Nickel-Catalyzed Formal Aminocarbonylation of Secondary Benzyl Chlorides with Isocyanides

Pd-Catalyzed Coupling of Aryl Chloride, Isocyanides, and Thiocarboxylate To Synthesize Thioamides

Although aryl chlorides are among the most abundant and stable aromatic electrophiles, the coupling of aryl chlorides with isocyanides has remained an unsolved challenge. Herein, we report a general transformation of aryl chlorides, isocyanides, and thiocarboxylates to synthesize thioamides. The sterically hindered and electron-rich Josiphos ligand significantly facilitates the rate-determining oxidative addition step and reduces the toxicity of isocyanides toward the metal center. The combination of thiocarboxylate as the nucleophile and Josiphos as the ligands enabled the coupling-tolerated various 1°, 2°, and 3° isocyanides, which provides a rapid, efficient, and versatile method for the synthesis of large quantities of thioamides, including those of pharmaceutical relevance.

First-row transition metal for isocyanide-involving multicomponent reactions (IMCR)

First-row transition metal catalyzed transformations that are able to construct complex molecules from simple, readily obtainable feedstocks have become a keystone of modern synthetic organic chemistry. Particularly, the multicomponent reaction (MCR) involving carbon-carbon (C-C) as well as carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bond formation plays an essential role in many chemical conversions, and insurgencies in these reactions powerfully improve the overall synthetic efficiency. Recently, MCRs emerges rapidly because of its greener sides like eco-friendly nature, swift and straightforward execution, high atom/step economy, and construction of aimed product with lowest or no by-product, usually in quantitative yield. Curiously, the exceptional divalent carbon atoms of isocyanides make them predominantly useful components in multicomponent reactions. As a result of widespread research over the past few decades, numerous well-designed and effective procedures for the first-row TM-catalyzed MCR to afford the various entities have been reported. These aspects are summarized in this review article. A particular focus on comparative discussion of various first-row transition-metal catalyzed isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions through mechanistic details included in the review article.

Nickel-catalyzed acylzincation of allenes with organozincs and CO

Transition metal-catalyzed carbonylative reaction with CO gas are among the central task in organic synthesis, enabling the construction of highly valuable carbonyl compound. Here, we show an earth-abundant nickel-catalyzed three-component tandem acylzincation/cyclization sequence of allene and alkylzinc reagent with 1 atm of CO under mild conditions. This protocol is featured by broad functional group tolerance with high reaction selectivity, providing a rapid and convenient synthetic method for the construction of diverse fully substituted benzotropone derivatives. Mechanistic studies reveal that the installation of a cyano group tethered to allene moiety enables the high regio- and stereoselectivity of this acylzincation of allene, allowing the selective formation of three consecutive C-C bonds in a highly efficient manner.

Nickel-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Iodides with 1 atm CO

Reported here is a nickel-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of aromatic iodides with (hetero)aryl anilines and alkyl amines under atmospheric CO pressure. The reaction features with broad substrate scope with excellent functional group tolerance, providing an expedient method for the construction of amide analogues. Notably, amino alcohols can be selectively transformed into the corresponding amides successfully without interfering the hydroxyl group under the current standard conditions.

Palladium-Catalyzed Preparation of N-Substituted Benz[c,d]indol-2-imines and N-Substituted Amino-1-naphthylamides

Here, we report a novel and facile protocol for the synthesis of benz[c,d]indol-2-imines via palladium-catalyzed C-C and C-N coupling of 8-halo-1-naphthylamines with isocyanides in a single step. The reaction features broad substrate scopes and mild conditions, providing an efficient alternative for the construction of antiproliferative agents and BET bromodomain inhibitors. If 0.1 mL of H₂O was added to this reaction, the N-substituted amino-1-naphthylamides could be obtained easily.

Nickel-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of aryl iodides with 1 atm CO

A nickel-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of aromatic iodides with alcohols under atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxide is presented here. This operationally simple protocol allows the facile synthesis of (hetero)aromatic esters, exhibiting broad substrate scope with excellent functional group tolerance. Various primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols as well as phenols are suitable for this transformation.

Nickel-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Cyclopropanol with Benzyl Bromide for Multisubstituted Cyclopentenone Synthesis

Herein, we reported a Ni-catalyzed carbonylation of cyclopropanol with benzyl bromide to afford multisubstituted cyclopentenone under 1 atm of CO. The reaction proceeds through cascade carbonylation of benzyl bromides, followed by generation of nickel homoenolate from cyclopropanols via β-C elimination to afford 1,4-diketones, which undergoes intramolecular Aldol condensation to furnish highly substituted cyclopentenone derivatives in moderate to good yields. The reaction exhibits high functional group tolerance with broad substrate scope.

Divergent synthesis of α-functionalized amides through selective N-O/C-C or N-O/C-C/C-N cleavage of aza-cyclobutanone oxime esters

Herein, a novel sequential ring opening reaction of aza-cyclobutanone oxime esters with isocyanides is described. The reaction proceeded smoothly under redox-neutral and mild conditions, leading to a divergent synthesis of α-cyanomethylaminoamides, α-acyloxyamides and α-acylaminoamides. In these transformations, a selective N-O/C-C or N-O/C-C/C-N cleavage was achieved only by changing the iron-catalyst system. Among them, a rare sequential N-O/C-C/C-N cleavage process with a classical Passerini or Ugi multicomponent reaction can be executed in a single step. To the best of our knowledge, this work creates a novel reaction mode of cycloketone oximes and provides new opportunities for reaction design.

Direct C-H aminocarbonylation of N-heteroarenes with isocyanides under transition metal-free conditions

A C-C bond forming amide synthesis through direct C-H aminocarbonylation of N-heteroarenes with isocyanides was developed. The reaction was mediated by an inorganic persulfate salt under transition metal-free conditions. Mechanistic studies suggested a radical pathway for this reaction without the participation of H₂O and O₂. This method also showed merits of substrate availability, easy operation and atom economy. It provided an efficient route for straightforward synthesis of N-heteroaryl amides.

Palladium-Catalyzed Secondary Benzylic Imidoylative Reactions

Reported herein is a palladium-catalyzed secondary benzylic imidoylative Negishi reaction leveraging the sterically bulky aromatic isocyanides as the imine source. This method allows the facile access of alkyl-, (hetero)aryl-, and alkynylzinc reagents to afford various α-substituted phenylacetone products under mild acidic hydrolysis, which are ubiquitous motifs in many pharmaceuticals and biologically active compounds. The diastereoselective reduction of imine can be accomplished to provide the expedient conversion of secondary benzylic halide into α-substituted phenethylamine derivatives with high atom economy.