1
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Lin PC, Wong CD, Jarvo ER. Cross-selective Deoxygenative Coupling of Aliphatic Alcohols: Installation of Methyl Groups including Isotopic Labels by Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202403119. [PMID: 38604974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling reactions of two aliphatic alcohol derivatives remain a challenge. Herein, we report a nickel-catalyzed reductive methylation reaction of aliphatic mesylates with methyl tosylate. This reaction provides straightforward access to compounds bearing aliphatic methyl groups from alkyl alcohol derivatives. Isotopically labelled substrates and reagents can be employed in the reaction to provide perdeuterated and 13C-labelled products. This transformation can be achieved by employing stoichiometric Mn reductant or electrochemically. Additionally, mechanistic experiments show that alkyl iodides are key intermediates in the transformation which undergo a stereoablative reaction via radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lin
- University of California Irvine, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Chloe D Wong
- University of California Irvine, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Elizabeth R Jarvo
- University of California Irvine, Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences 1, 4114, Natural Sciences 1, 4114, 92697, Irvine, UNITED STATES
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2
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Cai YM, Liu XT, Xu LL, Shang M. Electrochemical Ni-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp 3 )-N Cross-Electrophile Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315222. [PMID: 38299697 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
A new electrochemical transformation is presented that enables chemists to couple simple alkyl carboxylic acid derivatives with an electrophilic amine reagent to construct C(sp3 )-N bond. The success of this reaction hinges on the merging of cooperative electrochemical reduction with nickel catalysis. The chemistry exhibits a high degree of practicality, showcasing its wide applicability with 1°, 2°, 3° carboxylic acids and remarkable compatibility with diverse functional groups, even in the realm of late-stage functionalization. Furthermore, extensive mechanistic studies have unveiled the engagement of alkyl radicals and iminyl radicals; and elucidated the multifaceted roles played by i Pr2 O, Ni catalyst, and electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Cai
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ting Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ming Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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3
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Mouat JM, Widness JK, Enny DG, Meidenbauer MT, Awan F, Krauss TD, Weix DJ. CdS Quantum Dots for Metallaphotoredox-Enabled Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Aryl Halides with Alkyl Halides. ACS Catal 2023; 13:9018-9024. [PMID: 38283073 PMCID: PMC10812861 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) offer many advantages as photocatalysts for synthetic photoredox catalysis, but no reports have explored the use of QDs with nickel catalysts for C-C bond formation. We show here that 5.7 nm CdS QDs are robust photocatalysts for photoredox-promoted cross-electrophile coupling (40 000 TON). These conditions can be utilized on small scale (96-well plate) or adapted to flow. NMR studies show that triethanolamine (TEOA) capped QDs are the active catalyst and that TEOA can displace native phosphonate and carboxylate ligands, demonstrating the importance of QD surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna M. Mouat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Jonas K. Widness
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Daniel G. Enny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - Farwa Awan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Todd D. Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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4
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Montero Bastidas JR, L’Heureux S, Liu W, Lee K, El Marrouni A. High-Throughput Photo- and Electrochemical sp 2-sp 3 Cross-Electrophile Coupling to Access Novel Tedizolid Analogs. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:666-671. [PMID: 37197470 PMCID: PMC10184308 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of practical synthetic protocols integrating novel technologies may enable rapid and broad exploration of chemical space in medicinal chemistry campaigns. Cross-electrophile coupling (XEC) allows the diversification of an aromatic core with alkyl halides to increase the sp3 character. Herein, we apply two alternative approaches via either photo- or electro-catalyzed XEC and showcase their complementarity to access novel tedizolid analogs. The parallel photochemical and electrochemical reactors with high light intensity and constant voltage respectively were chosen to yield good conversions, which allowed access to a wide range of derivatives in a much shorter time frame.
