The impact of mpMRI-targeted vs systematic biopsy on the risk of prostate cancer downgrading at final pathology

PURPOSE

Although targeted biopsies (TBx) are associated with improved disease assessment, concerns have been raised regarding the risk of prostate cancer (PCa) overgrading due to more accurate biopsy core deployment in the index lesion.

METHODS

We identified 1672 patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) with a positive mpMRI and ISUP ≥ 2 PCa detected via systematic biopsy (SBx) plus TBx. We compared downgrading rates at RP (ISUP 4-5, 3, and 2 at biopsy, to a lower ISUP) for PCa detected via SBx only (group 1), via TBx only (group 2), and eventually for PCa detected with the same ISUP 2-5 at both SBx and TBx (group 3), using multivariable logistic regression models (MVA).

RESULTS

Overall, 12 vs 14 vs 6% (n = 176 vs 227 vs 96) downgrading rates were recorded in group 1 vs group 2 vs group 3, respectively (p < 0.001). At MVA, group 2 was more likely to be downgraded (OR 1.26, p = 0.04), as compared to group 1. Conversely, group 3 was less likely to be downgraded at RP (OR 0.42, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Downgrading rates are highest when PCa is present in TBx only and, especially when the highest grade PCa is diagnosed by TBx cores only. Conversely, downgrading rates are lowest when PCa is identified with the same ISUP through both SBx and TBx. The presence of clinically significant disease at SBx + TBx may indicate a more reliable assessment of the disease at the time of biopsy potentially reducing the risk of downgrading at final pathology.

[Dental pulp stem cells in tooth regeneration: advancement and emerging directions]

Regenerating tissues similar to dental structure with normal function are putatively to be the aim in tooth regeneration filed. Currently, researchers preliminarily achieved tooth regeneration by applying dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) and stem cell from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). However, the regeneration efficiency remains unstable and needs further investigation. The development of single-cell RNA sequencing and organoid culture system provide potential of precise, targeted and controllable functional regeneration. This article reviews the current state of DPSC/SHED on tooth regeneration, and analyzes characteristics and hotspots of them, aiming to shed light on clinical translational application of stable and efficient tooth regeneration.

FOXA1 regulates ribosomal RNA transcription in prostate cancer

BACKGROUND

Ribosome biogenesis is excessively activated in tumor cells, yet it is little known whether oncogenic transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transactivation.

METHODS

Nucleolar proteomics data and large-scale immunofluorescence were re-analyzed to jointly identify the proteins localized at nucleolus. RNA-Seq data of five prostate cancer (PCa) cohorts were combined and integrated with multi-dimensional data to define the upregulated nucleolar TFs in PCa tissues. Then, ChIP-Seq data of PCa cell lines and two PCa clinical cohorts were re-analyzed to reveal the TF binding patterns at ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats. The TF binding at rDNA was validated by ChIP-qPCR. The effect of the TF on rRNA transcription was determined by rDNA luciferase reporter, nascent RNA synthesis, and global protein translation assays.

RESULTS

In this study, we reveal the role of oncogenic TF FOXA1 in regulating rRNA transcription within nucleolar organization regions. By analyzing human TFs in prostate cancer clinical datasets and nucleolar proteomics data, we identified that FOXA1 is partially localized in the nucleolus and correlated with global protein translation. Our extensive FOXA1 ChIP-Seq analysis provides robust evidence of FOXA1 binding across rDNA repeats in prostate cancer cell lines, primary tumors, and castration-resistant variants. Notably, FOXA1 occupancy at rDNA repeats correlates with histone modifications associated with active transcription, namely H3K27ac and H3K4me3. Reducing FOXA1 expression results in decreased transactivation at rDNA, subsequently diminishing global protein synthesis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest FOXA1 regulates aberrant ribosome biogenesis downstream of oncogenic signaling in prostate cancer.

Evaluation of brain iron deposition in different cerebral arteries of acute ischaemic stroke patients using quantitative susceptibility mapping

AIM

To investigate differences in iron deposition between infarct and normal cerebral arterial regions in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty healthy controls and 40 AIS patients were recruited, and their QSM images were obtained. There were seven regions of interest (ROIs) in AIS patients, including the infarct regions of responsible arteries (R1), the non-infarct regions of responsible arteries (R2), the contralateral symmetrical sites of lesions (R3), and the non-responsible cerebral arterial regions (R4, R5, R6, R7). For the healthy controls, the cerebral arterial regions corresponding to the AIS patient group were selected as ROIs. The differences in corresponding ROI susceptibilities between AIS patients and healthy controls and the differences in susceptibilities between infarcted and non-infarct regions in AIS patients were compared.

RESULTS

The susceptibilities of infarct regions in AIS patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in non-infarct regions between the two groups (p>0.05). The susceptibility of the infarct regions in AIS patients was significantly higher than those of the non-infarct region of responsible artery and non-responsible cerebral arterial regions (p<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Abnormal iron deposition detected by QSM in the infarct regions of AIS patients may not affect iron levels in the non-infarct regions of responsible arteries and normal cerebral arteries, which may open the door for potential new diagnostic and treatment strategies.

Structure and properties of chlorogenic acid-loaded polylactide fiber prepared by melt spinning

Polylactide/chlorogenic acid (PLA/CGA) blends with different weight ratios were prepared by melt mixing, and corresponding PLA/CGA fibers were produced via a two-step melt spinning process. For PLA/CGA blends, CGA was distributed uniformly in the PLA matrix. The intermolecular interactions between CGA and PLA existed. The viscosity of PLA/CGA blends was much lower than that of neat PLA. With the increase of CGA content, the viscosity of PLA/CGA blends decreased. As the CGA content increased, the crystallinity of both PLA/CGA blends and fibers decreased. In addition, the tensile strength of PLA/CGA fibers was slightly lower than that of neat PLA fiber. For PLA/CGA fibers, the 6-fold drawn PLA/CGA fiber with 3 % CGA owned the highest tensile strength of 420 MPa. The ultraviolet (UV) resistance of PLA/CGA fibers were enhanced significantly by the introduction of CGA. When the CGA content was not <3 %, the UV transmittance of PLA/CGA fibers was <8 %. Moreover, PLA/CGA fibers exhibited good antioxidant properties. PLA/CGA fibers with 10 % CGA owned the highest antioxidant rate of >90 %. In addition, the 6-fold drawn PLA/CGA fiber with 10 % CGA presented excellent release performance with a 7-day cumulative CGA release rate of 19 %.

