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Chung HT, Schramm TK, Head-Gordon M, Shee J, Toste FD. Regioisomeric Engineering for Multicharge and Spin Stabilization in Two-Electron Organic Catholytes. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:2115-2128. [PMID: 39746122 PMCID: PMC11745167 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2024] [Revised: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 12/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
Developing multicharge and spin stabilization strategies is fundamental to enhancing the lifetime of functional organic materials, particularly for long-term energy storage in multiredox organic redox flow batteries. Current approaches are limited to the incorporation of electronic substituents to increase or decrease the overall electron density or bulky substituents to sterically shield reactive sites. With the aim to further expand the molecular toolbox for charge and spin stabilization, we introduce regioisomerism as a scaffold-diversifying design element that considers the collective and cumulative electronic and steric contributions from all of the substituents based on their relative regioisomeric arrangements. Through a systematic study of regioisomers of near-planar aromatic cyclic triindoles and nonplanar nonaromatic cyclic tetraindoles, we demonstrate that this regioisomeric engineering strategy significantly enhances the H-cell cycling stability in the above two new classes of 2e- catholytes, even when current strategies failed to stabilize the multicharged species. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the strategy operates by redistributing the charge and spin densities while highlighting the role of aromaticity in charge stabilization. The most stable 2e- catholyte candidate was paired with a viologen derivative anolyte to achieve a proof-of-concept all-organic flow battery with 1.26-1.49 V, 98% capacity retention, and only 0.0117% fade/h and 0.00563% fade/cycle over 400 cycles (192 h), which is the highest capacity retention ever reported over 400 cycles in a multielectron all-organic flow battery setup. We anticipate regioisomeric engineering to be a promising strategy complementary to conventional electronic and steric approaches for multicharge and spin stabilization in other functional organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. T.
Katie Chung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tim K. Schramm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - James Shee
- Department
of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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2
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Truong MA, Ueberricke L, Funasaki T, Adachi Y, Hira S, Hu S, Yamada T, Sekiguchi N, Nakamura T, Murdey R, Iikubo S, Kanemitsu Y, Wakamiya A. Tetrapodal Hole-Collecting Monolayer Materials Based on Saddle-Like Cyclooctatetraene Core for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202412939. [PMID: 39115106 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202412939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Hole-collecting monolayers have greatly advanced the development of positive-intrinsic-negative perovskite solar cells (p-i-n PSCs). To date, however, most of the anchoring groups in the reported monolayer materials are designed to bind to the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) surface, resulting in less availability for other functions such as tuning the wettability of the monolayer surface. In this work, we developed two anchorable molecules, 4PATTI-C3 and 4PATTI-C4, by employing a saddle-like indole-fused cyclooctatetraene as a π-core with four phosphonic acid anchoring groups linked through propyl or butyl chains. Both molecules form monolayers on TCO substrates. Thanks to the saddle shape of a cyclooctatetraene skeleton, two of the four phosphonic acid anchoring groups were found to point upward, resulting in hydrophilic surfaces. Compared to the devices using 4PATTI-C4 as the hole-collecting monolayer, 4PATTI-C3-based devices exhibit a faster hole-collection process, leading to higher power conversion efficiencies of up to 21.7 % and 21.4 % for a mini-cell (0.1 cm2) and a mini-module (1.62 cm2), respectively, together with good operational stability. This work represents how structural modification of multipodal molecules could substantially modulate the functions of the hole-collecting monolayers after being adsorbed onto TCO substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Truong
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Lucas Ueberricke
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Funasaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuta Adachi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shota Hira
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shuaifeng Hu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takumi Yamada
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Naomu Sekiguchi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamura
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Richard Murdey
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iikubo
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kanemitsu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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Alshubramy MA, Alamry KA, Hussein MA. An overview of the synthetic strategies of C3-symmetric polymeric materials containing benzene and triazine cores and their biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14317-14339. [PMID: 37179987 PMCID: PMC10170496 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01336g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