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5
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Ying X, Li Y, Li L, Li C. Nickel-Catalyzed C-I-Selective C(sp2)-C(sp3) Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Bromo(iodo)arenes with Alkyl Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202304177. [PMID: 37137870 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite several methodologies established for C(sp2)-I selective C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formations, achieving arene-flanked quaternary carbons by cross-coupling of tertiary alkyl precursors with bromo(iodo)arenes in a C(sp2)-I selective manner is rare. Here we report a general Ni-catalyzed C( sp2 )-I selective cross-electrophile coupling (XEC) reaction, in which, beyond 3° alkyl bromides (for constructing arene-flanked quaternary carbons), 2° and 1° alkyl bromides are also demonstrated to be viable coupling partners. Moreover, this mild XEC displays excellent C(sp2)-I selectivity and functional group compatibility. The practicality of this XEC is demonstrated in simplifying the routes to several medicinally relevant and synthetically challenging compounds. Extensive experiments show that the terpyridine-ligated NiI halide can exclusively activate alkyl bromides, forming a NiI-alkyl complex through a Zn reduction. Attendant density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal two different pathways for the oxidative addition of the NiI-alkyl complex to the C(sp2)-I bond of bromo(iodo)arenes, explaining both the high C(sp2)-I selectivity and generality of our XEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ying
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Yuxi Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Luyang Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Chao Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Chemistry, 7 Science Park Road, ZGC Life Science Park, 102206, Beijing, CHINA
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6
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Chen PP, McGinnis TM, Lin PC, Hong X, Jarvo ER. A Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reaction of 1,3-Dimesylates for Alkylcyclopropane Synthesis: Investigation of Stereochemical Outcomes and Radical Lifetimes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:5472-5481. [PMID: 37123596 PMCID: PMC10127265 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding mechanistic details of the nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions of Csp3 alcohol derivatives is key to developing selective reactions of this widely prevalent functional group. In this manuscript, we utilize a combination of experimental data and DFT studies to define the key intermediates, stereochemical outcome, and competing pathways of a nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling reaction of 1,3-dimesylates. Stereospecific formation of a 1,3-diiodide intermediate is achieved in situ by the Grignard reagent. The overall stereoablative stereochemical outcome is due to a nickel-catalyzed halogen atom abstraction with a radical rebound that is slower than epimerization of the alkyl radical. Finally, lifetimes of this alkyl radical intermediate are compared to radical clocks to enhance the understanding of the lifetime of the secondary alkyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Chen
- Center
of Chemistry for Frontiers Technologies, Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tristan M. McGinnis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Patricia C. Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Xin Hong
- Center
of Chemistry for Frontiers Technologies, Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2, Beijing 100190, China
- Key
Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang
Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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7
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Lin P, Joshi C, McGinnis TM, Mallojjala SC, Sanford AB, Hirschi JS, Jarvo ER. Stereospecific Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reaction of Alkyl Mesylates and Allylic Difluorides to Access Enantioenriched Vinyl Fluoride-Substituted Cyclopropanes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:4488-4499. [PMID: 37066042 PMCID: PMC10088041 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling reactions involving direct C-O bond activation of unactivated alkyl sulfonates or C-F bond activation of allylic gem-difluorides remain challenging. Herein, we report a nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling reaction between alkyl mesylates and allylic gem-difluorides to synthesize enantioenriched vinyl fluoride-substituted cyclopropane products. These complex products are interesting building blocks with applications in medicinal chemistry. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that there are two competing pathways for this reaction, both of which initiate by coordination of the electron-deficient olefin to the low-valent nickel catalyst. Subsequently, the reaction can proceed by oxidative addition of the C-F bond of the allylic gem-difluoride moiety or by directed polar oxidative addition of the alkyl mesylate C-O bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia
C. Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Chetan Joshi
- Department
of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Tristan M. McGinnis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | - Amberly B. Sanford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Hirschi
- Department
of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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8