[Impact of hyperoxia on the phenotype of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells]

Objective: To investigate the influence of varied oxygen (O2) concentration environments on the phenotypic transformation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and the mechanism of pulmonary hypertension. Methods: Primary rat PASMC were isolated and cultured through the process of enzymatic digestion. Following identification, the stable passaged PASMC were subjected to a 6-hour incubation in sealed containers with normal O2 content (group C) and relative O2 content comprising 55% (group H55), 75% (group H75), and 95% (group H95). mRNA and protein expression of α-Actin (α-SMA), smooth muscle 22α (SM22α), osteopontin (OPN), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were measured using real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Results: The H55 group displayed no significant difference from the C group in terms of mRNA and relative protein expression levels for α-SMA, SM22α, OPN, and MMP-2 (all P>0.05). On the other hand, groups H75 and H95 exhibited a reduction in mRNA and relative protein expression of α-SMA and SM22α, along with an increase in mRNA and relative protein expression of OPN and MMP-2 when compared with both the C and H55 groups (all P<0.05). The H95 group showed a higher relative mRNA expression of MMP-2 as compared to the H75 group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Oxygen concentration environments of 75% or higher can serve as the foundation for the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension, essentially by inducing a phenotypic transformation in PASMC towards adopting a robust secretory function. This induction is contingent upon the concentration of oxygen present.

OLFM2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion in colorectal cancer through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an aggressive tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, which is a major public health concern worldwide. Despite numerous studies, the precise mechanism of metastasis behind its progression remains elusive. As a member of the containing olfactomedin domains protein family, olfactomedin 2 (OLFM2) may play a role in tumor metastasis. It is highly expressed in colorectal cancer, and its role in the metastasis of CRC is still unclear. As such, this study seeks to explore the function of OLFM2 on CRC metastasis and its potential mechanisms.

METHODS

Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to study the expression of OLFM2 in human CRC and adjacent normal tissues. Knockdown and overexpression OLFM2 cell lines were constructed using siRNA and overexpression plasmids to explore the role of OLFM2 in the migration and invasion of CRC through transwell, and wound healing experiments. Finally, the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) -related proteins and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway-related proteins was investigated using western blotting.

RESULTS

In this study, we observed an elevation of OLFM2 expression levels in CRC tissues. To investigate the function of OLFM2, we overexpressed and knocked down OLFM2. We discovered that OLFM2 knockdown inhibited migration and invasion of colon cancer cells. Furthermore, E-cadherin expression increased while N-cadherin and Vimentin expression were opposite. It is no surprise that overexpressing OLFM2 had the opposite effects. We also identified that OLFM2 knockdown resulted in reduced TGF-βR1 and downstream molecules p-Smad2 and p-Smad3, which are related to the TGF-β / Smad pathway. In contrast, overexpressing OLFM2 significantly boosted their expression levels.

CONCLUSION

The protein OLFM2 has been identified as a crucial determinant in the progression of CRC. Its mechanism of action involves the facilitation of EMT through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Given its pivotal role in CRC, OLFM2 has emerged as a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target for the disease. These results indicate the potential of OLFM2 as a valuable biomarker for CRC diagnosis and treatment and highlight the need for further research exploring its clinical significance.

Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Analysis, and Subcellular Localization of DET2 Gene Family in Populus yunnanensis

(1) Background: Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important hormones involved in almost all stages of plant growth and development, and sterol dehydrogenase is a key enzyme involved in BRs biosynthesis. However, the sterol dehydrogenase gene family of Populus yunnanensis Dode (P. yunnanensis) has not been studied. (2) Methods: The PyDET2 (DEETIOLATED2) gene family was identified and analyzed. Three genes were screened based on RNA-seq of the stem tips, and the PyDET2e was further investigated via qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) and subcellular localization. (3) Results: The 14 DET2 family genes in P. yunnanensis were categorized into four groups, and 10 conserved protein motifs were identified. The gene structure, chromosome distribution, collinearity, and codon preference of all PyDET2 genes in the P. yunnanensis genome were analyzed. The codon preference of this family is towards the A/U ending, which is strongly influenced by natural selection. The PyDET2e gene was expressed at a higher level in September than in July, and it was significantly expressed in stems, stem tips, and leaves. The PyDET2e protein was localized in chloroplasts. (4) Conclusions: The PyDET2e plays an important role in the rapid growth period of P. yunnanensis. This systematic analysis provides a basis for the genome-wide identification of genes related to the brassinolide biosynthesis process in P. yunnanensis, and lays a foundation for the study of the rapid growth mechanism of P. yunnanensis.

Advances and challenges of first-line immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: A review

The current use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for the treatment of lung cancer has dramatically changed the clinical strategy for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC). As a result of great achievements in clinical trials, 6 programmed death-1 inhibitors (sintilimab, camrelizumab, tislelizumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, and nivolumab), 2 programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors (sugemalimab and atezolizumab), and 1 cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 inhibitor (ipilimumab) have been approved as first-line treatment for mNSCLC by the US Food and Drug Administration. Recently, research on ICIs has shifted from a large number of second-line to first-line settings in clinical trials. Results from first-line trials have shown that almost all driver-negative mNSCLC are treated with ICIs and significantly prolong patient survival; however, the low response rate and adverse reactions to immunotherapy remain to be addressed. Here, we summarize the use of ICIs, including monotherapy and combination therapy, in the first-line treatment of mNSCLC in recent years and discuss the low response rate and adverse reactions of ICIs as well as the challenges and expectations for the first-line treatment of mNSCLC in the future.