C3-symmetric star-shaped materials are an emerging category of porous organic polymers with distinctive properties such as permanent porosity, good thermal and chemical stability, high surface area, and appropriate functionalization that promote outstanding potential in various applications. This review is mostly about constructing benzene or s-triazine rings as the center of C3-symmetric molecules and using side-arm reactions to add functions to these molecules. Over and above this, the performance of various polymerization processes has been additionally investigated in detail, including the trimerization of alkynes or aromatic nitriles, polycondensation of monomers with specific functional groups, and cross-coupling building blocks with benzene or triazine cores. Finally, the most recent progress in biomedical applications for C3-symmetric materials based on benzene or s-triazine have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A Alshubramy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University Assiut 71516 Egypt
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4
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Wang B, Fang Q. π-Extended Octupolar Cyclized Indole Tetramer and Trimer Derivatives with Second- and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5520-5529. [PMID: 37036955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Several aromatic-fused octupolar tetraindole (TTI) and triindole (TI) derivatives have been synthesized via POCl3-promoted cyclopolymerization of the aromatic-fused oxindoles. As a result, the terminal phenyls of TTI and TI are fused with the phenyl group, indenyl group, and benzothienyl group separately in the π-extended target compounds TTIp and TIp, TTIid and TIid, and TTIbt and TIbt (including pairs of syn- and anti-isomers). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction disclosed that the tetramer syn-TTIbt keeps an S4-symmetric architecture and crystallizes in the P42/n space group. With the extension of the π-conjugation, the absorption and emission bands of the above tetramers and trimers are remarkably red-shifted. The second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) coefficients (β value) of syn-TTIbt and anti-TTIbt have been calculated to be 1.5 and 2.1 times that of their parent compound TTI, respectively. In the domain of the third-order NLO, the two-photon absorption sections (δ value) of syn-TIbt and anti-TIbt have been measured to be 37 and 102 times that of TI, respectively. These results indicate that the π-extension strategy here is successful, and the anti-isomers have better NLO properties and better π-conjugation than their corresponding syn-isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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5
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Truong MA, Funasaki T, Ueberricke L, Nojo W, Murdey R, Yamada T, Hu S, Akatsuka A, Sekiguchi N, Hira S, Xie L, Nakamura T, Shioya N, Kan D, Tsuji Y, Iikubo S, Yoshida H, Shimakawa Y, Hasegawa T, Kanemitsu Y, Suzuki T, Wakamiya A. Tripodal Triazatruxene Derivative as a Face-On Oriented Hole-Collecting Monolayer for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7528-7539. [PMID: 36947735 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Hole-collecting monolayers have drawn attention in perovskite solar cell research due to their ease of processing, high performance, and good durability. Since molecules in the hole-collecting monolayer are typically composed of functionalized π-conjugated structures, hole extraction is expected to be more efficient when the π-cores are oriented face-on with respect to the adjacent surfaces. However, strategies for reliably controlling the molecular orientation in monolayers remain elusive. In this work, multiple phosphonic acid anchoring groups were used to control the molecular orientation of a series of triazatruxene derivatives chemisorbed on a transparent conducting oxide electrode surface. Using infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and metastable atom electron spectroscopy, we found that multipodal derivatives align face-on to the electrode surface, while the monopodal counterpart adopts a more tilted configuration. The face-on orientation was found to facilitate hole extraction, leading to inverted perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability and high-power conversion efficiencies up to 23.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Truong
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Funasaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Lucas Ueberricke
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wataru Nojo
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Richard Murdey
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takumi Yamada
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shuaifeng Hu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Aruto Akatsuka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Naomu Sekiguchi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Shota Hira
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Lingling Xie
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamura
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shioya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kan
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Department of Advanced Analytical Science for Materials and Devices, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iikubo
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shimakawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kanemitsu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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6
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The Crystal Structure, Hirshfeld Surface interactions, optical/Nonlinear Optical properties and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of 8-(3-chloropropanamido)quinolin-1-ium chloride: Experimental and theoretical studies. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Górski K, Mech-Piskorz J, Pietraszkiewicz M. From truxenes to heterotruxenes: playing with heteroatoms and the symmetry of molecules. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00816e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the modification of truxene, we can change the electronic structure or create multidimensional materials. Thus, the use of truxenes is very wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Górski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Justyna Mech-Piskorz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marek Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