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Franke MC, Longley VR, Rafiee M, Stahl SS, Hansen EC, Weix DJ. Zinc-Free, Scalable Reductive Cross-Electrophile Coupling Driven by Electrochemistry in an Undivided Cell. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12617-12626. [PMID: 37065181 PMCID: PMC10101217 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-electrophile coupling reactions are becoming increasingly important in organic synthesis, but application at scale is limited by three interconnected challenges: a reliance on amide solvents (complicated workup, regulated), the generation of stoichiometric Zn salts (complicated isolation, waste disposal issue), and mixing/activation challenges of zinc powder. We show here an electrochemical approach that addresses these three issues: the reaction works in acetonitrile with diisopropylethylamine as the terminal reductant in a simple undivided cell (graphite(+)/nickel foam(-)). The reaction utilizes a combination of two ligands, 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine and 4,4',4''-tri-tert-butyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine. Studies show that, alone, the bipyridine nickel catalyst predominantly forms protodehalogenated aryl and aryl dimer, whereas the terpyridine nickel catalyst predominantly forms bialkyl and product. By combining these two unselective catalysts, a tunable, general system results because excess radical formed by the terpyridine catalyst can be converted to product by the bipyridine catalyst. As the aryl bromide becomes more electron rich, the optimal ratio shifts to have more of the bipyridine nickel catalyst. Lastly, examination of a variety of flow-cell configurations establishes that batch recirculation can achieve higher productivity (mmol product/time/electrode area) than single-pass, that high flow rates are essential to maximizing current, and that two flow cells in parallel can nearly halve the reaction time. The resulting reaction is demonstrated on gram scale and should be scalable to kilogram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareena C. Franke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Victoria R. Longley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Eric C. Hansen
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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9
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Tang S, Xu ZH, Liu T, Wang SW, Yu J, Liu J, Hong Y, Chen SL, He J, Li JH. Radical 1,4-Aryl Migration Enabled Remote Cross-Electrophile Coupling of α-Amino-β-Bromo Acid Esters with Aryl Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21360-21367. [PMID: 34291545 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report an unprecedented, efficient nickel-catalysed radical relay for the remote cross-electrophile coupling of β-bromo-α-benzylamino acid esters with aryl bromides via 1,4-aryl migration/arylation cascades. β-Bromo-α-benzylamino acid esters are considered as unique molecular scaffolds allowing for aryl migration reactions, which are conceptually novel variants for the radical Truce-Smiles rearrangement. This reaction enables the formation of two new C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) bonds using a bench-stable Ni/bipyridine/Zn system featuring a broad substrate scope and excellent diastereoselectivity, which provides an effective platform for the remote aryl group migration and arylation of amino acid esters via redox-neutral C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) bond cleavage. Mechanistically, this cascade reaction is accomplished by combining two powerful catalytic cycles consisting of a cross-electrophile coupling and radical 1,4-aryl migration through the generation of C(sp3 )-centred radical intermediates from the homolysis of C(sp3 )-Br bonds and the switching of the transient alkyl radical into a robust α-aminoalkyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Shuo-Wen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Jian Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Yu Hong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Shi-Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jin He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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10
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Aguirre AL, Loud NL, Johnson KA, Weix DJ, Wang Y. ChemBead Enabled High-Throughput Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reveals a New Complementary Ligand. Chemistry 2021; 27:12981-12986. [PMID: 34233043 PMCID: PMC8554800 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput experimentation (HTE) methods are central to modern medicinal chemistry. While many HTE approaches to C-N and Csp2 -Csp2 bonds are available, options for Csp2 -Csp3 bonds are limited. We report here how the adaptation of nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of aryl bromides with alkyl halides to HTE is enabled by AbbVie ChemBeads technology. By using this approach, we were able to quickly map out the reactivity space at a global level with a challenging array of 3×222 micromolar reactions. The observed hit rate (56 %) is competitive with other often-used HTE reactions and the results are scalable. A key to this level of success was the finding that bipyridine 6-carboxamidine (BpyCam), a ligand that had not previously been shown to be optimal in any reaction, is as general as the best-known ligands with complementary reactivity. Such "cryptic" catalysts may be common and modern HTE methods should facilitate the process of finding these catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Aguirre
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies Group, AbbVie, 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Nathan L Loud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Keywan A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies Group, AbbVie, 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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11
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Schwartz LA, Spielmann K, Swyka RA, Xiang M, Krische MJ. Formate-Mediated Cross-Electrophile Reductive Coupling of Aryl Iodides and Bromopyridines. Isr J Chem 2021; 61:198-301. [PMID: 34334805 PMCID: PMC8323530 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two catalytic systems for the formate-mediated cross-electrophile reductive coupling of 4-iodoansiole with 6-bromopyridines are described. Using homogenous rhodium or heterogeneous palladium catalysts, the product of reductive biaryl cross-coupling could be formed in moderate yield with excellent levels of chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyah A Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch Hall, 105 E 24 St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kim Spielmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch Hall, 105 E 24 St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert A Swyka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch Hall, 105 E 24 St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch Hall, 105 E 24 St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch Hall, 105 E 24 St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
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12
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Abstract