Multimodel habitats constructed by perfusion and/or diffusion MRI predict isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation status and prognosis in high-grade gliomas

AIM

To determine whether tumour vascular and cellular heterogeneity of high-grade glioma (HGG) is predictive of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status and overall survival (OS) by using tumour habitat-based analysis constructed by perfusion and/or diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seventy-eight HGG patients that met the 2021 World Health Organization WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System, 5th edition (WHO CNS5), were enrolled to predict IDH mutation status, of which 32 grade 4 patients with unmethylated O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter were enrolled for prognostic analysis. The deep-learning-based model nnU-Net and K-means clustering algorithm were applied to construct the Traditional Habitat, Vascular Habitat (VH), Cellular Density Habitat (DH), and their Combined Habitat (CH). Quantitative parameters were extracted and compared between IDH-mutant and IDH-wild-type patients, respectively, and the prediction potential was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. OS was analysed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test.

RESULTS

Compared with IDH-mutants, median relative cerebral blood volume (rCBVmedian) values in the whole enhancing tumour (WET), VH1, VH3, CH1-4 habitats were significantly increased in IDH-wild-type HGGs (all p<0.05). Additionally, the accuracy of rCBVmedian values in CH1 outperformed other habitats in identifying IDH mutation status (p<0.001) at a cut-off value of 4.83 with AUC of 0.815. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis highlighted significant differences in OS between the populations dichotomised by the median of rCBVmedian in WET, VH1, CH1-3 habitats (all p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The habitat imaging technique may improve the accuracy of predicting IDH mutation status and prognosis, and even provide a new direction for subsequent personalised precision treatment.

Synthesis of biomass hyperbranched polyamide resin from cellulose and citric acid for wood adhesive

Traditional wood adhesives have the problems of excessive dependence on fossil resources and environmental pollution. Cellulose, a renewable biomass resource with a low price and huge output, provides a basis for preparing biomass wood adhesives. In this study, a new type of polyamide resin was prepared by modifying microcrystalline cellulose and reacting with natural citric acid. Specifically, toluenesulfonyl cellulose (TS) was synthesized, and functional amino cellulose (AC) was prepared by a nucleophilic substitution reaction with hyperbranched polyamide (HP). Then cellulose-based hyperbranched polyamide resin (CHP) was prepared by polycondensation with citric acid. The structure of CHP resin was investigated by FTIR, XPS, 13C NMR and GPC, and plywood was prepared to study its mechanical properties. Due to the formation of hyperbranched cross-linked network structure inside the resin, the prepared plywood has excellent properties. The dry shear strength reaches 2.24 MPa, and the strength reaches 1.25 and 1.31 MPa after soaking in water at 63 °C and 93 °C for 3 h. The resin in this study has a simple preparation process and excellent performance, which provides a solid foundation for developing high-performance cellulose-based wood adhesives.

Boiling water resistant fully bio-based adhesive made from maleated chitosan and glucose with excellent performance

Biomass resources are widely considered potential alternatives to formaldehyde-based wood adhesives because of their abundance. In this study, an environmentally friendly biomass adhesive, carboxylated chitosan-glucose (CSC-G), was prepared using chitosan, maleic anhydride, and glucose. The structure and water resistance of the adhesive were analyzed in detail. Maleic anhydride act as a bridge connecting chitosan and glucose, giving the adhesive good water solubility and resistance. The improved water resistance of the CSC-G adhesive was attributed to the formation of covalent cross-linked structures and an increased degree of system cross-linking. Additionally, the curing temperature of the CSC-G adhesive was superior to those of previously reported polyester adhesives. This study not only expands the application scope of fishery waste, but also demonstrates its great potential for the preparation of high-performance plywood.

YAP targetome reveals activation of SPEM in gastric pre-neoplastic progression and regeneration

Peptic ulcer disease caused by environmental factors increases the risk of developing gastric cancer (GC), one of the most common and deadly cancers in the world. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. A major type of GC uniquely undergoes spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) followed by intestinal metaplasia. Notably, intestinal-type GC patients with high levels of YAP signaling exhibit a lower survival rate and poor prognosis. YAP overexpression in gastric cells induces atrophy, metaplasia, and hyperproliferation, while its deletion in a Notch-activated gastric adenoma model suppresses them. By defining the YAP targetome genome-wide, we demonstrate that YAP binds to active chromatin elements of SPEM-related genes, which correlates with the activation of their expression in both metaplasia and ulcers. Single-cell analysis combined with our YAP signature reveals that YAP signaling is activated during SPEM, demonstrating YAP as a central regulator of SPEM in gastric neoplasia and regeneration.

[Prospective cohort study of the association of cardiovascular disease with triglyceride glucose index and triglyceride glucose-related indicators]

Objective: To investigate the association of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) with triglyceride glucose index (TyG) and TyG-related indicators in Uyghur populations of The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Methods: Based on the cohort of the Uygur population of The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, 11 833 study subjects were included. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the cumulative incidence of CVD in each quartile of TyG and TyG-related indicators. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between TyG and CVD, TyG-related indicators and CVD. Framingham CVD risk score model (Framingham model) was used to evaluate whether the addition of TyG and TyG-related indicators could improve the predictive ability of the model. The potential mediating role of the TyG in the association between obesity and CVD was examined through mediation effect analysis. Results: The average age of the subjects was (37.00±13.67) years-old, and 51.0% were male. The median follow-up time was 5.67 years, with 1 288 CVD events. The cumulative incidence of CVD increased with the increase of TyG and TyG-related indicators quartiles, and compared with the Q1 group, the risk of CVD in the Q4 group of TyG, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WHtR increased by 20% (HR=1.20, 95%CI: 1.01-1.42), 77% (HR=1.77, 95%CI: 1.46-2.16) and 68% (HR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.36-2.09), respectively. After adding TyG, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WHtR to the Framingham model, respectively, the model's area under the curve, net reclassification improvement, and integrated discrimination improvement were improved. In the association between BMI, WHtR, and CVD, the proportion of mediating effects mediated by the TyG index was 10.55% and 11.50%. Conclusions: Elevated levels of TyG and TyG-related indicators were strongly associated with the risk of CVD in the Uyghur population of The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, with TyG-BMI being the most closely correlated with CVD. Early monitoring of TyG-BMI helps identify high-risk groups of CVD.