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8
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Taniguchi T, Nishii Y, Mori T, Nakayama KI, Miura M. Synthesis, Structure, and Chiroptical Properties of Indolo- and Pyridopyrrolo-Carbazole-Based C 2 -Symmetric Azahelicenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:7356-7361. [PMID: 33778999 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of 11,12-bis(1,1'-biphenyl-3-yl or 6-phenylpyridin-2-yl)-substituted 11,12-dihydro-indolo[2,3-a]carbazole with an oxidizing system of Pd(II)/Ag(I) induced effective double dehydrogenative cyclization to afford the corresponding π-extended azahelicenes. The optical resolutions were readily achieved by a preparative chiral HPLC. It was found that the pyridopyrrolo-carbazole-based azahelicene that contains four nitrogen atoms exhibits ca. 6 times larger dissymmetry factors both in circularly dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), |gCD | and |gCPL | values being 1.1×10-2 and 4.4×10-3 , respectively, as compared with the parent indolocarbazole-based azahelicene. Theoretical calculations at the RI-CC2 level were employed to rationalize the observed enhanced chiroptical responses. The (chir)optical properties of the former helicene was further tuned by a protonation leading to remarkable red-shift with a considerable enhancement of the |gCPL | value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Taniguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Casadio DS, Aikonen S, Lenarda A, Nieger M, Hu T, Taubert S, Sundholm D, Muuronen M, Wirtanen T, Helaja J. Divergent Carbocatalytic Routes in Oxidative Coupling of Benzofused Heteroaryl Dimers: A Mechanistic Update. Chemistry 2021; 27:5283-5291. [PMID: 33427343 PMCID: PMC8048508 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mildly thermal air or HNO3 oxidized activated carbons catalyse oxidative dehydrogenative couplings of benzo[b]fused heteroaryl 2,2'-dimers, e.g., 2-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1H-indole, to chiral 3,3'-coupled cyclooctatetraenes or carbazole-type migrative products under O2 atmosphere. DFT calculations show that the radical cation and the Scholl-type arenium cation mechanisms lead to different products with 2-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1H-indole, being in accord with experimental product distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Casadio
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Santeri Aikonen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Anna Lenarda
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Tao Hu
- Research Unit of Sustainable ChemistryFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of Oulu90014OuluFinland
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mikko Muuronen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Juho Helaja
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
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10
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Ye JT, Qiu YQ. The inspiration and challenge for through-space charge transfer architecture: from thermally activated delayed fluorescence to non-linear optical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15881-15898. [PMID: 34296718 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02565a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecules consisting of electron donor (D) and electron acceptor (A) subunits linked by π-conjugated bridges are promising building blocks for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and non-linear optics (NLO) materials due to their intramolecular charge transfer (CT) processes in response to external stimuli. According to the electron interaction pattern, the CT process in D-π-A architectures can be divided into two categories, through-bond/-space charge transfer (TB/TSCT). To date, research into the TADF properties of TSCT characteristic molecules has since seen significant growth. In fact, TSCT characteristic materials show great advantages in such NLO responses. In this perspective, we first briefly introduced the basic principles of NLO and TADF effects. Successively, we discuss the influence of TBCT and TSCT patterns on NLO and TADF properties, especially for TSCT characteristic. In the final part, we address the diversity and potential advantages of TSCT characteristic molecules as high-performance NLO materials. With these, it is expected that the greater structural flexibility of spatial conjugation can bring more functionality to NLO materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ting Ye
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
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11
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Zhao L, Yan ZH, Tang S, Wei ZL, Liao WW. Brønsted Acid-Promoted Cyclodimerization of Indolyl Ketones: Construction of Indole Fused-Oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and -Cyclooctatetraene Ring Systems. Org Lett 2021; 23:166-171. [PMID: 33306402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A Brønsted acid-promoted cyclodimerization of C(3)-, C(2)-, or N(1)-substituted indole ketone derivatives is described. A wide range of structurally diverse bisindole fused-9-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and bisindole fused-cyclooctatetraene (COT) derivatives can be prepared in good to high yields with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Yan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shuai Tang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Wei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei-Wei Liao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