Sulfur-containing molecules are of utmost topical importance towards the effective development of pharmaceuticals and functional materials. Herein, we present an efficient and mild electrochemical thiolation by cross-electrophile coupling of alkyl bromides with functionalized bench-stable thiosulfonates to access alkyl sulfides with excellent efficacy and broad functional group tolerance. Cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic analysis were performed to elucidate mechanistic insights into this electrocatalytic thiolation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate W. J. Ang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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13
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Kim Y, Iwai T, Fujii S, Ueno K, Sawamura M. Dumbbell-Shaped 2,2'-Bipyridines: Controlled Metal Monochelation and Application to Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings. Chemistry 2021; 27:2289-2293. [PMID: 33159337 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
2,2'-Bipyridine ligands (dsbpys) with dumbbell-like shapes and differently substituted triarylmethyl groups at the C5 and C5' positions showed high ligand performance in the Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling and the Ni/photoredox-synergistically catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reactions. The superior ligand effects of dsbpys compared to the conventional bpy ligands were attributed to the monochelating nature of dsbpys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iwai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Sho Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kosei Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masaya Sawamura
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Herein, we discuss our laboratory's research in the activation of alcohol derivatives in cross-coupling and cross-electrophile coupling reactions. Our developed methods enable the use of secondary alcohols to afford tertiary stereogenic centers, which we applied to the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant compounds and substructures. We first discuss the synthesis of bioactive compounds via stereospecific Kumada cross-coupling reactions, followed by a discussion on the development of our stereoselective cross-electrophile coupling reaction to synthesize cyclopropanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amberly B Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025
| | - Elizabeth R Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025
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15
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Charboneau DJ, Barth EL, Hazari N, Uehling MR, Zultanski SL. A Widely Applicable Dual Catalytic System for Cross-Electrophile Coupling Enabled by Mechanistic Studies. ACS Catal 2020; 10:12642-12656. [PMID: 33628617 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A dual catalytic system for cross-electrophile coupling reactions between aryl halides and alkyl halides that features a Ni catalyst, a Co cocatalyst, and a mild homogeneous reductant is described. Mechanistic studies indicate that the Ni catalyst activates the aryl halide, while the Co cocatalyst activates the alkyl halide. This allows the system to be rationally optimized for a variety of substrate classes by simply modifying the loadings of the Ni and Co catalysts based on the reaction product profile. For example, the coupling of aryl bromides and aryl iodides with alkyl bromides, alkyl iodides, and benzyl chlorides is demonstrated using the same Ni and Co catalysts under similar reaction conditions but with different optimal catalyst loadings in each case. Our system is tolerant of numerous functional groups and is capable of coupling heteroaryl halides, di-ortho-substituted aryl halides, pharmaceutically relevant druglike aryl halides, and a diverse range of alkyl halides. Additionally, the dual catalytic platform facilitates a series of selective one-pot three-component cross-electrophile coupling reactions of bromo(iodo)arenes with two distinct alkyl halides. This demonstrates the unique level of control that the platform provides and enables the rapid generation of molecular complexity. The system can be readily utilized for a wide range of applications as all reaction components are commercially available, the reaction is scalable, and toxic amide-based solvents are not required. It is anticipated that this strategy, as well as the underlying mechanistic framework, will be generalizable to other cross-electrophile coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Charboneau
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Emily L. Barth
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mycah R. Uehling
- Merck & Co., Inc., Discovery Chemistry, HTE and Lead Discovery Capabilities, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan L. Zultanski
- Merck & Co., Inc., Department of Process Research and Development, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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16
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Parasram M, Shields BJ, Ahmad O, Knauber T, Doyle AG. Regioselective Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Epoxides and (Hetero)aryl Iodides via Ni/Ti/Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2020; 10:5821-5827. [PMID: 32747870 PMCID: PMC7398156 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A cross-electrophile coupling reaction of epoxides and (hetero)aryl iodides that operates via the merger of three catalytic cycles involving a Ni-, Ti-, and organic photoredox catalyst has been developed. Three distinct classes of epoxides, styrene oxides, cyclic epoxides, and terminal aliphatic epoxides, all undergo coupling in moderate to good yield and high regioselectivity with the use of three different nitrogen-based ligands for Ni under otherwise identical reaction conditions. The mild reaction conditions accommodate a broad scope of abundant and complex coupling partners. Mechanistic studies suggest that when styrene oxides are employed radical intermediates are involved via Ti-radical ring-opening of the epoxide. Conversely, for terminal aliphatic epoxides, involvement of an iodohydrin intermediate enables the formation of the unexpected linear product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Parasram
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Benjamin J Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Omar Ahmad
- Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Thomas Knauber
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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17