Identification and subtype analysis of biomarkers associated with the solute carrier family in acute myocardial infarction

The dysregulation of some solute carrier (SLC) proteins has been linked to a variety of diseases, including diabetes and chronic kidney disease. However, SLC-related genes (SLCs) has not been extensively studied in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The GSE66360 and GSE60993 datasets, and SLCs geneset were enrolled in this study. Differentially expressed SLCs (DE-SLCs) were screened by overlapping DEGs between the AMI and control groups and SLCs. Next, functional enrichment analysis was carried out to research the function of DE-SLCs. Consistent clustering of samples from the GSE66360 dataset was accomplished based on DE-SLCs selected. Next, the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed on the DEGs-cluster (cluster 1 vs cluster 2). Three machine learning models were performed to obtain key genes. Subsequently, biomarkers were obtained through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and expression analysis. Then, the immune infiltration analysis was performed. Afterwards, single-gene GSEA was carried out, and the biomarker-drug network was established. Finally, quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to verify the expression levels of biomarkers. In this study, 13 DE-SLCs were filtered by overlapping 366 SLCs and 448 DEGs. The functional enrichment results indicated that the genes were implicated with amino acid transport and TNF signaling pathway. After the consistency clustering analysis, the samples were classified into cluster 1 and cluster 2 subtypes. The functional enrichment results showed that DEGs-cluster were implicated with chemokine signaling pathway and so on. Further, SLC11A1 and SLC2A3 were identified as SLC-related biomarkers, which had the strongest negative relationship with resting memory CD4 T cells and the strongest positive association with activated mast cells. In addition, the single-gene GSEA results showed that cytosolic ribosome was enriched by the biomarkers. Five drugs targeting SLC2A3 were predicted as well. Lastly, the experimental results showed that the biomarkers expression trends were consistent with public database. In this study, 2 SLC-related biomarkers (SLC11A1 and SLC2A3) were screened and drug predictions were carried out to explore the prediction and treatment of AMI.

DNA methylation modulated genetic variant effect on gene transcriptional regulation

BACKGROUND

Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis has emerged as an important tool in elucidating the link between genetic variants and gene expression, thereby bridging the gap between risk SNPs and associated diseases. We recently identified and validated a specific case where the methylation of a CpG site influences the relationship between the genetic variant and gene expression.

RESULTS

Here, to systematically evaluate this regulatory mechanism, we develop an extended eQTL mapping method, termed DNA methylation modulated eQTL (memo-eQTL). Applying this memo-eQTL mapping method to 128 normal prostate samples enables identification of 1063 memo-eQTLs, the majority of which are not recognized as conventional eQTLs in the same cohort. We observe that the methylation of the memo-eQTL CpG sites can either enhance or insulate the interaction between SNP and gene expression by altering CTCF-based chromatin 3D structure.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates the prevalence of memo-eQTLs paving the way to identify novel causal genes for traits or diseases associated with genetic variations.

RCN1 deficiency inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma progression and THP-1 macrophage M2 polarization

Reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1), a calcium-binding protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, contains six conserved regions. Its main functions include maintaining intracellular homeostasis and regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, and it plays an important role in the development of various tumours. However, the exact function of RCN1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of RCN1 on the biological behaviour of OSCC and the regulation of tumour-associated macrophage (TAM) polarization. The expression of RCN1 in OSCC and normal oral mucosa was evaluated through bioinformatics analysis and immunohistochemical staining. The growth, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells were observed after knockdown of RCN1 using CCK-8 and Transwell assays. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The effect of tumour cell-derived RCN1 on the polarization of THP-1 macrophages was investigated by establishing a coculture model of THP-1 macrophages and OSCC cells. Additionally, changes in the expression levels of relevant proteins were detected using Western blotting. The upregulation of RCN1 in tumour tissues compared to normal oral mucosal tissues is associated with a poor prognosis and can be utilized as a prognostic indicator for OSCC. Knockdown of RCN1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OSCC cells. Additionally, knockdown of RCN1 in Cal-27 and SCC-25 cells resulted in inhibition of the M2 polarization of THP-1 macrophages. RCN1 knockdown inhibits OSCC progression and M2 macrophage polarization. Targeting RCN1 may be a promising approach for OSCC treatment.

[Tumor Mechanomedicine]

Malignant tumors represent a significant health challenge, critically impacting human well-being. Historically, the focus has been on leveraging the biochemical cues of tumors for both diagnosis and treatment. While valuable, this strategy does not capture the full complexity of tumor diagnosis and management. Recently, the integration of biomechanics and mechanobiology with oncology has highlighted the importance of mechanical cues, which have emerged as new hallmarks of tumors, opening potential novel routes for cancer diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. Despite the advances, a thorough literature review suggests a pronounced gap in our understanding of the mechanical properties of tumors. The clinical community has not yet completely recognized the diagnostic and therapeutic relevance of the mechanical cues of tumors. To bridge this knowledge gap, we propose and introduce the paradigm of "Tumor Mechanomedicine". We provide a comprehensive overview of the multi-scale mechanical characteristics of tumors, exploring their influence on tumor biology, from the aspects of tumor biomechanics, tumor mechanobiology, tumor mechanodiagnostics, and tumor mechanotherapeutics. By elucidating the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of these mechanical cues, we aim to furnish the oncology community with fresh insights, paving the way for innovative solutions to persistent clinical conundrums.

