenyl bromide, an intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction takes place to afford [2.1.0]-bicycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah K Eckart-Frank
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sidney M Wilkerson-Hill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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2
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Chen PP, McGinnis TM, Lin PC, Hong X, Jarvo ER. A Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reaction of 1,3-Dimesylates for Alkylcyclopropane Synthesis: Investigation of Stereochemical Outcomes and Radical Lifetimes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:5472-5481. [PMID: 37123596 PMCID: PMC10127265 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding mechanistic details of the nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions of Csp3 alcohol derivatives is key to developing selective reactions of this widely prevalent functional group. In this manuscript, we utilize a combination of experimental data and DFT studies to define the key intermediates, stereochemical outcome, and competing pathways of a nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling reaction of 1,3-dimesylates. Stereospecific formation of a 1,3-diiodide intermediate is achieved in situ by the Grignard reagent. The overall stereoablative stereochemical outcome is due to a nickel-catalyzed halogen atom abstraction with a radical rebound that is slower than epimerization of the alkyl radical. Finally, lifetimes of this alkyl radical intermediate are compared to radical clocks to enhance the understanding of the lifetime of the secondary alkyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Chen
- Center
of Chemistry for Frontiers Technologies, Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tristan M. McGinnis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Patricia C. Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Xin Hong
- Center
of Chemistry for Frontiers Technologies, Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2, Beijing 100190, China
- Key
Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang
Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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3
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Reznikov AN, Ashatkina MA, Yu. Vostruhina S, Klimochkin YN. Reductive Heck cyclization of cage containing compounds: convenient access to adamantyl-substituted indolines and spiro-homoadamantane-oxindole. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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4
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Liu SN, Liu JB, Huang F, Wang WJ, Wang Q, Yang C, Sun QM, Chen DZ. Origins of Stereospecificity and Divergent Reactivity of Pd-Catalyzed Cross Coupling with α,α-Disubstituted Alkenyl Hydrazones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15608-15617. [PMID: 36321171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an exploration of stereospecificity and divergent reactivity of Pd-catalyzed α,α-disubstituted alkenyl hydrazones to synthesize 1,4-dienes in the Z configuration and vinylcyclopropane. We calculated the energy profiles of four α,α-disubstituted alkenyl hydrazones. The results show that the energy profiles of the whole catalytic cycle are basically the same before the syn-carbopalladation step. Subsequent syn-β-C elimination yields skipping dienes, or direct β-H elimination yields vinylcyclopropane. Current theoretical calculations reveal that the stereospecificity and the divergent reactivity of reactions result from the competition between syn-β-C elimination and β-H elimination. The C-C bond rotation and subsequent syn-β-C elimination step control the stereospecificity of the reaction by changing the olefin stereostructure from E to Z configuration. The steric factor of α-substituted groups mediates the transformation between syn-β-C elimination and β-H elimination. The results are of great significance for the scientific design of substrates to achieve accurate synthesis of target products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Biao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Chong Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Min Sun
- Shandong Kaisheng New Materials Co., Ltd., Zibo 255185, P. R. China
| | - De-Zhan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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5
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Holman KR, Stanko AM, Richter MJR, Feng SS, Gessesse MN, Reisman SE. Synthesis of Noraugustamine and Development of an Oxidative Heck/Aza-Wacker Cascade Cyclization. Org Lett 2022; 24:3019-3023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karli R. Holman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Allison M. Stanko
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Matthieu J. R. Richter
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sean S. Feng
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Mahideremariyam N. Gessesse
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sarah E. Reisman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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6
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Xu J, Ma X, Liu C, Zhang D. Density Functional Theory Study of Gold-Catalyzed 1,2-Diarylation of Alkenes: π-Activation versus Migratory Insertion Mechanisms. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4078-4087. [PMID: 35232016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations are carried out to better understand the first gold-catalyzed 1,2-diarylation reactions of alkenes reported in the recent literature. The calculations on two representative reactions, aryl alkene/aryl iodide coupling pair (the aryl-I bond is located outside the aryl alkene) versus iodoaryl alkene/indole coupling pair (the aryl-I bond is located in the aryl alkene), confirm that the reaction involves a π-activation mechanism rather than the general migratory insertion mechanism in previously known metal catalysis by Pd, Ni, and Cu complexes. Theoretical results rationalize the regioselectivity of the reactions controlled by the aryl-I bond position (intermolecular or intramolecular) and also the ligand and substituent effects on the reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Xu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xuexiang Ma
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chengbu Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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7