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12
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Zhang J, Gong L, Zhang X, Zhu M, Su C, Ma Q, Qi D, Bian Y, Du H, Jiang J. Multipolar Porphyrin-Triazatruxene Arrays for Two-Photon Fluorescence Cell Imaging. Chemistry 2020; 26:13842-13848. [PMID: 32468667 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon excited fluorescent (TPEF) materials are highly desirable for bioimaging applications owing to their unique characteristics of deep-tissue penetration and high spatiotemporal resolution. Herein, by connecting one, two, or three electron-deficient zinc porphyrin units to an electron-rich triazatruxene core via ethynyl π-bridges, conjugated multipolar molecules TAT-(ZnP)n (n=1-3) were developed as TPEF materials for cell imaging. The three new dyes present high fluorescence quantum yields (0.40-0.47) and rationally improved two-photon absorption (TPA) properties. In particular, the peak TPA cross section of TAT-ZnP (436 GM) is significantly larger than that of the ZnP reference (59 GM). The δTPA values of TAT-(ZnP)2 and TAT-(ZnP)3 further increase to 1031 and up to 1496 GM, respectively, indicating the effect of incorporated ZnP units on the TPA properties. The substantial improvement of the TPEF properties is attributed to the formation of π-conjugated quadrapole/octupole molecules and the extension of D-π-A-D systems, which has been rationalized by density function theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, all of the three new dyes display good biocompatibility and preferential targeting ability toward cytomembrane, thus can be superior candidates for TPEF imaging of living cells. Overall, this work demonstrated a promising strategy for the development of porphyrin-based TPEF materials by the construction and extension of D-π-A-D multipolar array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Lei Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Mengliang Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Chaorui Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Qing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhong Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Hongwu Du
- Department of Biology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of, Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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13
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14
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Ueda M, Kokubun M, Mazaki Y. Triskelion‐Shaped π‐Luminophores Bearing Coumarin: Syntheses, Structures, and Luminescence Properties. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
| | - Mirai Kokubun
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
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15
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Górski K, Mech-Piskorz J, Leśniewska B, Pietraszkiewicz O, Pietraszkiewicz M. Toward Soluble 5,10-Diheterotruxenes: Synthesis and Reactivity of 5,10-Dioxatruxenes, 5,10-Dithiatruxenes, and 5,10-Diazatruxenes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4672-4681. [PMID: 32180404 PMCID: PMC7590964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
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The following work
presents three general approaches allowing,
for the first time, the synthesis of 5,10-diheterotruxene derivatives
containing two identical heteroatoms, namely, oxygen OOC, nitrogen NNC, or sulfur SSC. Two of described
pathways involve the photocyclization of the corresponding triene 2 as a key step leading to a heptacyclic aromatic system.
The third approach is based on the acidic condensation between ninhydrin 14 and benzo[b]heteroole 15.
Typical functionalizations of the 5,10-diheterotruxene core have also
been presented. In addition, the article discusses the advantages
and limitations of the three suggested paths for receiving specific
5,10-diheterotruxene derivatives because the universal method suitable
for obtaining molecules with any type of heteroatoms is not known
so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Górski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Mech-Piskorz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oksana Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Taniguchi T, Itai Y, Nishii Y, Tohnai N, Miura M. Construction of Nitrogen-containing Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds by Intramolecular Oxidative C-H/C-H Coupling of Bis(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzenes and Their Properties. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Taniguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuhei Itai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishii
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Tohnai
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Rajapaksha RD, Turner DN, Vigil J, Frolova LV, Altig J, Rogelj S, Ranasinghe MI. Photo-physical properties of substituted 2,3-distyryl indoles: Spectroscopic, computational and biological insights. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019; 376:73-79. [PMID: 31333319 PMCID: PMC6643299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structural dependence of the photo-physical properties of substituted 2,3-distyryl (23DSI) indoles were studied using several spectroscopic techniques including steady-state UV-VIS spectroscopy, steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, steady-state excitation spectroscopy, time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) spectroscopy, and time-resolved fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy (TRFLS). Each of 23DSI derivatives investigated showed distinct fluorescence emission and UV-VIS spectra, indicating strong structural dependence of the emission and the excitation. The UV-VIS spectra of the 23DSI derivatives showed three main identical absorption bands with minor deviations in the absorbance caused by substituent groups on the distyryl rings. The time-resolved fluorescence up-conversion studies indicated that the fluorescence undergoes a mono-exponential decay whereas the calculated fluorescence lifetime showed relatively short fluorescence lifetimes of approximately 1 ns. All of the 23DSI derivatives showed two-photon absorption upon direct excitation of 1.6 W laser pulses at 800 nm. These studies suggest that the substituents, attached to distyryl core, are capable of boosting or hindering fluorescence intensities by distorting the π-conjugation of the 23DSI molecule. Our studies showed that 23DSI (p-F) has the highest fluorescence emission quantum yield. Theoretical calculations for the ground state of 23DSI derivatives confirmed differences in electron densities in 23DSI derivatives in the presence of different substituent attachments. The excellent fluorescence emission, high fluorescence quantum yield and two-photon absorption properties of these 23DSI molecules make them attractive candidates for potential applications in the fields of biological imaging, biomedicine, fluorescent probes, and photodynamic inactivation (PDI). B. subtilis samples, treated with micro molar solutions of 23DSI (p-OCH3) and 23DSI (p-CH3), showed very effective photodynamic inactivation (PDI) upon irradiation with white light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwini D Rajapaksha
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, New Mexico
87801, USA
| | - Danielle N Turner
- Department of Biology- Biotechnology Program, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place,
Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Jade Vigil
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, New Mexico
87801, USA
| | - Liliya V Frolova
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, New Mexico
87801, USA
| | - Jeff Altig
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, New Mexico
87801, USA
| | - Snezna Rogelj
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, New Mexico
87801, USA
| | - Mahinda I Ranasinghe
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, New Mexico
87801, USA
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18
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Tripathi A, Prabhakar C. Optoelectronic and charge‐transport properties of truxene, isotruxene, and its heteroatomic (N, O, Si, and S) analogs: A
DFT
study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Tripathi
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Kurukshetra Haryana India
| | - Chetti Prabhakar
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Kurukshetra Haryana India
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19
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Wang B, Fang Q. Structures and phase transition of three isomers of 1-phenylindolin-2-one derivatives: 6-chloro-1-phenylindolin-2-one, 4-chloro-1-phenylindolin-2-one and 1-(3-chlorophenyl)indolin-2-one. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 74:1750-1758. [PMID: 30516161 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229618015796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three 1-phenylindolin-2-one derivatives, namely 6-chloro-1-phenylindolin-2-one (A), 4-chloro-1-phenylindolin-2-one (B) and 1-(3-chlorophenyl)indolin-2-one (C), all C14H10ClNO, have been synthesized and the structures of these compounds at room temperature (ART, BRT and CRT) and low temperature (ALT, BLT and CLT) have been determined. Crystal A at 295 K (ART) crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c and the phenyl ring of the unique molecule exhibits disorder over two positions. At low temperature, the disorder disappeared and crystal A at 90 K (ALT) crystallized in the triclinic space group P-1 with a doubled unit-cell volume and four molecules in the asymmetric unit. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed a low oscillation barrier (0.24 kcal mol-1) of the phenyl ring of molecule A and the phase transition from the P21/c structure to the P-1 structure can be interpreted in terms of the freezing out of the two conformations at low temperature. Crystal B retains space group P21/c in the temperature range from 100 to 297 K. A kind of obtuse-cell to acute-cell change can be recognized; if the unit cell of BLT at 100 K is set to be a standard obtuse cell [β = 90.341 (2)°] and the cell is kept untransformed in the course of temperature changing, the cell of BRT at 297 K was found to be acute [β = 89.288 (2)°]. The molecules in structure C are packed in layers, with C-H...O hydrogen bonds between neighbouring layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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20
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Mehrotra S, Raje S, Jain AK, Jain A, Kandasamy P, Butcher RJ, Angamuthu R. A Quest towards Eccentric Piedfort Pairs. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Mehrotra
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Bioinspired Catalysis (LISBIC); Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Sakthi Raje
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Bioinspired Catalysis (LISBIC); Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Anant Kumar Jain
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Bioinspired Catalysis (LISBIC); Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Bioinspired Catalysis (LISBIC); Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Parameswaran Kandasamy
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Bioinspired Catalysis (LISBIC); Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Ray J. Butcher
- Department of Chemistry; Howard University; Washington D.C. 20059 United States
| | - Raja Angamuthu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Bioinspired Catalysis (LISBIC); Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