[Efficacy and prognosis of infant kidney transplantation]

Objective: To analyze the effect and prognosis of infant kidney transplantation. Methods: Clinical data of 37 cases of infant kidney transplantation under 3 years old in Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from June 1, 2017 to July 31, 2022 were retrospectively collected. These 37 cases included 31 primary kidney transplantation and 6 secondary kidney transplantation. Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival curve of the transplanted kidney and the recipient, and the prognosis and complications were analyzed. Median follow-up was 18 months (range: 6-66 months). Results: The recipients were 20 males and 17 females, with a median age of 16 months (range: 2 months, 26 days to 36 months) and a median weight of 8 kg (range: 3.2 to 14.0 kg). The youngest child was only 2 months, 26 days old, and weighed only 3.2 kg. The most common primary disease of recipients was congenital nephrotic syndrome (13 cases, 41.9%). Intra-abdominal transplantation occurred in 19 cases (51.3%) and intra-iliac fossa transplantation occurred in the remaining 18 cases (48.6%). Postoperative renal function recovery was delayed in 7 cases (18.9%), and thrombosis caused renal function loss in 5 cases (13.5%), of which 4 cases received second renal transplantation and were successful. During the follow-up period, there were 11 cases of acute rejection (29.7%) and 6 cases of CMV pneumonia (16.2%). The estimated glomerular filtration rate 1 year after transplantation was higher than that 1 month after surgery [(101.9±22.1) vs (71.1±25.6) ml/(min·1.73m2), P<0.001], and remained constant 2 years after transplantation. Both the 1-year and 2-year survival rates of the transplanted kidney were 85.3%, and both the 1-year and 2-year survival rates of the recipients were 96.8%. Conclusion: Although the implementation of infant kidney transplantation is difficult, it can still achieve relatively satisfactory efficacy and prognosis.

Prevalence and influencing factors of anaemia among pregnant women in rural areas of Northwestern China

OBJECTIVES

Anaemia during pregnancy is a significant public health problem that adversely impacts both the mother and foetus. However, the factors influencing maternal anaemia in deprived areas of Northwestern China have not yet been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and potential influencing factors of anaemia among expectant mothers in rural areas of Northwestern China.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a cross-sectional survey.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey of 586 expectant mothers was conducted to investigate the prevalence of anaemia, prenatal healthcare coverage, dietary diversity and nutrient supplementation intake. The study population was selected from the sample areas using a random sampling method. Data were collected through a questionnaire, and haemoglobin concentrations were measured by a capillary blood test.

RESULTS

The results show that 34.8% of the study population were anaemic, with 13% having moderate-to-severe anaemia. The results of the regression analysis showed that diet was not significantly associated with haemoglobin concentrations or the prevalence of anaemia. However, regular prenatal healthcare attendance was found to be an important influencing factor for both haemoglobin concentration (β = 3.67, P = 0.002) and the prevalence of anaemia (odds ratio = 0.59, P = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONS

Pregnant women receiving regular prenatal care were less likely to be anaemic; thus, it is essential to implement strategies to improve attendance at maternal public health services to reduce the prevalence of maternal anaemia.

Nanomaterials for photothermal cancer therapy

Cancer has emerged as a pressing global public health issue, and improving the effectiveness of cancer treatment remains one of the foremost challenges of modern medicine. The primary clinical methods of treating cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, inevitably result in some adverse effects on the body. However, the advent of photothermal therapy offers an alternative route for cancer treatment. Photothermal therapy relies on photothermal agents with photothermal conversion capability to eliminate tumors at high temperatures, which offers advantages of high precision and low toxicity. As nanomaterials increasingly play a pivotal role in tumor prevention and treatment, nanomaterial-based photothermal therapy has gained significant attention owing to its superior photothermal properties and tumor-killing abilities. In this review, we briefly summarize and introduce the applications of common organic photothermal conversion materials (e.g., cyanine-based nanomaterials, porphyrin-based nanomaterials, polymer-based nanomaterials, etc.) and inorganic photothermal conversion materials (e.g., noble metal nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials, etc.) in tumor photothermal therapy in recent years. Finally, the problems of photothermal nanomaterials in antitumour therapy applications are discussed. It is believed that nanomaterial-based photothermal therapy will have good application prospects in tumor treatment in the future.

[Preliminary survey report on the clinical validation of in-use electronic sphygmomanometers in China]

Objective: To explore the percentage of in-use electronic sphygmomanometers independently validated clinically in China. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey and Beijing, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang, Datong, and Shihezi were selected according to the geographical location and economic level. In each site, one tertiary hospital, two community health centers, and 20 families with electronic sphygmomanometers in use were chosen. The information of electronic sphygmomanometers including brand, model, manufacturer and production date were obtained by the trained staff. Ten electronic sphygmomanometers from each hospital, five electronic sphygmomanometers from each community health center, and one electronic sphygmomanometer from each family were surveyed, and the user's subjective judgment results and judgment basis on the accuracy of the electronic sphygmomanometer measurement were collected. We searched six registration websites (Medaval, Stride BP, dabl Educational Trust, British and Irish Hypertension Society, American Medical Association and Hypertension Canada) and two research databases (PubMed and CNKI) for the clinical validation status of each electronic sphygmomanometer. Results: A total of 200 electronic sphygmomanometers were investigated in this study, of which only 29.0% (58/200) passed independent clinical validation. When stratified by users, the percentage of being clinical validated was 46.0% (23/50) for electronic sphygmomanometers in hospitals, 42.0% (21/50) for those in community health centers and 14.0% (14/100) for those in home use, respectively, and the proportions between the three groups were significantly difference (P<0.001). Doctors in tertiary hospitals and community health service centers judged the accuracy of electronic sphygmomanometers mainly on the basis of "regular correction" (41.0% (41/100)) and "comparison with other electronic sphygmomanometers" (20.0% (20/100)), while among home users, 41.0% (41/100) were not clear about the accuracy of electronic sphygmomanometers, and 40.0% (40/100) made the judgment by "comparison with the devices in hospitals". Conclusion: The clinical validation of in-use electronic sphygmomanometers in China is low. Most of users, including healthcare professionals, are not aware of clinical validation of electronic sphygmomanometers.