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Ritchie NFC, Zahara AJ, Wilkerson-Hill SM. Divergent Reactivity of α,α-Disubstituted Alkenyl Hydrazones: Bench Stable Cyclopropylcarbinyl Equivalents. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2101-2106. [PMID: 35086332 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the divergent reactivity of 2,2-dialkyl-3-(E)-alkenyl N-tosylhydrazones using Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions, which enable the Z-selective synthesis of 3-aryl-1,4-dienes and gem-dialkyl vinylcyclopropanes. We found that the dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligand SPhos was the optimal ligand for this transformation producing skipped dienes in up to 83% isolated yield. The ratio of skipped diene to vinylcyclopropane is dependent on both the structure of the α,α-disubstituted hydrazones and the aryl halide partner. Using sterically encumbered aryl bromides provided the trans-cyclopropane products selectively in up to 69% yield. The reaction is stereospecific and stereoselective and occurs alongside a competing 1,2-alkenyl group migration pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F C Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Adam J Zahara
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Sidney M Wilkerson-Hill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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8
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Wang X, Li ZQ, Mai BK, Gurak JA, Xu JE, Tran VT, Ni HQ, Liu Z, Liu Z, Yang KS, Xiang R, Liu P, Engle KM. Controlling cyclization pathways in palladium(ii)-catalyzed intramolecular alkene hydro-functionalization via substrate directivity. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11307-11314. [PMID: 35382446 PMCID: PMC8914520 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03409f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a series of palladium(ii)-catalyzed, intramolecular alkene hydrofunctionalization reactions with carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nucleophiles to form five- and six-membered carbo- and heterocycles. In these reactions, the presence of a proximal bidentate directing group controls the cyclization pathway, dictating the ring size that is generated, even in cases that are disfavored based on Baldwin's rules and in cases where there is an inherent preference for an alternative pathway. DFT studies shed light on the origins of pathway selectivity in these processes. We report a series of palladium(ii)-catalyzed, intramolecular alkene hydrofunctionalization reactions with carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nucleophiles to form five- and six-membered carbo- and heterocycles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla California 92037 USA .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zi-Qi Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla California 92037 USA
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburg Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - John A Gurak
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla California 92037 USA
| | - Jessica E Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla California 92037 USA
| | - Van T Tran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla California 92037 USA
| | - Hui-Qi Ni
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla California 92037 USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla California 92037 USA
| | - Zhonglin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla California 92037 USA
| | - Kin S Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla California 92037 USA
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburg Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla California 92037 USA
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9
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Kovács E, Faigl F, Mucsi Z. Regio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2-Arylazetidines: Quantum Chemical Explanation of Baldwin's Rules for the Ring-Formation Reactions of Oxiranes†. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11226-11239. [PMID: 32786621 PMCID: PMC7498157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A general,
scalable two-step regio- and diastereoselective method
has been described for the synthesis of versatile alkaloid-type azetidines
from simple building blocks with excellent overall yields. In the
kinetically controlled reaction, only the formation of the strained
four-membered ring can be achieved instead of the thermodynamically
favorable five-membered rings under appropriate conditions. Remarkable
functional group tolerance has also been demonstrated. In this paper,
we give a new scope of Baldwin’s rules by density functional
theory (DFT) calculations with an explicit solvent model, confirming
the proposed reaction mechanisms and the role of kinetic controls
in the stereochemical outcome of the reported transition-metal-free
carbon–carbon bond formation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin Kovács
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.,MTA-BME Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.,Femtonics Ltd., Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Faigl
- MTA-BME Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Singh B, Bankar SK, Kumar K, Ramasastry SSV. Palladium-catalysed 5- endo-trig allylic (hetero)arylation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4948-4953. [PMID: 34122951 PMCID: PMC8159216 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01932a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A palladium-catalysed intramolecular allylic (hetero)arylation strategy for the synthesis of fused cyclopentenes incorporated with all-carbon quaternary and spiro centres is described. The method is straightforward, shows broad scope, proceeds in synthetically useful yields, and provides a rare means to construct complex cyclopentanoids. The reaction is believed to involve a kinetically unfavourable 5-endo-trig carbocyclisation of the tethered (π-allyl)palladium system. Further, this method was successfully applied as the key step in the total synthesis of diterpene natural products taiwaniaquinone H and dichroanone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bara Singh
- Organic Synthesis and Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, Manauli PO, S. A. S. Nagar Punjab 140306 India
| | - Siddheshwar K Bankar
- Organic Synthesis and Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, Manauli PO, S. A. S. Nagar Punjab 140306 India
| | - Ketan Kumar
- Organic Synthesis and Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, Manauli PO, S. A. S. Nagar Punjab 140306 India
| | - S S V Ramasastry
- Organic Synthesis and Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector 81, Manauli PO, S. A. S. Nagar Punjab 140306 India
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11
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Qin X, Yao Lee MW, Zhou JS. Asymmetric Hydroarylation of Enones via Nickel-Catalyzed 5-Endo-Trig Cyclization. Org Lett 2019; 21:5990-5994. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xurong Qin
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Marcus Wen Yao Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
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12
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Boros RZ, Koós T, Wafaa C, Nehéz K, Farkas L, Viskolcz B, Szőri M. A theoretical study on the phosgenation of methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA). Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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