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Liu J, Chen QY, Jin L, Feng C, Ma EY, Xu XJ, Yang DP, Zhao ZM. Sarcanoids A and B, two new lindenane-type sesquiterpenoid dimers from the aerial parts of Sarcandra glabra. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38884117 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2364919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Sarcanoids A and B (1 and 2), two new lindenane-type sesquiterpenoid dimers with a γ-hydroxysenecioate moiety at C-15', were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Sarcandra glabra. The structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data, and their absolute configurations were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate inhibitory activities on the nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian-Ying Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chong Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - En-Yao Ma
- Guangzhou Caizhilin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-Jun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - De-Po Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Tsutsumi T, Yamagami R, Hayakawa I. Construction of Hydroindole Skeleton by Photocatalytic Oxidative Dearomatization and Cyclization Sequence, and a Concise Synthesis of Melodamide A and (±)-Toussaintine C. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38819196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
A method of synthesizing hydroindole skeletons has been developed by using photocatalytic oxidative dearomatization and an aza-Michael addition sequence. Using this method, optically active hydroindoles, which are often used in natural product synthesis as chiral building blocks, can be easily prepared with >99% ee. Furthermore, the synthesis of melodamide A and (±)-toussaintine C was achieved using this method as a key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Ryui Yamagami
- Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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3
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Zhou B, Yue JM. Terpenoids of plants from Chloranthaceae family: chemistry, bioactivity, and synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38809164 DOI: 10.1039/d4np00005f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 1976 to December 2023Chloranthaceae is comprised of four extant genera (Chloranthus, Sarcandra, Hedyosmum, and Ascarina), totaling about 80 species, many of which have been widely used as herbal medicines for diverse medical purposes. Chloranthaceae plants represent a rich source of structurally interesting and diverse secondary metabolites, with sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids being the predominant structural types. Lindenane sesquiterpenoids and their oligomers, chemotaxonomical markers of the family Chloranthaceae, have shown a wide spectrum of bioactivities, attracting significant attention from organic chemists and pharmacologists. Recent achievements also demonstrated the research value of two unique structural types in this plant family, sesquiterpenoid-monoterpenoid heterodimers and meroterpenoids. This review systematically summarizes 682 structurally characterized terpenoids from 22 Chloranthaceae plants and their key biological activities as well as the chemical synthesis of selected terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Zhang Z, Li X, Song Q, Li Y, Tian X, Ali S, Yao Y, Li P, Wang Z, Zheng H. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-Chuanxiongnolide L1 via a Stereoselective Oxidative Dearomatization/Diels-Alder Strategy. Org Lett 2024; 26:2928-2933. [PMID: 38551465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The first asymmetric total synthesis of chuanxiongnolide L1 was achieved in 16 steps and 1.9% overall yield by employing a bioinspired chiral auxiliary strategy. The key steps involving asymmetric oxidative dearomatization of chiral amino ether and subsequent asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction of the resulting masked chiral ortho-benzoquinone were adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiuhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qingyan Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuerong Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiqing Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Sajjad Ali
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhengshen Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huaiji Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
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Wu PQ, Li Y, Ren YH, Zhou JS, Liu QF, Wu Y, Yu JH, Zhou B, Yue JM. Anti-Inflammatory Salicin Derivatives from the Barks of Salix tetrasperma. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38602386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The genus Salix L. is traditionally used in folk medicine to alleviate pain caused by various kinds of inflammation. In the present study, 10 undescribed salicin derivatives along with 5 known congeners were isolated from the barks of Salix tetrasperma, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and chemical conversions. Compounds 4-6 significantly inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the most active 4 obviously suppressed the production of IL-1β and IL-6 and decreased iNOS and COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Further Western blotting analysis revealed that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of 4 is possibly mediated through the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Su Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hai Yu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Wu PQ, Liu ZD, Ren YH, Zhou JS, Liu QF, Wu Y, Zhang JL, Zhou B, Yue JM. Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris and their Toxoplasma gondii inhibitory activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 220:113993. [PMID: 38266954 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Nine previously unreported various types of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, together with seven known analogues were isolated from the stem barks of Alstonia scholaris through a silica gel free methodology. The structures of 1-9 were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 is a modified echitamine-type alkaloid with a novel 6/5/5/7/6/6 hetero hexacyclic bridged ring system, and 8 and 9 exist as a zwitterion and trifluoroacetate salt, respectively. The anti-Toxoplasma activity of all isolates on infected Vero cells were evaluated, which revealed that compound 14 at 0.24 μM displayed potent activity. This study expanded the structural diversity of alkaloids of A. scholaris, and presented their potential application in anti-Toxoplasma drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Di Liu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Su Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Li Zhang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Xie ZX, Cui YS, Liu XH, Yao JY, He SJ, Zhou B, Yue JM. Sesquiterpenoids and Cytochalasins with Immunosuppressive Activity from Sonchus wightianus. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400256. [PMID: 38361228 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The plant species, Sonchus wightianus DC., was historically used in China for both medicinal and dietary uses. In present study, seven new guaiane sesquiterpenoids (1-7) and one cytochalasin (8), along with five known guaianes (9-13) and two known cytochalasins (14 and 15), were isolated from the whole plants of S. wightianus. These guaianes showed structural variations in the substituents at C-8 and/or C-15, and compounds 6 and 7 are two sesquiterpenoid glycoside derivatives. Their structures were determined by extensive analysis of spectroscopic, electronic circular dichroism, and X-ray diffraction data, and chemical method. Biological tests revealed that compounds 5 and 8 are potent and selective immunosuppressive reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiang Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Sheng Cui
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Hong Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Ying Yao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jun He
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
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8
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Shi Z, Duan X, Wang F, Hou Z, Song F, Gu L, Qi C, Zhang Y. Maydistacins A-G, Terpestacin-type Sesterterpenoids with Anti-inflammatory Activity from the Phytopathogenic Fungus Bipolaris maydis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:68-76. [PMID: 38117952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Seven undescribed terpestacin-type sesterterpenoids, maydistacins A-G (1-7), along with two known congeners (8 and 9), were isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus Bipolaris maydis collected from the leaves of Hypericum longistylum. The structures of 1-7 were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis, chemical methods, NMR calculations with DP4+ probability analysis, and comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of these compounds were tested in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Compound 1 exhibited inhibition of the production of nitric oxide in LPS-induced macrophages, with an IC50 value of 19 ± 2 μM. A dexamethasone control displayed an IC50 value of 6.7 ± 0.6 μM. Compound 1 is the first terpestacin-type sesterterpenoid reported to display anti-inflammatory activity and may provide a novel chemical scaffold for the discovery of new anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Duan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangrong Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianghu Gu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Changxing Qi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Chu JN, Krishnan P, Lim KH. A comprehensive review on the chemical constituents, sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis and biological activities of Sarcandra glabra. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:53. [PMID: 38010490 PMCID: PMC10682397 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai is a perennial evergreen herb categorised within the Sarcandra Gardner genus under the Chloranthaceae family. Indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of East Asia and India, this species is extensively distributed across China, particularly in the southern regions (Sichuan, Yunnan, and Jiangxi). In addition to its high ornamental value, S. glabra has a rich history of use in traditional Chinese medicine, evident through its empirical prescriptions for various ailments like pneumonia, dysentery, fractures, bruises, numbness, amenorrhea, rheumatism, and other diseases. Besides, modern pharmacological studies have revealed various biological activities, such as antitumour, anti-bacterial, anti-viral anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. The diverse chemical constituents of S. glabra have fascinated natural product researchers since the 1900s. To date, over 400 compounds including terpenoids, coumarins, lignans, flavonoids, sterols, anthraquinones, organic acids, and organic esters have been isolated and characterised, some featuring unprecedented structures. This review comprehensively examines the current understanding of S. glabra's phytochemistry and pharmacology, with emphasis on the chemistry and biosynthesis of its unique chemotaxonomic marker, the lindenane-type sesquiterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ning Chu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Premanand Krishnan
- Foundation in Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kuan-Hon Lim
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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