Preparation of Nanocellulose-Based Aerogel and Its Research Progress in Wastewater Treatment

Nowadays, the fast expansion of the economy and industry results in a considerable volume of wastewater being released, severely affecting water quality and the environment. It has a significant influence on the biological environment, both terrestrial and aquatic plant and animal life, and human health. Therefore, wastewater treatment is a global issue of great concern. Nanocellulose's hydrophilicity, easy surface modification, rich functional groups, and biocompatibility make it a candidate material for the preparation of aerogels. The third generation of aerogel is a nanocellulose-based aerogel. It has unique advantages such as a high specific surface area, a three-dimensional structure, is biodegradable, has a low density, has high porosity, and is renewable. It has the opportunity to replace traditional adsorbents (activated carbon, activated zeolite, etc.). This paper reviews the fabrication of nanocellulose-based aerogels. The preparation process is divided into four main steps: the preparation of nanocellulose, gelation of nanocellulose, solvent replacement of nanocellulose wet gel, and drying of nanocellulose wet aerogel. Furthermore, the research progress of the application of nanocellulose-based aerogels in the adsorption of dyes, heavy metal ions, antibiotics, organic solvents, and oil-water separation is reviewed. Finally, the development prospects and future challenges of nanocellulose-based aerogels are discussed.

Smart photochromic materials based on polylactic acid

The smart photochromic materials based on polylactic acid (PLA) were prepared by melt-blending and hot-pressing, in which photochromic microcapsules (PM) were used as a functional additive, and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was introduced into the photochromic PLA blends for the first time to improve their properties. The crystallization and melting behavior, morphology, and photochromic performance of PLA/PVAc/PM blends were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and spectrophotometer, respectively. The results showed that PVAc significantly improved the photochromic properties of PLA/PM blends. Under 30s UV irradiation, the blends reached a value of ΔE that could be recognized in 3 s by human eyes. This discriminative ΔE value could be maintained for at least 3 min after removal from UV irradiation. Meanwhile, the blend had outstanding photochromic durability and recyclability. Compared to ΔE for 0.5 h of continuous light irradiation, ΔE for 8 h of continuous light irradiation decreased by only about 1, to 14.1. In 25 cycles of 3 s UV irradiation, the values of ΔE for the first and 25th irradiation were 11.4 and 11.6, respectively. The blend showed different photochromic responses to different light intensities. The ΔE values of 8.6, 14.6, 14.6, and 18.4 for irradiation at 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 W/m² of solar intensity, respectively.

[Genetic characterization of varicella-zoster virus in people aged 20 years and under in Yichang City of Hubei Province, 2019-2020]

Objective: To analyze the genetic characteristics of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in people aged 20 years and under in Yichang City of Hubei Province from 2019 to 2020. Methods: Based on the Yichang Health Big Data Platform, we investigated cases 20 and under clinically diagnosed as herpes zoster in three hospitals from March 2019 to September 2020. Collecting vesicle fluid and throat swab samples of the cases and completing questionnaires to obtain basic information. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used for positive identification of the virus. PCR amplification of VZV's open reading frame (ORF) and sequencing of the products to determine the VZV genotype. Analyze mutations at some specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites. Results: Among 46 cases of herpes zoster, the male to female ratio was 1.3∶1 (26∶20) and the age ranged from 7 to 20 years old. Fifteen cases had been vaccinated against varicella, including 13 and 2 cases of 1 and 2 doses, respectively. VZV strains were detected in 34 samples (73.91%), all belonging to Clade 2. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the nucleotide of ORF22 showed, compared with Clade 2 referenced strains, the sequence matching degree of nucleotide for all 34 samples was 99.0% to 100.0%. Conclusion: The main VZV strain causing herpes zoster in people aged 20 years and under in Yichang from 2019 to 2020 was Clade 2.

Structure and properties of polylactic acid/butenediol vinyl alcohol copolymer blend fibers

Polylactic acid/butenediol vinyl alcohol copolymer (PLA/BVOH) blends with different weight ratios were prepared by melt mixing. PLA and BVOH in PLA/BVOH blends were immiscible while the weak interaction between PLA and BVOH existed. The introduction of BVOH facilitated the crystallization of PLA. Moreover, the crystallization of PLA hindered the crystallization of BVOH. Due to introduction of BVOH, PLA/BVOH blends exhibited shear thinning characteristic except that PLA/BVOH blends with 5-10 % BVOH showed similar rheological property to neat PLA. With the increase of BVOH content, the contact angle of PLA/BVOH blends decreased from 79.75° to 67.33° at 120 s. The hydrophilicity of PLA/BVOH blends was improved. In addition, PLA/BVOH fibers with 5-40 % BVOH and PLA/BVOH/rutin fibers with 3 % rutin were manufactured by melt spinning. The effect of BVOH on the mechanical property of PLA/BVOH fibers was small. However, BVOH improved significantly the rutin release rate and antioxidant properties of PLA/BVOH/rutin fibers.

MYC reshapes CTCF-mediated chromatin architecture in prostate cancer

MYC is a well characterized oncogenic transcription factor in prostate cancer, and CTCF is the main architectural protein of three-dimensional genome organization. However, the functional link between the two master regulators has not been reported. In this study, we find that MYC rewires prostate cancer chromatin architecture by interacting with CTCF protein. Through combining the H3K27ac, AR and CTCF HiChIP profiles with CRISPR deletion of a CTCF site upstream of MYC gene, we show that MYC activation leads to profound changes of CTCF-mediated chromatin looping. Mechanistically, MYC colocalizes with CTCF at a subset of genomic sites, and enhances CTCF occupancy at these loci. Consequently, the CTCF-mediated chromatin looping is potentiated by MYC activation, resulting in the disruption of enhancer-promoter looping at neuroendocrine lineage plasticity genes. Collectively, our findings define the function of MYC as a CTCF co-factor in three-dimensional genome organization.

A142 APPROPRIATENESS OF POST-ENDOSCOPY CARE IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH FOOD BOLUS IMPACTIONS OVERNIGHT: A POPULATION-BASED MULTICENTER COHORT STUDY

Background

Appropriate management of esophageal food bolus impactions includes endoscopic evaluation and follow-up for potential underlying esophageal pathology. Patients who present with impactions at night may not receive optimal long-term post-endoscopy care due to patient-, physician-, or system-related factors.