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21
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Hu G, Kitney SP, Kelly SM, Harrison W, Lambert B, O'Neill M. Polymer network hole transport layers based on photochemically cross-linkable N' N'-diallyl amide tri-N-substituted triazatruxene monomers. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8580-8585. [PMID: 35539859 PMCID: PMC9078611 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00830b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel phtotpolymerisable hole-transport layers based on novel triazatruxenes incorporating six non-conjugated dienes as photo cross-linkable end-groups attached to flexible, aliphatic spacers have been synthesised using simple one-step substitution reactions. Hole-only test devices, fabricated using a combination of solution-deposition, spin-coating and initiator-free photochemical cross-linking of these photopolymerisable triazatruxenes, exhibit almost identical current density vs. voltage profiles before and after cross-linking, and as such, represent a promising new class of hole-transport layer for plastic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Hu
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Stuart P Kitney
- Polar OLED, University of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Stephen M Kelly
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | | | - Brian Lambert
- Polar OLED, University of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Mary O'Neill
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Shakespeare Street Nottingham NG1 4FQ UK
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22
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Kotha S, Todeti S, Das T, Datta A. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of C3
-Symmetric Star-Shaped Molecules Containing Heterocycles: A New Tactics for Multiple Fischer Indolization. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai; Mumbai- 400076 India
| | - Saidulu Todeti
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai; Mumbai- 400076 India
| | - Tarasankar Das
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai; Mumbai- 400076 India
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai; Mumbai- 400076 India
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23
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Hintz HA, Sortedahl NJ, Meyer SM, Decato DA, Dahl BJ. The synthesis of lactone-bridged 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene derivatives as pi-expanded coumarin triskelions. Tetrahedron Lett 2017; 58:4703-4708. [PMID: 29430066 PMCID: PMC5804744 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two triply lactone-bridged 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene derivatives with solubilizing moieties have been synthesized in five and six steps from commercially available starting materials. Compounds containing the 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene core with two atom bridges are relatively unknown. This new class of pi-expanded coumarins contain triskelion architectures and X-ray crystallographic studies of one of the triskelions indicates that the 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene core adopts a near-planar geometry. This is the only known example of a two atom-bridged 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene derivative to adopt a planar structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Hintz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, 54702, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Sortedahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, 54702, United States
| | - Samantha M. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, 54702, United States
| | - Daniel A. Decato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Macromolecular X-ray Diffraction Facility, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, United States
| | - Bart J. Dahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, 54702, United States
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24
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Unexpected One-Pot Synthesis of Diindolotriazatruxene: A Planar Electron-Rich Scaffold Toward Highly π-Extended PAHs. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Ruiz C, Monge Á, Gutiérrez-Puebla E, Alkorta I, Elguero J, Navarrete JTL, Ruiz Delgado MC, Gómez-Lor B. Saddle-Shaped Cyclic Indole Tetramers: 3D Electroactive Molecules. Chemistry 2016; 22:10651-60. [PMID: 27320301 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present a joint theoretical and experimental study of a series of cyclic indole tetramers aimed at understanding the fundamental electronic properties of this 3D platform and evaluating its potential in the construction of new semiconductors. To this end, we combined absorption and Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and spectroelectrochemistry with DFT calculations. Our results suggest that this platform can be easily and reversibly oxidized. Additionally, it has a HOMO that matches very well with the workfunction of gold, therefore charge injection from a gold electrode is expected to occur without significant barriers. Interestingly, the cyclic tetraindoles allow for good electron delocalization in spite of their saddle-shaped structures. The steric constraints introduced by N-substitution significantly inhibits ring inversion of the central cyclooctatetraene unit, whereas it only barely affects the optical and electrochemical properties (a slightly higher oxidation potential and a blueshifted absorption upon alkylation are observed).
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Ruiz
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Monge
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Berta Gómez-Lor
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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