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Wang J, Cary BP, Beyer PD, Gellman SH, Weix DJ. Ketones from Nickel-Catalyzed Decarboxylative, Non-Symmetric Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Carboxylic Acid Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12081-12085. [PMID: 31287943 PMCID: PMC6707838 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of the C-C bonds of ketones relies upon one high-availability reagent (carboxylic acids) and one low-availability reagent (organometallic reagents or alkyl iodides). We demonstrate here a ketone synthesis that couples two different carboxylic acid esters, N-hydroxyphthalimide esters and S-2-pyridyl thioesters, to form aryl alkyl and dialkyl ketones in high yields. The keys to this approach are the use of a nickel catalyst with an electron-poor bipyridine or terpyridine ligand, a THF/DMA mixed solvent system, and ZnCl2 to enhance the reactivity of the NHP ester. The resulting reaction can be used to form ketones that have previously been difficult to access, such as hindered tertiary/tertiary ketones with strained rings and ketones with α-heteroatoms. The conditions can be employed in the coupling of complex fragments, including a 20-mer peptide fragment analog of Exendin(9-39) on solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Brian P Cary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Peyton D Beyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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18
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Beromi MM, Brudvig GW, Hazari N, Lant HMC, Mercado BQ. Synthesis and Reactivity of Paramagnetic Nickel Polypyridyl Complexes Relevant to C(sp 2 )-C(sp 3 )Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6094-6098. [PMID: 30859704 PMCID: PMC6479119 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A number of new transition metal catalyzed methods for the formation of C(sp2 )-C(sp3 ) bonds have recently been described. These reactions often utilize bidentate polypyridyl-ligated Ni catalysts, and paramagnetic NiI halide or aryl species are proposed in the catalytic cycles. However, there is little knowledge about complexes of this type. Here, we report the synthesis of paramagnetic bidentate polypyridyl-ligated Ni halide and aryl complexes through elementary reactions proposed in catalytic cycles for C(sp2 )-C(sp3 ) bond formation. We investigate the ability of these complexes to undergo organometallic reactions that are relevant to C(sp2 )-C(sp3 ) coupling through stoichiometric studies and also explore their catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Mohadjer Beromi
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Nilay Hazari
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Hannah M. C. Lant
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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19
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Charboneau DJ, Brudvig GW, Hazari N, Lant HMC, Saydjari AK. Development of an Improved System for the Carboxylation of Aryl Halides through Mechanistic Studies. ACS Catal 2019; 9:3228-3241. [PMID: 31007967 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The nickel-catalyzed carboxylation of organic halides or pseudohalides using carbon dioxide is an emerging method to prepare synthetically valuable carboxylic acids. Here, we report a detailed mechanistic investigation of these reactions using the carboxylation of aryl halides with (PPh3)2NiIICl2 as a model reaction. Our studies allow us to understand several general features of nickel-catalyzed carboxylation reactions. For example, we demonstrate that both a Lewis acid and halide source are beneficial for catalysis. To this end, we establish that heterogeneous Mn(0) and Zn(0) reductants are multifaceted reagents that generate noninnocent Mn(II) or Zn(II) Lewis acids upon oxidation. In a key result, a rare example of a well-defined nickel(I) aryl complex is isolated, and it is demonstrated that its reaction with carbon dioxide results in the formation of a carboxylic acid in high yield (after workup). The carbon dioxide insertion product undergoes rapid decomposition, which ca These three oxidation states correspond to the onbe circumvented by a ligand metathesis reaction with a halide source. Our studies have led to both a revised mechanism and the development of a broadly applicable strategy to improve reductive carboxylation reactions. A critical component of this strategy is that we have replaced the heterogeneous Mn(0) reductant typically used in catalysis with a well-defined homogeneous organic reductant. Through its use, we have increased the range of ancillary ligands, additives, and substrates that are compatible with the reaction. This has enabled us to perform reductive carboxylations at low catalyst loadings. Additionally, we demonstrate that reductive carboxylations of organic (pseudo)halides can be achieved in high yields in more practically useful, non-amide solvents. Our results describe a mechanistically guided strategy to improve reductive carboxylations through the use of a homogeneous organic reductant, which may be broadly translatable to a wide range of cross-electrophile coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Charboneau
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hannah M. C. Lant
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Andrew K. Saydjari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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20
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Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of terminal and internal alkynes from the nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of N-hydroxyphthalimide esters and bromoalkynes is presented. This reductive cross-electrophile coupling is the first to use a C(sp)-X electrophile, and appears to proceed via an alkynylnickel intermediate. The internal alkyne products are obtained in yields of 41-95 % without the need for a photocatalyst, light, or a strong oxidant. The reaction displays a broad scope of carboxylic acid and alkyne coupling partners, and can tolerate an array of functional groups, including carbamate NH, halogen, nitrile, olefin, ketone, and ester moieties. Mechanistic studies suggest that this process does not involve an alkynylmanganese reagent and instead proceeds through nickel-mediated bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14627-0216, USA
| | - Astrid M Olivares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14627-0216, USA
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14627-0216, USA
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