Purpose

We aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of care for patients who present with food bolus impactions after regular daytime hours.

Method

We conducted a retrospective, population-based, multi-center cohort study of adult patients undergoing endoscopy for food impaction between 19:00-06:59 from 2016-2018 in the Calgary Health Zone, Canada. Appropriate post-endoscopy care was defined by a composite of a follow-up clinic visit, repeat endoscopy, other appropriate investigations (e.g., manometry), or appropriate medical treatment (e.g., proton pump inhibitor). Predictors of inappropriate care were assessed using multivariable logistic regression, expressed as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Result(s)

A total of 323 patients underwent an after-hours or overnight endoscopy for food bolus impaction. 25.4% (82/323) of patients did not receive appropriate post-endoscopy care. Predictors of inappropriate care included rural residence (aOR 2.66 [95% CI: 1.18-6.01], p=0.02), first food bolus presentation (aOR 2.38 [95% CI: 1.04-5.44], p=0.04), and absence of a specific pathology during the index procedure (aOR 3.01 [95% CI: 0.97-9.29], p=0.05), suggesting a potential association with clinician cognitive bias. Among patients who were followed, 18.9% (35/185) had a change in the original diagnosis.

Image

Conclusion(s)

One quarter of patients presenting with a food bolus impaction at night do not receive appropriate post-endoscopy care. System-based interventions should target this high-risk population as the diagnosis and management may change with follow-up.

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Disclosure of Interest

None Declared

Study on the effects of different pectinase/cellulase ratios and pretreatment times on the preparation of nanocellulose by ultrasound-assisted bio-enzyme heat treatment

With the development of science and technology, efficient, fast and green methods are increasingly being pursued. The production of nanocellulose by green methods, such as bio-enzymes-assisted ultrasound treatment, has been the focus of many studies. However, the yield of cellulose nanocrystals prepared by this method is very low. In this paper, by pretreatment of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), nanocellulose was prepared by heating and stirring + pectinase/cellulase + ultrasonic treatment (HSt - P/C - Ultr). The effects of the ratios of pectinase and cellulase and the hydrolysis time on the yield of nanocellulose were studied. FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM and TG were used to determine the structure, crystallinity, morphology and thermal stability of nanocellulose. The results showed that optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined as a pectinase : cellulase ratio of 1 : 1, 90 min and 50 °C. The yield of nanocellulose was about 32.0%. The yield of pectinase cellulase = 1 : 1 was higher than that of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) treated by a single bio-enzyme. This indicated that the synergistic effects of pectinase and cellulase have a certain effect on the formation of nanocellulose. During the preparation, the crystalline form of cellulose did not change. It was still cellulose I with a crystallinity of 73.5%, which is 9.50% higher than that of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a width of 20-50 nm, a high aspect ratio and a winding network structure. Therefore, nanocellulose prepared by this method is an ideal toughening material for manufacturing composite materials.

Exploration of 68Ga-labelled prostate-specific membrane antigen-11 PET/CT parameters for identifying PBRM1 status in primary clear cell renal cell carcinoma

AIM

To investigate the predictive value of ⁶⁸Ga-labelled prostate-specific membrane antigen-11 (⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11) integrated positron-emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in PBRM1-deficient clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 41 patients with ccRCC, were enrolled retrospectively and underwent ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT preoperatively. Radiological parameters, including CT attenuation value and maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax), were derived. Immunohistochemical and multiple immunofluorescences staining were performed to evaluate the PBRM1 status and immune response. The predictive value of imaging factors was analysed using a receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between clinical and radiological variables and PBRM1 status.

RESULTS

A total of 41 patients were included in this study, with 14 patients having PBRM1-deficient status. The tumour diameter on imaging and SUVmax differed significantly in patients with different PBRM1 expression statuses and no difference in CT attenuation was identified. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed SUVmax was an obvious predictor for identification of PBRM1-deficient tumours. In addition, PBRM1-deficient tumours tended to be accompanied by greater cytotoxic T-cell infiltration, although most of them were in an exhausted state.

CONCLUSIONS

⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT could be used to discriminate invasive PBRM1-deficient ccRCC.

[Clinical study on application of 3D Slicer software assisted domestic frameless stereotactic robot in biopsy of intracranial lesions]

Objective: To examine the application value of 3D Slicer software assisted domestic frameless stereotactic robot in biopsy of intracranial lesions. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 80 patients who admitted consecutively and underwent intracerebral lesions biopsy with the domestic frameless stereotactic robot at Department of Neurosurgery, Aerospace Central Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021. There were 36 males and 44 females, with a mean age of (38.5±18.0) years (range: 6 to 71 years). Before surgery only enhanced T1-weighted three-dimensional magnetization prepared gradient echo sequences and diffusion tensor imaging scans were performed. Self-reconstruction of intracranial lesions, cerebral cortex and blood vessels was carried out using 3D Slicer software system after the DICOM format imaging data of 80 patients were collected. These imaging data were merged to the workstation of the domestic frameless stereotactic robot for preoperative surgical planning and the surgical puncture path was designed to avoid blood vessels in the brain functional area, cerebral cortex and sulcus. Results: All frameless stereotactic biopsy were successfully performed. Postoperative pathological diagnosis included 50 cases of diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglioma, 15 cases of lymphoma, 5 cases of metastatic tumors, 5 cases of inflammatory demyelinating disease, 2 cases of inflammatory granuloma, 1 case of hemangioma, 1 case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia intracranial invasion and 1 case of seminoma. The positive diagnosis rate was 100% (80/80). Postoperative imaging confirmed that the puncture path and target were accurately implemented according to the preoperative planning, and the target error was (1.32±0.44) mm (range: 0.55 to 1.99 mm). One case of puncture-related bleeding occurred at the target after surgery and improved after treatment. Conclusion: The three-dimensional multimodal images reconstructed by the 3D Slicer software before operation could help the surgeons make the preoperative planning and reduce the risk of stereotactic brain biopsy.

Development and validation of a prognostic model for mitophagy-related genes in colon adenocarcinoma: A study based on TCGA and GEO databases

BACKGROUND

Mitophagy is used by eukaryotic cells to eliminate damaged mitochondria. The deregulation of this process can lead to an accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria and is implicated in carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis. Despite increasing evidence that mitophagy is involved in the development of colon cancer, the role of mitophagy-related genes (MRGs) in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) prognosis and treatment remains largely unknown.

METHODS

Differential analysis was used to identify differentially expressed mitophagy-related genes associated with COAD and conduct key module screening. Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage selection operator, and other analyses were used to characterize prognosis-related genes and verify the feasibility of the model. The model was tested using GEO data and a nomogram was constructed for future clinical application. The level of immune cell infiltration and immunotherapy were compared between the two groups, and sensitivity to treatment with many commonly used chemotherapeutic agents was assessed in individuals with different risk factors. Finally, qualitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to assess the expression of prognosis-related MRGs.

RESULTS

A total of 461 differentially expressed genes were mined in COAD. Four prognostic genes, PPARGC1A, SLC6A1, EPHB2, and PPP1R17, were identified to construct a mitophagy-related gene signature. The feasibility of prognostic models was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis, time-dependent receiver operating characteristics, risk scores, Cox regression analysis, and principal component analysis. At 1, 3, and 5 years, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.628, 0.678, and 0.755, respectively, for TCGA cohort, and 0.609, 0.634, and 0.640, respectively, for the GEO cohort. Drug sensitivity analysis found that camptothecin, paclitaxel, bleomycin, and doxorubicin were significantly different between low- and high-risk patients. The qPCR and western blotting results of clinical samples further confirmed the public database results.

CONCLUSIONS

This study successfully constructed a mitophagy-related gene signature with significant predictive value for COAD, informing new possibilities for the treatment of this disease.

Extraction of Corn Bract Cellulose by the Ammonia-Coordinated Bio-Enzymatic Method

This study explored a green and efficient method for cellulose extraction from corn bract. The cellulose extraction by the CHB (CH₃COOH/H₂O₂/Bio-enzyme) method and the N-CHB (NH₃·H₂O-CH₃COOH/H₂O₂/Bio-enzyme) method were compared and analyzed. The effect of ammonia pretreatment on cellulose extraction by bio-enzymatic methods was discussed. The results showed that ammonia promoted the subsequent bio-enzymatic reaction and had a positive effect on the extraction of cellulose. Sample microstructure images (SEM) showed that the cellulose extracted by this method was in the form of fibrous bundles with smooth surfaces. The effect of different pretreatment times of ammonia on cellulose was further explored, and cellulose was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The results showed that the N3h-CHB (NH₃·H₂O 50 °C 3 h, CH₃COOH/H₂O₂ 70 °C 11 h, Bio-enzyme 50 °C 4 h) method was the best way to extract cellulose in this study. FTIR showed that most of the lignin and hemicellulose were removed. XRD showed that all the cellulose extracted in this study was type I cellulose. TG analysis showed that the cellulose was significantly more thermally stable, with a maximum degradation temperature of 338.9 °C, close to that of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). This study provides a reference for the utilization of corn bract and offers a new technical route for cellulose extraction.

miRNAs in anti-cancer drug resistance of non-small cell lung cancer: Recent advances and future potential

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Clinical success is suboptimal owing to late diagnosis, limited treatment options, high recurrence rates, and the development of drug resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a range of small endogenous non-coding RNAs that are 22 nucleotides in length, have emerged as one of the most important players in cancer initiation and progression in recent decades. Current evidence has revealed the pivotal roles of miRNAs in regulating cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis in NSCLC. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that miRNAs are strongly associated with resistance to anti-cancer drugs, ranging from traditional chemotherapeutic and immunotherapy drugs to anti-vascular drugs, and even during radiotherapy. In this review, we briefly introduce the mechanism of miRNA dysregulation and resistance to anti-tumor therapy in NSCLC, and summarize the role of miRNAs in the malignant process of NSCLC. We then discuss studies of resistance-related miRNAs in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and anti-vascular therapy in NSCLC. Finally, we will explore the application prospects of miRNA, an emerging small molecule, for future anti-tumor therapy. This review is the first to summarize the latest research progress on miRNAs in anti-cancer drug resistance based on drug classification, and to discuss their potential clinical applications.

A novel prognostic model based on urea cycle-related gene signature for colorectal cancer

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. This study aimed to develop a urea cycle (UC)-related gene signature that provides a theoretical foundation for the prognosis and treatment of patients with CRC.

Methods

Differentially expressed UC-related genes in CRC were confirmed using differential analysis and Venn diagrams. Univariate Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses were performed to identify UC-related prognostic genes. A UC-related signature was created and confirmed using distinct datasets. Independent prognostic predictors were authenticated using Cox analysis. The Cell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts algorithm and Spearman method were applied to probe the linkage between UC-related prognostic genes and tumor immune-infiltrating cells. The Human Protein Atlas database was used to determine the protein expression levels of prognostic genes in CRC and normal tissues. Verification of the expression levels of UC-related prognostic genes in clinical tissue samples was performed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Results

A total of 49 DEUCRGs in CRC were mined. Eight prognostic genes (TIMP1, FABP4, MMP3, MMP1, CD177, CA2, S100P, and SPP1) were identified to construct a UC-related gene signature. The signature was then affirmed using an external validation set. The risk score was demonstrated to be a credible independent prognostic predictor using Cox regression analysis. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, IL-17 signaling pathway, and nitrogen metabolism were associated with the UC-related gene signature. Immune infiltration and correlation analyses revealed a significant correlation between UC-related prognostic genes and differential immune cells between the two risk subgroups. Finally, the qPCR results of clinical samples further confirmed the results of the public database.

Conclusion

Taken together, this study authenticated UC-related prognostic genes and developed a gene signature for the prognosis of CRC, which will be of great significance in the identification of prognostic molecular biomarkers, clinical prognosis prediction, and development of treatment strategies for patients with CRC.